•1  ^WMll^^^^^m^^^^^  •• 


,  ,  .    ...  . .  .  ,      - 


Q 


A 

A.f 

HE IV  /«?, 


A.  P.  Soule,  ' 

EHGLAM)  AGENT. 


/*fr-l 


cO 


v) 


~ 


~r-r^ 

.  r. )' 


Father  and   Sons   for   Liberty. 


BARNES'    HISTORICAL    SERIES 


B  R  I  IS  F    H  I  H  T  (..)  R  Y 


UN:  TED  STATES 


COPTHIGHT,  1871,  1HT9,  1880,  1885,  BY 


A.    S.     BARNES    &    COMPANY 

NEW     YORK     AND     CHICAGO 


OF 

A  A.  P,  Soule, 

new  EHGLANQ  AGENT. 


PUBLISHERS'    NOTICE. 

This  revision  can  be  used  in  class  with  the  old.  edition, 
as  the  pages  correspond  throughout  the  text. 


BARNES'  BRIEF  HISTORY  SERIES. 


BARNES'  BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

FOR    THE    USE    OF    SCHOOLS.       12MO.       ILLUSTRATED. 

BARNES'     BRIEF      HISTORY     OF     FRANCE, 

FOR     THE     USE    OF    SCHOOLS     AND    FOR    PRIVATE    READING. 

12MO.     ILLUSTRATED. 
BARNES'    BRIEF     HISTORY    OF     ANCIENT     PEOPLES 

FOR    THE     USE    OF    SCHOOLS    AND    FOR     PRIVATE     READING. 

12MO.     ILLUSTRATED. 

BARNES'    BRIEF    HISTORY    OF    GREECE, 

With   Select    Readings   from   Standard    Authors. 

12mo.     BEAUTIFULLY   ILLUSTRATF-D. 

BARNES'    BRIEF    HISTORY    OF    ROME, 

Witn   Select   Readings    from    Standard   Authors. 

12MO.    BEAUTIFULLY   ILLUSTRATED. 

BARNES'     BRIEF     HISTORY     OF     MEDIEVAL     AND 
MODERN    PEOPLES, 

FOR    THE    USE    OF    SCHOOLS    AND    FOR    PRIVATE     READING. 

12MO.     ILLUSTRATED. 

BARNES'     BRIEF    GENERAL    HISTORY. 

The   Ancient,    Mediaeval,  and    Modern    Peoples, 

BOUND  IN  ONE  VOLUME.     12MO.    ILLUSTRATED. 


BARNES'     POPULAR      HISTORY     OF     THE     UNITED 
STATES, 

FOB  PRIVATE  READING   AND  FOR  REFERENCE  IN  SCHOOLS  AND  FAMILIES. 
ROYAL  gvo.    BEAUTIFULLY  ILLUSTRATED. 


THIS  work  has  been  prepared  with 
the  following  design,  viz. :  to  state  only 
those  important  events  in  our  history  which  every  American  citizen  should  know, 
and  to  tell  them  in  such  a  way  as  to  arouse  the  pupil's  interest  and  inspire  enthu- 
siasm for  the  study.  In  carrying  out  this  idea,  the  author  has  sought  to  avoid  all 
sectional  and  partisan  statements ;  to  explain,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  Union, 
those  principles  which,  coming  to  an  issue  at  different  times,  have  been  decided 
by  the  progress  of  events ;  and,  incidentally,  to  inspire,  by  the  sweep  of  the  story, 
a  love  for  our  common  country,  and  an  intelligent  solicitude  for  her  destiny. 

Experience  has  taught  the  value  of  certain  general  methods  of  teaching  this 
study. 

1.  To  divide  the  history  into  Epochs,  giving  each  a  characteristic  name. 

2.  To  precede  each  Epoch  by  a  map  and  questions  in  order  to  familiarize  the 
pupil  with  the  localities  of  the  events  about  which  he  is  to  read ;  and  to  follow  each 
Epoch  with  a  Chronological  Table  and  a  list  of  Reading  References  for  further 
study. 

3.  To  furnish  copious  notes  containing  collateral  facts,  minor  events,  sketches  of 
the  lives  of  presidents  and  noted  men,  and,  especially,  those  anecdotes  of  heroism 
and  devotion  that  so  brighten  the  record  of  our  national  growth. 

4.  To  give  each  paragraph  a  distinct  title  to  aid  the  pupil  in  learning,  and  the 
teacher  in  hearing,  the  lesson ;  and  to  arrange  these  topics  in  such  a  way  as  to  form 
a  systematic  analysis  of  the  subject. 


2098176 


2  PREFACE. 

5.  To  make  the   great   battles  easy  of   remembrance   by  associating  with  the 
description  of  each  the  pivotal  point  on  which  its  issue  turned. 

6.  To  introduce  something  of  the  philosophy  of  history  by  stating  the  plan  of 
each  campaign,  and  the  objects  sought  by,  and  the  results  of,  important  engage- 
ments, thus  leading  pupils  to  appreciate  the  fact  that  events  hinge  upon  each 
other. 

7.  To  stimulate  flagging  interest,  and  also  induce  a  more  comprehensive  study 
of  history,  by  means  of  review  questions  like  the  Historical  Recreations  of  this 
series. 

The  constantly-increasing  adoption  of  this  book,  since  its  appearance  in  1871, 
has  shown  the  excellence  of  the  plan  on  which  it  was  prepared.  New  plates  and 
illustrations  being  now  called  for,  the  author  has  seized  the  opportunity  to  revise 
the  text  carefully,  and  to  introduce  blackboard  analyses,  additional  chapters  on 
civilization,  and  fresh  material  on  manners  and  customs.  It  is  his  hope  that  his 
fellow  teachers  will  find  the  book  as  much  more  useful  as  it  is  attractive. 

This  work  is  offered  to  American  youth  in  the  confident  belief  that,  !is  they  sttidy 
the  wonderful  history  of  their  native  land,  they  will  learn  to  prize  their  birthright 
more  highly,  and  treasure  it  more  carefully.  Their  patriotism  must  be  kindled 
when  they  come  to  see  how  slowly,  yet  how  gloriously,  this  tree  of  liberty  has 
grown,  what  storms  have  wrenched  its  boughs,  what  sweat  of  toil  and  blood  has 
moistened  its  roots,  what  eager  eyes  have  watched  every  out-springing  bud,  what 
brave  hearts  have  defended  it,  loving  it  even  unto  death.  A  heritage  thus  sanc- 
tified by  the  heroism  and  devotion  of  the  fathers  can  not  but  elicit  the  choicest 
care  and  tenderest  love  of  the  sons. 

J.  D.  S. 

ELMIKA,  N.  Y.,  Sept.,  1885. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 9 

Remains  of  Prehistoric  Peoples 9 

The  Mound  Builders 10 

The  Indians  and  their  Characteristics 10 

The  Coming  of  the  Northmen 15 

The  Division  of  American  History  into  Six  Great  Epochs 16 

References  for  Reading 17 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  Introduction 18 

FIRST      EPOCH. 

EARLY  DISCOVERIES  AND  SETTLEMENTS 19 

The  Commercial  Problem  of  the  Fifteenth  Century 19 

Christopher  Columbus  and  his  Voyages 20 

Naming  the  New  Continent : 24 

The  Cabots  and  their  Discoveries 25 

Some  Spanish  Explorers 20 

Some  French  Explorers 30 

Some  English  Explorers 34 

New  Netherland 39 

Settlements  at  the  End  of  the  Sixteenth  Century 40 

Sea-life  in  the  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries 41 

Table  of  Contemporary  European  Sovereigns 4is 

Chronological  Summary'. 4fe 

References  for  Reading 43 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  First  Epoch 44 

SECOND      EPOCH. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  COLONIES.. 45 

Settlement  of  the  Thirteen  Colonies. 45 

The  Four  Inter-Colonial  Wars  ...  . . .  77-90 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Colonial  Civilization ...  91 

General  Condition  of  the  Colonies 91 

Manners  and  Customs ,  93 

Education 90 

Table  of  Contemporary  European  Sovereigns 97 

Chronological  Summary 97 

References  for  Beading 99 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  Second  Epoch 100 


THIRD     EPOCH. 

THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 101 

Causes  of  the  Separation  from  Great  Britain ,  101 

The  Seven- Years  Struggle  for  Independence 106-14S 

Condition  of  the  Country  at  the  Close  of  the  War 142 

Adoption  of  Federal  Constitution  and  Formation  of  Parties 143 

Rural  Life  One  Hundred  Years  Ago  ..  141 

Chronological  Summary 146 

References  for  Reading 147 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  Third  Epoch 148 

FOURTH      EPOCH. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  STATES 149 

Washington's  Administration 149 

Adams'  Administration 154 

Jefferson's  Administration 155 

Madison's  Administration 159 

Second  War  with  Great  Britain 160 

Monroe's  Administration 172 

John  Quincy  Adams'  Administration 174 

Jackson's  Administration 175 

Van  Buren's  Administration 178 

Harrison  and  Tyler's  Administration 180 

Polk's  Administration 185 

War  with  Mexico 185 

Taylor  and  Fillmore's  Administration 191 

Pierce's  Administration . . . .  ( 194 

Buchanan's  Administration .s 196 

Secession  of  the  South 198 

New  States 200 

Civilization 210 

Distinctions  of  Dress— the  Five  Classes 210 

The  Laborer 210 

The  Schools 210 

The  Middle  of  the  Century 211 

Chronological  Summary 211 

References  for  Reading 213 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  Fourth  Epoch 214 


CONTENTS. 


FIFTH      EPOCH. 

PAGE 

THE  CIVIL  WAE 215 

Lincoln's  Administration 215 

The  Five- Years  Struggle  for  National  Unity 216 

"What  the  War  Cost 275 

Assassination  of  the  President 275 

New  States 277 

Chronological  Summary 277 

References  for  Reading 279 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  Fifth  Epoch 280 

SIXTH      EPOCH. 

RECONSTRUCTION  AND  PASSING  EVENTS 281 

Johnson's  Administration 281 

Grant's  Administration 287 

Hayes'  Administration 294 

Garfield  and  Arthur's  Administration 296 

Cleveland's  Administration 298 

Harrison's  Administration 300 

New  States 301 

Progress  of  Civilization 302 

Blackboard  Analysis  of  the  Sixth  Epoch 312 

APPENDIX. 

Questions  for  Class  Use . 313 

Historical  Recreations 328 

Declaration  of  Independence 334 

•   Constitution  of  the  United  States,  with  Questions,  and  Notes 338 

Table  of  States 352 

Table  of  Presidents 354 

Index . ,                                                                                                                  .  355 


LIST     OF     MAPS, 

EARLY  VOYAGES  AND  DISCOVERIES H.,  IH. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  COLONIES Opposite —  45 

REVOLUTIONARY  WAR— THE  COLONIES "        —  101 

REVOLUTIONARY  WAR— CAMPAIGNS  NORTH  AND  SOUTH 120,  121 

WAR  OF  1812,  AND  WAR  WITH  MEXICO "        —  149 

CAMPAIGNS  IN  WAR  OF  1812,  AND  WAK  WITH  MEXICO "        160,  161 

THE  CIVIL  WAE "        ....  215 

CAMPAIGNS  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR "        222,  223 

PENINSULAR  CAMPAIGN 236 

VICINITY  OF  VICKSBURG 245 

VICINITY  OF  CHATTANOOGA 247 

VICINITY  OF  Q-ETTYSBUEG 252 

GRANT'S  CAMPAIGN  AROUND  RICHMOND 261 

TERRITORIAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES Opposite  —  281 


ILLUSTRATI  ON  S. 


FATHER  AND  SONS  FOB  LIBERTY. 

Frontispiece. 

PREFACE  (mustrated  Heading) 1 

TABLE     OF    CONTENTS     (Illustrated 

Heading) 3 

INTRODUCTION     (Illustrated     Head- 
ing)   9 

Relics  of  Early  American  Races.  11 

Scene  in  Indian  Life 13 

Indian  Hieroglyphics 14 

Landing  of  Northmen 15 

EPOCH  I.  (Illustrated  Heading) 19 

Tomb  of  Columbus 24 

Burial  of  De  Soto 28 

La  Salle  at  the  Mississippi 35 

EPOCH  II.  (Illustrated  Heading)  ...  45 

Smith  Trading  with  Indians —  47 

The  Ruins  of  Jamestown 52 

Puritans  Q-oing  to  Church 54 

Canonicus     Receiving    Powder 

and  Shot 55 

Morning  Attack  by  Indians 58 

The  Charter  Oak 63 

Dutch  Trading  at  New  York. ...  66 
Mr.  Dustin  Defending  his  Chil- 
dren f rom  the  Indians 78 

An  Incident  of  Washington 82 

Quebec  in  Early  Times 88 

A  Scold  Gagged 92 

New  England  Kitchen  Scene...  94 

EPOCH  m.  (Illustrated  Heading). . .  101 

Retreat  from  Lexington 107 

Prayer  before  Bunker  Hill 109 

Capture  of  Ticonderoga 110 

Surrender  of  Rail...                    .  117 


PAGE 

Arnold  at  Saratoga 123 

In  Camp  at  Valley  Forge 126 

Capture  of  Stony  Point 131 

Development  of  the  Flag  (Col- 
ored Plate) 138 

Capturing  a  Fort  at  Yorktown..  141 

EPOCH  IV.   (Illustrated  Heading)..  149 

Battle  of  Tippecanoe 158 

Constitution  and  Guerriere 162 

Death  of  Lawrence 167 

Battle  of  New  Orleans 170 

View  of  Salt  Lake  City 182 

Homes  of  Eminent  Americans.  184 

Taylor  at  Buena  Vista 186 

Washing  out  Gold 191 

San  Francisco  Bay  and  City 207 

EPOCH  V.  (Illustrated  Heading) 215 

Jackson  at  Bull  Run 219 

Attack  on  Fort  Donelson 224 

Federal  Leaders 227 

Monitor  and  Merrimac 232 

Confederate  Leaders 238 

Battle  of  Missionary  Ridge 249 

Grant  Writing  the  Telegram . . .  256 

Guarding  a  Train 257 

Sheridan  at  Cedar  Creek 264 

Sinking  the  Alabama 268 

Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea...  271 

Death  of  J.  E.  B.  Stuart 276 

EPOCH  VI.  (Illustrated  Heading). . .  281 

Landing  the  Atlantic  Cable  —  285 

Ouster's  Death 293 

Riot  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa 294 

Progress  of  Inventions 304 

Progress  of  Inventions 305 


PORTRAITS. 


PAGE 

COLUMBUS 20 

PENN 71 

LA  PAYETTE 119 

FRANKLIN 127 

MARION 134 

WASHINGTON,  HAMILTON,  JEFFERSON.  151 

JACKSON 176 

HARRISON 


PAGE 

TAYLOR 177 

CLAY,  CALHOCN,  WEBSTER 192 

LINCOLN 198 

DAVIS 199 

GRF.ELEY 290 

GARFIELD  . .   297 

CLEVELAND 298 

.    301 


THE  following  method  of  using  this  work  has  been  successfully  employed  by 
many  teachers.  At  the  commencement  of  the  study,  let  each  pupil  be  required 
to  draw  an  outline  map  of  North  America,  at  least  18  x  24  inches  in  size.  This 
should  contain  only  physical  features,  viz.,  coast-line,  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers. 
If  desired,  they  may  be  marked  very  faintly  at  first,  and  shaded  and  darkened 
when  discovered  in  the  progress  of  the  history.  As  the  pupils  advance  in  the  text, 
let  them  mark  on  their  maps,  day  by  day,  the  places  discovered,  the  settlements, 
battles,  political  divisions,  etc.,  with  their  dates.  They  will  thus  see  the  country 
growing  afresh  under  their  hand  and  eye,  and  the  geography  and  the  history  will 
be  indissolubly  linked.  At  the  close  of  the  term,  their  maps  will  show  what  they 
have  done,  and  each  name,  with  its  date,  will  recall  the  history  which  clusters 
around  it. 

Recitations  and  examinations  may  bs  conducted  by  having  a  map  drawn  upon 
the  blackboard  with  colored  crayons,  and  requiring  the  class  to  fill  in  the  names 
and  dates,  describing  the  historical  facts  as  they  proceed.  In  turn,  during  review, 
the  pupil  should  be  able,  when  a  date  or  place  is  pointed  out,  to  state  the  event 
associated  with  it. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  book  is  written  on  an  exact  plan  and  method  of 
arrangement.  The  topics  of  the  epochs,  chapters,  sections,  and  paragraphs  form 
a  full  analysis ;  thus,  in  each  Presidential  Administration,  the  order  of  subjects 
is  uniform,  viz. :  Domestic  Affairs,  Foreign  Affairs,  and  Political  Parties— the  sub- 
sidiary topics  being  grouped  under  these  heads.  The  teacher  is  therefore  recom- 
mended to  place  on  the  board  the  analysis  of  each  Epoch,  and,  when  possible,  conduct  the 
recitation  from  that  without  the  use  of  the  book  in  the  class. 

Specimen  Analyses  are  given  at  the  close  of  each  Epoch.  These  are  merely 
suggestions,  and  should  be  used  to  elicit  other  and  more  elaborate  ones  from  the 


8  SUGGESTIONS     TO     TEACHERS. 

pupils.  In  these  analyses  may  also  be  inserted  the  titles  of  additional  material 
gathered  by  teacher  and  class.  Good  analyses  thus,  incidentally,  serve  as  pigeon- 
holes for  classifying  as  well  as  preserving  one's  knowledge. 

The  Heading  References  at  the  end  of  each  Epoch  contain  a  list  of  books  that 
will  be  found  valuable  for  additional  information.  It  is  not  the  intention  to  make 
the  References  a  mere  catalogue  of  United  States  Histories  and  biographies  of 
celebrated  Americans,  but  simply  to  name  a  few  works  to  interest  a  class  and 
furnish  matter  for  collateral  reading.  Bancroft's  and  Hildreth's  Histories,  Irving'n 
Life  of  "Washington,  and  Sparks'  American  Biographies  are  supposed  to  be  in 
every  school  library.  They  are,  therefore,  not  referred  to  in  these  lists.  The 
Lives  of  the  Presidents,  the  Histories  of  the  different  States,  and  all  works  of  local 
value  are  useful,  and  should  be  secured,  if  possible.  The  Magazine  of  American 
History  will  be  found  serviceable  for  reference  on  disputed  points  of  Ameiican 
History  and  Biography.  The  recent  volumes  of  Harper's  Magazine,  and  the 
Century  abound  in  excellent  articles  on  special  subjects.  The  American  Cyclo- 
pedia and  Thomas'  Dictionary  of  Biography  will  afford  material  for  preparing 
essays.  "With  a  little  effoi^a  poem,  a  prose  selection,  or  a  composition  on  some 
historical  topic  may  be  offered  by  the  class  each  day  to  enliven  the  recitation. 

Formal  debates,  oral  or  written,  should  be  held,  to  stimulate  research,  upon 
such  subjects  as  the  tariff,  civil  service  reform,  treatment  of  the  Indians,  etc. 

For  Courses  of  Reading,  and  for  information  concerning  the  value  and  char- 
acter of  various  historical  works,  refer  to  Adams1  Manual  of  Historical  Literature— 
a  most  reliable  and  excellent  bibliography.  Hall's  Methods  of  Teaching  History 
will  also  furnish  the  teacher  with  suggestive  ideas. 

The  Tables  of  Contemporary  European  Sovereigns,  inserted  at  the  end  of  the 
early  Epochs,  should  be  used  to  link  American  history  to  that  of  the  old  world, 
in  which  it  had  its  origin. 

The  Suggestions  on  page  313,  upon  the  subject  of  topical  recitation,  are  com- 
mended by  universal  experience.  At  each  recitation,  let  some  of  the  pupils  write 
a  few  of  the  paragraphs  on  their  slates,  on  paper,  or  on  the  blackboard ;  after- 
ward, let  other  pupils  criticise  the  language,  spelling,  punctuation,  use  of  capitals, 
etc.  Remember,  however,  that  the  chief  end  of  class-work  is  to  kindle  an  interest 
in  history.  The  reading  of  a  beautiful  poem,  or  the  narration  of  a  curious  cir- 
cumstance, a  noble  sentiment,  or  a  deed  of  heroism,  in  some  way  connected  with 
an  event,  will  arouse  attention  and  fix  the  fact  perfnanently  in  the  mind.  For 
example,  the  third  attack  on  Charleston  (page  132),  is  a  dry,  dull  statement,  but 
how  it  brightens  when  we  read  the  reply  of  Colonel  Moultrie,  who  was  there 
taken  prisoner,  to  the  offer  of  money  and  the  command  of  a  British  regiment  in 
Jamaica,  if  he  would  desert  the  American  cause: — "Not  the  fee  simple  of  all 
Jamaica  would  induce  me  to  part  with  my  integrity."  .  The  class  may  care  little 
about  the  former  way  of  choosing  the  Vice-President ;  but  they  will  be  eager  to 
see  how  Adams,  the  federalist,  and  Jefferson,  the  republican,  came  to  be  elected 
together.  The  inauguration  of  Van  Buren  will  take  on  a  new  meaning  when  the 
pupil  is  told  that  Van  Buren,  with  General  Jackson  at  his  side,  rode  to  the 
Capitol  in  a  carriage  made  of  wood  from  the  ship  Constitution,  and,  as  they 
passed,  the  crowd  shared  its  cheers  between  "  Old  Hickory  "  and  "  Old  Ironsides ". 
Just  so,  Stedman's,  "Oh,  evil  the  black  shroud  of  night  at  Chantilly",  will  stir 
a  class  when  reading  the  second  Bull  Run  campaign ;  while  "Whittier's  "  Angels 
of  Buena  Vista  "  will  temper  the  patriotic  ardor  aroused  by  that  bloody  victory. 


_         Who      first 

-a^^Ti^Ulini""i'l.\IN¥Fy3UIJC-iiMUN|^'- 

E§JR*r^'  £3— ^— : — ?MiMdB  F  settled  Amer- 
ica ? — This  cori- 
tinent  was 

probably  first  peopled  from  Asia,  the 
birthplace  of  man.  In  what  way  it 
happened,  we  do  not  know.  Chinese 
vessels,  coasting  along  the  shore  according  to  the  custom 
of  early  voyagers,  may  have  been  driven  by  storms  to 
cross  the  Pacific  Ocean,  while  the  crews  were  thankful 
to  escape  a  watery  grave  by  settling  an  unknown  coun- 
try ;  or,  parties  wandering  across  Bering  Strait  in  search 
of  adventure,  and  finding  on  this  side  a  pleasant  land, 
may  have  resolved  to  make  it  their  home. 

American  Antiquities.  —  In  various  parts  of  the  con- 
tinent, remains  are  found  of  the  people  who  occupied 
this  country  in  prehistoric  times.  Through  the  Mississippi 
valley,  from  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf,  extends  a  succession 
of  defensive  earth-works.*  The  largest  forest  trees  are 

*  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  banks  of  earth  grassed  over  are  more  enduring  than 
any  other  work  of  man.  The  grassy  mounds  near  Nineveh  and  Babylon  have 
remained  unchanged  for  centuries.  Meantime,  massive  buildings  of  stone  have  been 
erected,  have  served  long  generations,  and  have  crumbled  to  ruin. 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

often  found  growing  upon  them.  The  Indians  have  no 
tradition  as  to  the  origin  of  these  structures.  They  gen- 
erally crown  steep  hills,  and  consist  of  embankments, 
ditches,  etc.,  indicating  considerable  acquaintance  with 
military  science.  At  Newark,  Ohio,  a- fortification  exists 
which  covers  an  area  more  than  two  miles  square,  and 
has  over  two  miles  of  embankment  from  two  to  twenty 
feet  high. 

Mounds,  seemingly  constructed  as  great  altars  for 
religious  purposes  or  as  monuments,  are  also  numerous. 
One,  opposite  St.  Louis,  covers  eight  acres  of  ground, 
and  is  ninety  feet  high.  There  are  said  to  be  10,000  of 
these  mounds  in  Ohio  alone. 

A  peculiar  kind  of  earth-work  has  the  outline  of  gi- 
gantic men  or  animals.  An  embankment  in  Ada  ins 
County,  Ohio,  represents  very  accurately  a  serpent  1,000 
feet  long.  Its  body  winds  with  graceful  curves,  and  in 
its  wide-extended  jaws  lies  a  figure  which  the  animal 
seems  about  to  swallow.  In  Mexico  and  IN-ru,  still  more 
wonderful  remains  have  been  discovered.  They  consist 
not  only  of  defensive  works,  altars,  and  monuments, 
but  also  of  idols,  temples,  aqueducts,  and  paved  roads. 

The  Mound  Builders  is  the  name  given  to  the  people 
who  erected  the  mounds  of  North  America.  The  old  pits 
where  the  Mound  Builders  dug  copper  are  still  found  in 
the  mining  region  of  Lake  Superior.  They  seem,  also, 
to  have  occupied  Central  America,  and  there  to  have 
developed  a  high  civilization.  They  built  cities,  wove 
cotton,  worked  in  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  labored  in  the 
fields,  and  had  regular  governments. 

The  Indians  who  were  found  on  this  continent  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  by  the  first  European  settlers,  did  not 
exceed  200,000  in  number.  In  Mexico,  Peru,  and  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


Indies,  however,  there  was  an  immense  population.     The 

Indians  were   the   successors  of  the  Mound  Builders   and 


1.  CUFF-mVELLEi:s  <>K  NEW  MEXiro.  2.  WJULPTUUKD  I£EAI>  FROM  YUCATAiT.  3.  INDIAN 
VASE.  4. INCENSE  BURNER.  5,  B.  STONE  lIATrm'T  \NI)  VASE  FROM  MEXICO.  7.  FORTIFIED 
ONONDAGA  VILLAfiE.  s.  MnINDS  AT  Sl'KING  CHEEK,  TENNESSEE.  9.  TEMPLE  IN  YUCATAN. 


were  by  far  their  inferiors  in  civilization.*    We  know  not 
why  the  ancient  race  left,  nor  whence  the  Indians  came. 

*  This  view  was  generally  accepted  until  recently.  Many  now  hold  that  all  the 
aboriginal  inhabitants  of  this  country  were  of  one  race;  and  that  the  agriculture, 
pottery,  and  other  ;n-ts  ci  rho  Mound  Builders,  as  well  as  of  the  Indians,  came  from 
the  superior  civili/./it  j.  ,  < >i  <  'entral  America  and  Mexico,  illustrating  what  is  termed 

'-  the  northern  drift  •  i  civilization  "  on  this  continent. 


12  INTRODUCTION. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  former  were  driven  southward  by 
the  savage  tribes  from  the  north. 

Indian  Characteristics.* — Arts  and  Inventions. — The 
Indian  has  been  well  termed  the  "Red  Man  of  the  For- 
est ".  He  built  no  cities,  no  ships,  no  churches,  no  school- 
houses.  He  constructed  only  temporary  bark  wigwams 
and  canoes.  He  made  neither  roads  nor  bridges,  but 
followed  foot-paths  through  the  forest,  and  swam  the 
streams.  His  highest  art  was  expended  in  a  simple 
bow  and  arrow. 

Progress  and  Education.  —  He  made  no  advancement, 
but  each  son  emulated  the  prowess  of  his  father  in  the 
hunt  and  the  fight.  The  hunting-ground  and  the  battle- 
field embraced  every  thing  of  real  honor  or  value.  So  the 
son  was  educated  to  throw  the  tomahawk,  shoot  the 
arrow,  and  catch  fish  with  the  spear.  He  knew  nothing 
of  books,  paper,  writing,  or  history. 

Domestic  Life. — The  Indian  had  neither  cow,  nor 
beast  of  burden.  He  regarded  all  labor  as  degrading,  and 
fit  only  for  women.  His  squaw,  therefore,  built  his  wig- 
wam, cut  his  wood,  and  carried  his  burdens  when  he 
journeyed.  While  he  hunted  or  fished,  she  cleared  the 
land  for  his  corn  by  burning  down  the  trees,  scratched  the 

*  The  chief  exceptions  to  this  description  of  the  Indians  within  the  present  limits 
of  the  United  States  were  the  Mobilians,  who  lived  along  the  South  Atlantic  and  tho 
G-ulf ;  the  Iroyuois  Confederacy,  or  the  Five  Nations  of  Central  New  York ;  and  the 
Pueblos  or  Village  Indians  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  (1.)  The  Mobttian*  worshiped 
the  sun ;  built  timber  houses,  sometimes  clustered  in  towns  and  fortified  with  a 
ditch  and  wall ;  made  pottery,  and  cultivated  corn,  hemp,  and  flax.  (2.)  The  Iroqumx 
Confederacy  was  styled  the  "  Long  House  ",  because  these  Indians  dwelt  in  wigwams 
often  250  feet  in  length  and  30  feet  wide,  and  each  holding  20  or  30  families.  This 
league  formed,  in  fact,  a  republic,  with  a  chief  magistrate,  a  cabinet,  and  a  congress 
of  the  sachems  of  the  different  tribes.  Pierce,  blood-thirsty,  and  fond  of  conquest, 
the  Iroquois  would  probably  have  subdued  the  continent  if  the  white  man  had  not. 
come.  Early  travelers  called  them  the  Romans  of  tho  new  world.  (3.)  The  Pueblo 
Indians  lived  in  huge  stone  or  adobe  buildings,  a  single  one  often  containing  several 
thousand  people.  They  tilled  the  land,  and  dressed  in  cloth  of  sMieir  own  manufacture 


I 


INTRODUCTION. 


13 


ground  with  a  crooked  stick  or  dug  it  with  a  clam-shell, 
and  dressed  skins  for  his  clothing.  She  cooked  his  food  by 
dropping  hot  stones  into  a  tight  willow  basket  containing 
materials  for  soup.  The  leavings  of  her  lord's  feast  sufficed 
for  her,  and  the  coldest  place  in  the  wigwam  was  her  seat. 


SCENE    IN    INDIAN   LIFE. 


Disposition,.— la  war,  the  Indian  was  brave  and  alert, 
but  cruel  and  revengeful,  preferring  treachery  and  cun- 
ning to  open  battle.  At  home,  he  was  lazy,  improvident, 
and  an  inveterate  gambler.  He  delighted  in  finery  and 
trinkets,  and  decked  his  unclean  person  with  paint  and 
feathers.  His  grave  and  haughty  demeanor  repelled  the 
stranger ;  but  he  was  grateful  for  favors,  and  his  wigwam 
always  stood  hospitably  open  to  the  poorest  and  meanest 
of  his  tribe. 

Endurance. — He   could  endure    great  fatigue,   and  in 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


his  expeditions  often  lay  without  shelter  in  the  severest 
weather.  It  was  his  glory  to  bear  the  most  horrible  tort- 
ures without  a  sign  of  suffering. 

Religion. — If  he  had  any  ideas  of  a  Supreme  Being, 
they  were  •jfague  and  degraded.  His  dream  of  a  Heaven 
was  of  happy  hunting-grounds  or  of  gay  feasts,  where  his 
dog  should  join  in  the  dance.  He  worshiped  no  idols, 
but  peopled  all  nature  with  spirits,  which  dwelt  not  only 
in  birds,  beasts,  and  reptiles,  but  also  in  lakes,  rivers,  and 


SPECIMEN   OF  INDIAN   HIEROGLYPHICS.* 

water-falls.  As  he  believed  that  these  had  power  to  help 
or  harm  men,  he  lived  in  constant  fear  of  offending  them. 
He  apologized,  therefore,  to  the  animals  he  killed,  Mini 
made  solemn  promises  to  fishes  that  their  bones  should 
be  respected.  He  placed  great  stress  on  dreams,  and  his 
camp  swarmed  with  sorcerers  and  fortune-tellers. 

The  Indian  of  the  Present. — Such  was  the  Indian  two 
hundred  years  ago,  and  such  he  is  to-day.     He  opposes 

*  This  cut  represents  a  species  of  picture-writing  occasionally  used  by  the  Indians. 
Some  Indian  guides  wished  to  inform  their  comrades  that  a  company  of  fourteen 
whites  and  two  Indians  had  spent  the  night  at  that  point.  Nos.  9,  10  indicate  the 
white  soldiers  and  their  arms ;  No.  1  is  the  captain,  with  a  sword ;  No.  2  the  secre- 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


the  encroachments  of  the  settler,  and  the  building  of 
railroads.  But  he  can  not  stop  the  tide  of  immigration. 
Unless  he  can  be  induced  to  give  up  his  roving  habits 


and  cultivate  the  soil,  he  is  doomed  to  destruction.  It 
is  to  be  earnestly  hoped  that  the  red  man  may  yet  be 
Christianized,  and  taught  the  arts  of  industry  and  peacev 
The  Northmen  (inhabitants  of  Norway  and  Sweden) 
claim  to  have  been  the  discoverers  of  America.  Accord- 
ing to  their  traditions,  this  continent  was  first  seen  about 
the  year  1000,  by  one  Biorne  (be  ernO,  who  had  been 

tary,  with  the  book ;  No.  3  the  geologist,  with  a  hammer ;  Nos.  4,  5,  6  are  attend- 
ants; Nos.  7,  8  are  the  guides,  without  hats;  Nos.  11,  12  show  what  they  ate  in 
camp ;  Nos.  13,  14.  15  indicate  how  many  fires  they  made. 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

driven  to  sea  by  a  tempest.  Afterward,  other  adventurers 
made  successful  voyages,  established  settlements,  and  bar- 
tered with  the  natives.  Snor'ri,  son  of  one  of  these  settlers, 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  child  born  of  European  parents 
upon  our  shore.*  The  Northmen  claim  to  have  explored 
the  coast  as  far  south  as  Florida.  How  much  credit  is 
to  be  given  to  these  traditions  is  uncertain.  Many  his- 
torians reject  them,  while  others  still  think  there  are 
traces  of  the  Northmen  remaining,  such  as  the  old  tower 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  the  singular  inscriptions  on  tho 
rock  at  Dighton,  Mass.  Admitting,  however,  the  claims 
of  the  Northmen,  the  fact  is  barren  of  all  results.  No  per- 
manent settlements  were  made,  the  route  hither  was  lost 
and  even  the  existence  of  the  continent  was  forgotten. 

The  true  history  of  this  country  begins  with  its  dis- 
covery by  Columbus  in  1492.  It  naturally  divides  itself 
into  six  great  epochs. 

First    Epoch. — Early    Discoveries    and    Settlements.— 
This  epoch   extends  from  the  discovery  of  America  in 
1492,  to  the  settlement  at  Jamestown,  Va.,  in  1607.    Dur- 
ing this  period,  various  European  nations  were  exploring 
the  continent  and  making  widely  scattered  settlements. 

Second  Epoch. — Development  of  the  Colonies. — This 
epoch  extends  from  the  settlement  at  Jamestown,  Va.,  in 
1607,  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  War  in 
1775.  During  this  period,  the  scattered  settlements  grew 
into  thirteen  nourishing  colonies,  subject  to  Great  Britain. 

Third  Epoch. — Revolutionary  War. — This  epoch  ex- 
tends from  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  War 

*  Snorri  was  the  founder  of  an  illustrious  family.  One  of  his  descendants  is  said 
to  have  been  Albert  Thorwaldsen,  the  great  Danish  sculptor  of  the  present  century. 
The  beautiful  photographs  of  Thor'wald  sen's  "  Day  ",  "  Night ",  and  "  The  Seasons  ", 
which  hang  in  so  many  American  parlors,  thus  acquire  a  new  interest  by  being 
linked  with  the  pioneer  boy  born  on  New  England  shores  BO  many  centuries  ago. 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

in  1775,  to  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  in  1787. 
During  this  period,  the  colonies  threw  off  the  govern- 
ment of  England  and  established  their  independence. 

Fourth  Epoch. — Development  of  the  States.  —  This 
epoch  extends  from  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  in 
1787,  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861. 
During  this  period,  the  States  increased  in  number  from 
thirteen  to  thirty-four,  and  grew  in  population  and  wealth 
until  the  United  States  became  the  most  prosperous 
nation  in  the  world. 

Fifth  Epoch.  —  The  Civil  War. — This  epoch  extends 
from  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861,  to  the 
surrender  of  Lee's  army  in  1865.  During  this  period,  a 
gigantic  strife  was  carried  on  between  the  Northern  and 
the  Southern  States,  the  former  struggling  for  the  per- 
petuation of  the  Union,  and  the  latter  for  its  division. 

Sixth  Epoch.  —  Reconstruction  and  Passing  Events.— 
This  epoch  extends  from  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  in 
1865,  to  the  present  time.  During  this  period,  the 
seceding  States  have  been  restored  to  their  rights  in  the 
Union,  peace  has  been  fully  established,  and  many  inter- 
esting events  have  occurred* 

?6 

REFERENCES    FOR    READING. 

BeamlsK's  Discovery  of  America  by  the  Northmen.— Bradford's  American  Antiquities.— 
Baldwin's  Ancient  America. — Squier  and  Davi*'  American  Antiquities,  and  Discoveries  in  the 
West.— Binding's  History  of  Scandinavia. — Catlings  North  American  Indians. — Thatcher's  In- 
dian Biography.— Stone's  Life  and  Times  of  fled  Jacket,  and  Life  of  Brandt.— Cooper's  Leather 
Stocking  Tales. — Morgan's  League  of  the  Iroquois. — Schoolcraft's  Memoirs  of  Residence  Among 
the  Indians,  and  other  works  by  the  same  author. — Foster's  Prehistoric  Races  of  the  United  States 
of  America. — Bancroft's  Native  Races. — Matthew's  Behemoth,  a  Legend  of  the  Mound  Builders 
(Fiction).— Lowell's  Chippewa  Legend  (Poetry).— Whittier's  Bridal  of  Pennacook  (Poetry).— 
Jones'1  Mound  Builders  of  Tennessee. — Goodrich's  So-catted  Columbus. — Ancient  Monuments  in 
America,  Harper's  Magazine,  vol.  21 ;  The  First  Americans,  The  Pueblos,  and  Visit  of  the 
Wklngs,  vol.  65 ;  also  many  excellent  articles  on  American  History,  vols.  66  and  67.—  The  Old 
Mill  at  Newport,  Scribner's  Monthly,  vol.  \l.—Tl>t  Beginning  of  a  Nation,  Century,  vol.  25. 


18 


BARNES'     BRIEF     HISTORY. 


BLACKBOARD     ANALYSIS. 


1.  "Who  first  settled  America. 


2.   American  Antiquities. 


3.    The  Mound  Builders. 


4.   The  Indians. 


H 

b 

P  < 
0  1 

§ 

H 


6.    The  Northmen. 


6.    Natural    Divisions  of 
United  States  History. 


1.  Mounds. 

2.  Earthworks. 

3.  Peruvian  and  Mexican  Ruins. 


1.  Their  Number. 


2.  Indian  Characteristics. 


3.  The  Indians  of  To-day. 

1.  Who  were  they  ? 

2.  Story  of  Biorni. 

3.  Who  was  Snorri  ? 

4   Traces  of  Northmen. 
6.  The  Results. 

1.  First  Epoch. 

2.  Second  Epoch. 

3.  Third  Epoch. 

4.  Fourth  Epoch. 

5.  Fifth  Epoch. 

6.  Sixth  Epoch. 


a.  Arts    and    Inven- 

tions. 

b.  Progress  and  Edu- 

cation. 

c.  Domestic  Life. 

d.  Disposition. 

e.  Endurance, 
j.  Religion. 


«  r  L  t- 


Map  to  Illustrate 
EARLY  VOYAGES  AND  DISCOVERII 


NORTH  AMERICA 

Scale  of  Miles 


O  UT  H 
V  M  K  11  I  C  A 


Copyright,  1886, 


EARllY  DISCOVERIES 

AND 
StTTLDMENTS. 

;ographical  Knowledge 
in  the  Fifteenth  Century.— 
The  people  of  Europe  had  then 
never  heard  of  America.  About 
that  time,  a  great  desire  for  geo- 
graphical knowledge  was  awak- 
ened. The  compass  and  the  astro- 
labe— an  instrument  for  reckoning 
latitude — had  given  a  new  impulse  to  navi- 
gation. Voyagers  were  no  longer  compelled 
to  creep  along  the  shore,  but  began  to  strike  out  boldly 
into  the  open  sea.  The  art  of  printing  had  just  come  into 
use,  and  books  of  travel  were  eagerly  read.  Marco  Polo 

y a mr ions  on  tl><-  G <'offi-nf>liif  of  the  First  Epoch.  —  In  the  accompanying  map 
there  are  no  divisions  of  the  continent,  as  none  existed  at  that  time.  When  they  are 
called  for  in  the  following  questions,  the  object  is  to  test  the  pupil's  knowledge. 

Locate  the  West  Indies.  San  Salvador,  [now  called  G/uanahani  (gwah  nah  hah  ne), 
though  many  assert  a  neighboring  island  to  be  the  true  San  Salvador],  Cuba. 
Hispaniola  or  Hayti  (ha  ti).  Cape  Breton.  Roanoke  Island.  Manhattan  Island. 

Describe  the  Orinoco  River.  Mississippi  River.  St.  Lawrence  River.  James 
River.  Ohio  River.  Colorado  River.  Columbia  River. 

Where  is  Labrador  ?  Central  America  f  Florida  1  Mexico  ?  New  Mexico  ?  Cali- 
fornia? Oregon?  Peru? 

Locate  St.  Augustine.  Santa  Fe  (sahn  tah  fa).  New  York.  Montreal.  Quebec. 
Albany.  Jamestown.  Port  Royal.  Isthmus  of  Darien.  Cape  Henry.  Cape  Charles. 
Cape  Cod.  Chesapeake  Bay.  Hudson  Bay. 


20  EPOCH     I.  [1474. 

and  other  adventurers  returning  from  the  East  told  won- 
derful stories  of  the  wealth  of  Asiatic  cities. 

Genoa,  Florence,  and  Venice,  commanding  the  commerce 
of  the  Mediterranean,  had  become  enriched  by  trade  with 
the  East.  The  costly  shawls,  spices,  and  silks  of  Persia  and 
India  were  borne  by  caravans  to  the  Red  Sea,  thence  on 
camels  across  the  desert  to  the  Nile,  and  lastly  by  ship  over 
the  Mediterranean  to  Europe. 

The  great  problem  of  the  age  was  how  to  reach  the  East 
Indies  by  sea,  and  thus  give  a  cheaper  route  to  these  rich 
products. 

Columbus  *  conceived  that 
by  sailing  west  he  could  reach 
the  East  Indies.  He  believed 
the  earth  to  be  round,  which 
was  then  a  novel  idea.  He, 
however,  thought  it  much 
smaller  than  it  really  is,  and 
that  Asia  extends  much  far- 
ther round  the  world  to  the 
east  than  it  does.  Hence,  he 
argued  that  by  going  a  few 
COLUMBUS.  hundred  leagues  west,  he  would 

*  Christopher  Columbus  was  born  in  Genoa,  Italy,  about  1435.  He  was  trained  for 
the  sea  from  his  childhood.  Being  the  eldest  of  four  children,  and  his  father  a  poor 
wool-comber,  much  care  devolved  upon  him.  It  is  said  that  at  thirty  his  hair  w;is 
white  from  trouble  and  anxiety.-  His  kind  and  loving  disposition  is  proved  by  the 
fact  that  in  his  poorest  days  he  saved  part  of  his  pittance  to  educate  his  younjj 
brothers  and  support  his  aged  father. 

Columbus  was  determined,  shrewd,  and  intensely  religious.  He  believed  himself 
to  be  divinely  called  to  "  carry  the  true  faith  into  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  ". 
Inspired  by  this  thought,  no  discouragement  or  contumely  could  drive  him  to  de- 
spair. It  was  eighteen  years  from  the  conception  to  the  accomplishment  of  his  plan. 
During  all  this  time  his  life  was  a  marvel  of  patience,  and  of  brave  devotion  to  his 
one  purpose.  His  sorrows  were  many ;  his  triumph  was  brief.  Evil  men  maligned 
him  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  Disregarding  their  promise  that  he  should  be  gov- 
ernor-general over  all  the  lands  he  might  discover,  the  king  and  queen  sent  out  an- 


1483.]  COLUMBUS.  21 

touch  the  coast  of  Eastern  Asia.*  He  was  determined  to 
try  this  new  route,  but  was  too  poor  to  pay  for  the  neces- 
sary ships,  men,  and  provisions. 

Columbus  at  the  Court  of  Portugal.  —  He  accordingly 
laid  his  plan  before  King  John  of  Portugal,  who,  being 
pleased  with  the  idea,  referred  it  to  the  geographers  of  his 
court.  They  pronounced  it  a  visionary  scheme.  With  a 
lurking  feeling,  however,  that  there  might  be  truth  in  ilJ;he 
king  had  the  meanness  to  dispatch  a  vessel  secretly  to  le^t 
the  matter.  The  pilot  had  the  charts  of  Columbus,  but 
lacked  his  courage.  After  sailing  westward  from  Cape  Verde 
islands  for  a  few  days,  and  seeing  nothing  but  a  wide  waste 
of  wildly  tossing  waves,  he  returned,  ridiculing  the  idea. 

'Columbus  at  the  Court  of  Spain.  —  Columbus,  disheart- 
ened by  this  treachery,  betook  himself  to  Spain.  During 
seven  long  years,  he  importuned  King  Ferdinand  for  a  reply. 
All  this  while,  he  was  regarded  as  a  visionary  fellow,  and 
when  he  passed  along  the  streets,  even  the  children  pointed 
to  their  foreheads  and  smiled.  At  last,  the  learned  council 
declared  the  plan  too  foolish  for  further  attention.!  Turn- 
ing away  sadly,  Columbus  determined  to  go  to  France. 

other  governor,  and  "by  his  order  Columbus  was  returned  home  in  chains  1  No 
wonder  that  the  whole  nation  was  shocked  at  such  an  indignity  to  such  a  man.  It 
is  sad  to  know  that  although  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  endeavored  to  soothe  his 
wounded  spirit  by  many  attentions,  they  never  restored  to  him  his  lawful  rights. 
From  fluent  promises  they  passed  at  last  to  total  neglect,  and  Columbus  died  a 
grieved  and  disappointed  old  man.  At  his  request,  his  chains  were  buried  with 
him,  a  touching  memorial  of  Spanish  ingratitude. 

*  Several  facts  served  to  strengthen  the  faith  of  Columbus  in  the  correctness  of 
his  theory.  The  Azores  and  the  Madeira,  Canary,  and  Cape  Verde  islands  being  the 
most  westerly  lands  then  known,  were  the  outposts  of  geographical  knowledge. 
There  had  been  washed  on  their  shores  by  westerly  winds,  pieces  of  wood  curiously 
carved,  trees,  and  seeds  of  unknown  species,  and  especially  the  bodies  of  two  men  of 
strange  color  and  visage. 

t  "  It  is  absurd",  said  those  wise  men.  "  Who  is  so  foolish  as  to  believe  that  there 
are  people  on  the  other  side  of  the  world,  walking  with  their  heels  upVard,  and  their 
heads  hanging  down?  And  then,  how  can  a  ship  get  there?  The  torrid  zone, 
through  which  they  must  pass,  is  a  region  of  fire,  where  the  very  waves  boil.  And 


22  EPOCH     I.  [1492. 

Columbus  Successful. — His  friends  at  the  Spanish  court, 
at  this  juncture,  laid  the  matter  before  Queen  Isabella,  and 
she  was  finally  won  to  his  cause.  The  king  remained 
indifferent  and  pleaded  the  want  of  funds.  The  queen  in 
her  earnestness  exclaimed :  "  I  pledge  my  jewels  to  raise 
the  money."  But  her  sacrifice  was  not  required.  St. 
Angel,  treasurer  of  Aragon,  advanced  most  of  the  money, 
and  the  friends  of  Columbus  the  remainder.  Columbus 
had  succeeded  at  last,  after  eighteen  years  of  waiting. 

Columbus'  Equipment. — Though  armed  with  the  king's 
authority,  Columbus  obtained  vessels  and  sailors  with  the 
greatest  difficulty.  The  boldest  seamen  shrunk  from  such  a 
desperate  undertaking.  At  last,  three  small  vessels  were 
manned  ;  the  Pinta  (pi'n'ta),  Santa  Maria  (ma  r'i'a),  and 
Nina  (run'  ya).  They  sailed  from  Palos,  Spain,  Aug.  3,  1492. 
^fncidents  of  the  Voyage. — When  the  ships  struck  out 
boldly  westward  on  the  untried  sea,  and  the  sailors  saw  the 
last  trace  of  land  fade  from  their  sight,  many,  even  of  the 
bravest,  burst  into  tears.  As  they  proceeded,  their  hearts 
were  wrung  by  superstitious  fears.  To  their  dismay,  the  com- 
pass no  longer  pointed  directly  north,  and  they  believed  that 
they  were  coming  into  a  region  where  the  very  laws  of  nature 
were  changed.  They  came  into  the  track  of  the  trade-wind, 
which  wafted  them  steadily  westward.  This,  they  were  sure, 
was  carrying  them  to  destruction,  for  how  could  they  ever  re- 
turn against  it  ?  Signs  of  land,  such  as  flocks  of  birds  and 
fresh,  green  plants,  were  often  seen,  and  the  clouds  near 
the  horizon  assumed  the  look  of  land,  but  they  disappeared, 
and  only  the  broad  ocean  spread  out  before  them  as  they 
advanced.  The  sailors,  so  often  deceived,  lost  heart,  and  in- 
even  if  a  ship  could  perchance  get  around  there  safely,  how  could  it  ever  get  back  f 
Can  a  ship  sail  up  hill?"  All  of  which  sounds  very  strange  to  us  now,  when  hun- 
dreds of  travelers  make  every  year  the  entire  circuit  of  the  globe. 


1492.]  COLUMBUS.  23 

pisted  upon  returning  home.  Columbus,  with  wonderful  tact 
and  patience,  explained  all  these  appearances.  But  the  more 
he  argued,  the  louder  became  their  murmurs.  At  last,  they 
secretly  determined  to  throw  him  overboard.  Although  he 
knew  their  feelings,  he  did  not  waver,  but  declared  that  he 
would  proceed  till  the  enterprise  was  accomplished. 

Soon,  signs  of  land  silenced  their  murmurs.  A  staff  artifi- 
cially carved,  and  a  branch  of  thorn  with  berries  floated  near. 
All  was  now  eager  expectation.  In  the  evening,  Columbus 
beheld  a,  light  rising  and  falling  in  the  distance,  as  of  a  torch 
borne  by  one  walking.  Later  at  night,  the  joyful  cry  of 
"  Land ! "  rang  out  from  the  Pinta.  In  the  morning,  the 
shore,  green  with  tropical  verdure,  lay  smiling  before  them. 

Tfc^  Landing* — Columbus,  dressed  in  a  splendid  military 
suit  of  scarlet  embroidered  with  gold,  and  followed  by  a  reti- 
nue of  h  is  officers  and  men  bearing  banners,  stepped  upon  the 
new  world,  Friday,  Oct.  12,  1492.  He  threw  himself  upon 
his  knees,  kissed  the  earth,  and  with  tears  of  joy  gave  thanks 
to  God.  He  then  formally  planted  the  cross  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 

The  wondering  natives,  who  crowded  the  shore,  gazed  on 
the  spectacle  with  awe.  They  supposed  the  ships  to  be  huge 
white-winged  birds,  and  the  Spaniards  to  have  come  from 
heaven.  How  sadly  and  how  soon  these  simple  people  were 
undeceived ! 

Further  Discoveries. — Columbus  found  the  land  to  be  an 
island,  which  he  named  St.  Salvador.  He  supposed  that  he 
had  reached  the  islands  lying  off  the  eastern  coast  of  India, 
and  he  therefore  called  the  dark-hued  natives,  Indians. 
Careful  inquiries  were  also  made  concerning  the  rich  prod- 
ucts of  the  East,  such  as  spices,  precious  stones,  and  espe- 
cially gold.  But  the  simple  people  had  only  a  few  golden 
ornaments.  These  they  readily  bartered  for  hawks'  bells. 


24 


EPOCH     I. 


[1493. 


Cuba,  Hayti,  and  other  islands  were  discovered  and  visited 
in  the  vain  hope  of  securing  Oriental  treasures.  Columbus 
even  sent  a  deputation  into  the  interior  of  Cuba,  to  a  famous 
chief,  supposing  him  to  be  the  great  king  of  Tartary  ! 

At  last,  urged  by  his  crew,  he  relinquished  the  search 
and  turned  his  vessels  homeward. 

His  Reception,  on  his  return,  was  flattering  in  the  ex- 
treme. The  whole  nation  took  a  holiday.  His  appearance 
was  hailed  with  shouts  and  the  ringing  of  bells.  The  king 
and  queen  were  dazzled  by  their  new  and  sudden  acquisi- 
tion. As  Columbus  told  them  of  the  beautiful  land  he  had 
discovered,  its  brilliant  birds,  its  tropical  forests,  its  delightful 
climate,  and  above  all,  its  natives  waiting  to  be  converted 
to  the  Christian  faith,  they  sunk  upon  their  knees,  and 
gave  God  thanks  for  such  a  signal  triumph. 

Subsequent  Voyages. — Colum- 
bus afterward  made  three  voy- 
ages. In  1498,  he  discovered 
the  mainland,  near  the  Orinoco 
River.  He  never,  however,  lost 
the  delusion  that  it  was  the 
eastern  coast  of  Asia,  and  died 
ignorant  of  the  grandeur  of  his 
discovery. 

How  the  Continent  was 
named.  —  Americus  Vesputius 
(6  mSr'i  -eus  v6s  p\i'shl  fts),  a 
friend  of  Columbus,  accompa- 
nied a  subsequent  expedition  to 
the  new  world.  A  German  named  Waldsee-Muller  published 

*  The  body  of  Columbus  was  buried  at  Valladolid.  It  was  thence  transported,  in 
1513,  to  the  Carthusian  Monastery  of  Seville,  where  a  monument  was  erected  by  Fer- 
dinand bearing  the  famous  inscription—"  To  Castile  and  IJeon,  Colon  gave  a  new 
world."  In  1536,  his  body  was  removed  to  the  city  of  Saint  Domingo,  Hayti.  But,  in 


TOMB  OF  COLUMBUS  AT  HAVANA.* 


1499.]  THE    CABOTS.  25 

a  spirited  account  of  this  mariner's  adventures,  and  sug- 
gested that  the  country  should  "be  called  America.  This 
work,  being  the  first  description  of  the  new  world,  was  very 
popular,  and  the  name  was  soon  adopted  by  geographers. 

Y  John  Cab'  ot,  a  navigator  of  Bristol,  England,  by  studying 
his  charts  and  globes,  decided  that  since  the  degrees  of  longi- 
tude diminish  in  length  as  they  approach  the  pole,  the  short- 
est route  to  India  must  be  by  sailing  north-west  instead  of 
west,  as  Columbus  had  done.  He  easily  obtained  authority 
from  King  Henry  VII.,  to  make  the  attempt.  After  a  pros- 
perous voyage,  he  came  in  sight  of  the  sterile  region  of  Lab- 
rador,* and  sailed  along  the  coast  for  many  leagues.  This 
was  in  1497,  FOURTEEN  MONTHS  BEFORE  COLUMBUS  DISCOVERED 
TIIK  CONTINENT.  Cabot  supposed  that  he  had  reached  the 
territory  of  the  "  Great  Cham  ",  king  of  Tartary.  Neverthe- 
less, he  landed,  planted  a  banner,  and  took  possession  in.  the 
name  of  the  king  of  England.  On  his  return  home,  he  was 
received  with  much  honor,  was  dressed  in  silk,  and  styled 

-  the  "Great  Admiral". 

Sebastian  Cabot  continued  his  father's  discoveries^ 
During  the  same  year  (p.  24)  in  which  Columbus  reached 
the  shore  of  South  America,  and  Vasco  da  Gama  found 
the  sea-route  to  India  (p.  41),  Sebastian,  a  youth  of  twenty- 
one,  discovered  Newfoundland  and  coasted  as  far  south  as 

1796,  the  remains,  as  was  supposed,  were  taken  to  Havana  with  imposing  ceremo- 
nies. The  tomb  in.  the  Cathedral  is  inscribed  in  Spanish : 

"  O,  rest  thou,  image  of  the  great  Colon, 
Thousand  centuries  remain,  guarded  in  the  urn, 
And  in  the  remembrance  of  our  nation." 

In  1877,  however,  while  excavating  near  the  Cathedral  in  Saint  Domingo,  the  vault 
was  opened  and  a  leaden  coffin  found  containing  human  bones,  and  inscribed  in 
Spanish— "  Illustrious  and  renowned  man,  Christopher  Columbus  ".  It  is  therefore 
thought  that  the  body  carried  to  Havana  was  not  that  of  the  great  admiral. 

*  Very  little  is  definitely  known  of  John  Cabot,  and  even  the  time  and  place  of 
his  birth  and  death  are  matters  of  conjecture.  Sebastian  went  with  his  father  on 
the  first  voyage,  and  some  give  him  the  credit  of  all  that  is  attributed  above  to  John 
Cabot. 


26  EPOCH     I.  [1498. 

Chesapeake  Bay.  As  he  found  neither  the  way  to  India,  nor 
gold,  precious  stones,  and  spices,  his  expedition  was  consid- 
ered a  failure.  Yet,  by  his  discoveries,  the  English  acquired 
a  title  to  a  vast  territory  in  the  new  world.  Though  he 
gave  to  England  a  continent,  no  one  knows  his  burial-place. 
We  shall  now  follow  the  principal  explorations  made 
within  the  limits  of  the  future  United  States,  by  the 
SPANISH,  FRENCH,  ENGLISH,  and  DUTCH.  The  Spanish  ex- 
plored mainly  the  southern  portion  of  North  Amer^36, ;  the 
French,  the  northern  ;  and  the  English,  the  middle  portion 
along  the  coast. 


Af  > 

SPANISH     EXPLORATIONS. 

Feeling  in  Spain. — America,  at  this  time,  wa.s  to  the 
Spaniard  a  land  of  vague,  but  magnificent  promise,  where  the 
simple  natives  wore  unconsciously  the  costliest  gems,  and  the 
sands  of  the  rivers  sparkled  with  gold.  Every  returning  ship 
brought  fresh  news  to  quicken  the  pulse  of  Spanish  enthu- 
siasm. Now,  Cortez  had  taken  Mexico,  and  reveled  in  the 
wealth  of  the  Montezumas;  now,Pizarro  had  conquered  Peru, 
and  captured  the  riches  of  the  Incas ;  now,  Magellan,  sailing 
through  the  strait  which  bears  his  name,  had  crossed  tho 
Pacific,  and  his  vessel  returning  home  by  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  had  circumnavigated  the  globe.  Men  of  the  highest 
rank  and  culture,  warriors,  adventurers,  all  flocked  to  the 
new  world.  Soon,  Cuba,  Hispaniola,  Porto  Rico,  and  Ja- 
maica were  settled,  and  ruled  by  Spanish  governors. 
Among  the  Spanish  explorers  of  the  sixteenth  century  we 
notice  the  following : 

Ponce  de  Leon  (pon'tha  da  la  on')  was  a  gallant  soldier, 
but  an  old  man,  and  in  disgrace.  He  coveted  the  glory  of 
conquest  to  restore  his  tarnished  reputation,  and,  besides,  he 


1512.]  SPANISH     EXPLORATIONS.  27 

had  heard  of  a  magical  fountain  in  this  fairy  land,  where  one 
might  bathe  and  be  young  again.  Accordingly,  he  equipped 
an  expedition,  and  sailed  in  search  of  this  fabled  treasure. 
On  Easter  Sunday  (Pascua  Florida,  in  Spanish),  1512,*  he 
came  in  sight  of  a  land  gay  with  spring  flowers.  In  honor  of 
the  day,  he  called  it  Florida.  He  sailed  along  the  coast,  and 
landed  here  and  there,  but  returned  home  at  last,  an  old 
man  still,  having  found  neither  youth  nor  glory. 

Bal  bo  a  crossed  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  the  next  year,  and 
from  the  summit  of  the  Andes  beheld  a  wide  expanse  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Wading  into  its  waters  with  his  naked  sword 
in  one  hand,  and  the  banner  of  Castile  in  the  other,  he  sol- 
emnly declared  that  the  ocean,  and  all  the  shores  which  it 
might  touch,  belonged  to  the  crown  of  Spain  forever. 

De  Narvaez  (nar  va'Sth)  received  a  grant  of  Florida, 
and  ( 1 5  2  8 )  with  300  men  attempted  its  conquest.  Striking 
into  the  interior,  they  wandered  about,  lured  on  by  the  hope 
of  finding  gold.  Wading  through  swamps,  crossing  deep 
rivers  by  swimming  and  by  rafts,  fighting  the  lurking  Indians 
who  incessantly  harassed  their  path,  and  nearly  perishing 
with  hunger,  they  reached  at  last  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Hastily  constructing  some  crazy  boats,  they  put  to  sea. 
After  six  weeks  of  peril  and  suffering,  they  were  shipwrecked, 
and  De  Narvaez  was  lost.  Eight  years  afterward,  four  per- 
sons— the  only  survivors  of  this  ill-fated  expedition — reached 
the  Spanish  settlements  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
^  Ferdinand  de  Soto,  undismayed  by  these  failures,  under- 
took anew  the  conquest  of  Florida.  He  set  out  with  600 
choice  men,  amid  the  fluttering  of  banners,  the  flourish  of 

*  Sight  years  afterward,  De  Ayllon  (da  lie  yon')  made  a  kidnapping  expedition  to 
what  is  now  South  Carolina.  Desiring  to  obtain  laborers  for  the  minea  and  planta- 
tions in  Hayti,  he  invited  some  of  the  natives  on  board  his  vessels,  and,  when  they  were 
all  below,  suddenly  closed  the  hatches  and  set  sail.  The  speculation  did  not,  how- 
ever, turn  out  profitably.  One  vessel  sunk  with  all  on  board,  and  many  of  his  cap- 


28 


EPOCH     I. 


[1580. 


trumpets,  and  the  gleaming  of  helmet  and  lance.  For  month 
after  month,  this  procession  of  cavaliers,  priests,  soldiers,  and 
Indian  captives  strolled  through  the  wilderness,  wherever 
they  thought  gold  might  be  found.  They  traversed  what  is 
now  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi.  In  the  third  year 


BURIAL    OF    DE   SOTO. 


of  their  wanderings  (1541),  they  emerged  upon  the  bank  of 
the  Mississippi.  After  another  year  of  fruitless  explora- 
tions, De  Soto  died.  At  the  dead  of  night,  his  followers 
sunk  his  body  in  the  rjver,  and  the  sullen  waters  buried  his 
hopes  and  his  ambition.  "He  had  grossed  a  large  part  of 
the  continent,"  says  Bancroft,  "and  found  nothing  so  re- 
markable as  his  burial-place."  De  Soto  had  been  the  soul 
of  the  company.  When  he  died,  the  other  adventurers  were 

tives,  preferring  starvation  to  slavery,  died  on  the  voyage.  History  tells  us  that  in 
1525,  when  De  Ayllon  went  back  with  the  intention  of  settling  the  country,  the 
Indians  practiced  upon  him  the  lesson  of  cruelty  he  had  taught  them.  IT  is  m.-n 
were  lured  into  the  interior.  Their  entertainers,  falling  upon  them  at  night,  slew 
the  larger  part,  and  De  .Vyllou  was  only  too  ghul  to  i  s.-apc  with  his  life. 


1565.]  SPANISH     EXPLORATIONS.  29 

anxious  only  to  get  home  in  safety.  They  constructed 
boats  and  descended  the  river,  little  over  half  of  this  gallant 
array  finally  reaching  the  settlements  in  Mexico. 

Menendez  (ma  ngn'  d£th),  wiser  than  his  predecessors,  on 
landing  (1565),  forthwith  laid  the  foundations  of  a  colony. 
In  honor  of  the  day,  he  named  it  St.  Augustine.  THIS  is  THE 

OLDEST  TOWN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.* 

Explorations  on  the  Pacific.  —  California,  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  was  a  general  name  applied  to  all  the  region 
north-west  of  Mexico.  It  is  said  to  have  originated  in  an  old 
Spanish  romance  very  popular  in  the  time  of  Cortez,  in. 
which  appeared  a  queen  whose  magnificent  country  bore 
this  name.  The  Mexicans  told  the  Spaniards  that  most  of 
their  gold  and  precious  stones  came  from  a  country  far  to 
tho  north-west.  Cortez,  therefore,  turned  his  attention  in 
that  direction  and  sent  out  several  expeditions  to  explore 
the  Californias.  All  these  adventurers  returned  empty- 
handed  from  the  very  region  where,  three  centuries  after- 
ward, the  world  was  startled  by  the  finding  of  an  El  Do  ra'do 
such  as  would  have  satisfied  the  wildest  dreams  of  Oortey. 
and  his  credulous  followers. 

Cabrillo  \\iSL  breJ'yo)  made  the  first  voyage  along  what  is 
now  the  California  coast  (1 54  2 );  he  died  in  San  Diego  harbor, 
but  his  pilot  went  north  past  the  present  limits  of  Oregon. 

New  Mexico  was  explored  and  named  by  Espejo  (£s  pa'  ho) 
who  (1582)  founded  Santa  Fe,  whioii  is  the  second  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States.  This  was  seventeen  years  after 
the  settlement  of  St.  Augustine. 

Extent  of  the  Spanish  Possessions.! — Spain,  at  the  close 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  held  possession  not  only  of  the 

*  Many  Spanish  remains  still  exist.  Among  these  is  Port  Marion,  once  San  Marco, 
which  was  founded  in  1565  and  finished  in  1755.  It  is  built  of  coquina  (ko  ke'na) 
— a  curious  stone  composed  of  small  shells. 

t  The  conquests  of  the  new  world  enriched  Spain,  which  became  the  wealthiest 


80  EPOCH     I.  [1600. 

West  Indies,  but  of  Yucatan,  Mexico,  and  Florida.*  The 
Spanish  explorers  had  traversed  a  large  portion  of  the  present 
Southern  States,  and  of  the  Pacific  coast.  All  this  vast 
territory  they  claimed  by  the  rights  of  discovery  and  pos- 
session. 


FRENCH     EXPLORATIONS. 

The  French  were  eager  to  share  in  the  profits  which  Spain 
was  acquiring  in  the  new  world.  Within  seven  years  after 
the  discovery  of  the  continent,  the  fisheries  of  Newfound- 
land were  frequented  by  their  mariners.! 

Verrazani  (za'nl),  a  Florentine,  was  the  first  navi- 
gator sent  by  the  French  king  to  find  the  new  way  to  the 
Indies.  Sailing  westward  from  Madeira  (1 524),  he  reached 
land  near  the  present  harbor  of  Wilmington.  He  supposed 
this  had  never  been  seen  by  Europeans,  although  we  know 
that  Cabot  had  discovered  it  nearly  thirty  years  before.  He 
coasted  along  the  shores  of  Carolina  and  New  Jersey,  entered 
the  harbors  of  New  York  and  Newport,  and  returned  with 
a  glowing  description  of  the  lands  he  had  found.  He  named 
the  country  New  France. 

Cartier  (kar  tya')  ascended  the  River  St.  Lawrence  \ 
(1 535)  to  the  Indian  village  of  Hochelaga  (ho  she  la'ga),  the 
present  site  of  Montreal.  The  town  was  pleasantly  situated 

and  most  powerful  country  in  Europe.  This  made  other  nations  all  the  more  anxious 
to  find  the  western  passage  to  India.  The  routes  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  by 
the  Strait  of  Magellan  were  long  and  dangerous.  To  discover  the  shorter  north- 
western route  now  became  the  great  wish  of  all  maritime  nations,  and  has  been 
anxiously  sought  down  to  the  present  time. 

*  A  writer  of  that  time  locates  Quebec  in  Florida ;  indeed,  the  Spaniards  applied 
the  name,  Florida,  to  all  North  America,  as  far  as  Canada  and  Newfoundland. 

t  Oape  Breton  (brit'un)  was  named  by  the  fishermen  in  remembrance  of  their 
home  in  Brittany,  France. 

t  The  name,  St.  Lawrence,  was  that  of  the  day  on  which  Cartier  entered  the  gulf. 


1535.]  FKENCH     EXPLORATIONS.  31 

at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  hill,  which  Carticr  climbed.  Stirred 
by  the  magnificent  prospect,  ho  named  it  Mont  Real 
vmong  ra  SI'),  Regal  Mountain. 

John  Ribaut*(re  bo')  led  the  first  expedition  (15  6 2)  under 
the  auspices  of  Coligny  (ko  len  ye' ).  f  The  company  landed  at 
Port  Royal,  S.  0.  So  captivated  were  they,  that  when  volun- 
teers wore  called  for  to  hold  the  country  for  France,  so  many 
came  forward  "  with  such  a  good  will  and  joly  corage  ",  wrote 
Ribaut,  "as  wo  had  much  to  do  to  stay  their  importunitie  ". 
They  erected  a  fort,  which  they  named  Carolina  in  honor  of 
Charles  IX.,  King  of  France.  The  fleet  departed,  arid  this 
little  band  of  thirty  were  left  alone  on  the  continent..  From 
the  North  Pole  to  Mexico,  they  were  the  only  civilized  men. 
Food  became  scarce.  They  tired  of  the  eternal  solitude  of 
the  wilderness,  and  finally  built  a  rude  ship,  and  put  to  sea. 
Here  a  storm  shattered  11 10  i  r  vessel.  Famine  overtook  them, 
and,  in  their  extremity,  they  killed  and  ate  one  of  their 
number.  A  vessel  at  last  hove  in  sight,  and  took  them  on 
board,  only  to  carry  them  captives  to  England.^  Thus  per- 
ished the  colony,  but  the  name  still  survives. 

Laudonniere  (16  do'ne  er),  two  years  after,  built  a  fort,  also 
called  Carolina,  on  the  St.  John's  River.§  Soon  the  colonists 

*  Jean  Ribaut,  as  his  name  is  given  in  Coligny's  MS.  and  in  his  own  journal. 

t  Coligny  was  an  admiral  of  France,  and  a  leader  of  the  Huguenots  (hu'  go  noz), 
as  the  Protestants  were  then  called.  He  had  conceived  a  plan  for  founding  an 
empire  in  America.  This  would  furnish  an  asylum  for  his  Huguenot  friends,  and 
at  the  same  time  advance  the  glory  of  the  French.  Thus  religion  and  patriotism 
combined  to  induce  him  to  send  out  colonists  to  the  new  world. 

$  The  most  feeble  were  landed  in  France.  It  is  said  that  Queen  Elizabeth,  •while 
conversing  with  those  sent  to  England,  first  thought  of  colonizing  the  new  world. 

§  The  history  of  this  colony  records  an  amusing  story  concerning  the  long  life  of 
the  natives.  A  party  visited  a  chief  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  who  gravely 
assured  them  that  he  was  the  father  of  five  generations,  and  had  lived  250  years. 
Opposite  him,  in  the  same  hut,  sat  his  father,  a  mere  skeleton,  whose  "  age  was  so 
great  that  the  good  man  had  lost  his  sight,  and  could  speak  one  onely  word  but  with 
exceeding  great  paine  ".  The  credulous  Frenchmen  gazed  with  awe  on  this  wonder- 
ful pair,  and  congratulated  themselves  on  having  come  to  such  a  land,— where  cer- 
tainly there  would  be  no  need  of  Ponce  de  Leon's  fabled  fountain. 


32  EPOCH     I.  [1564. 

were  reduced,  to  the  verge  of  starvation.*  They  were  on  the 
point  of  leaving,  when  they  were  reinforced  by  Ribaut. 
The  French  now  seemed  fairly  fixed  on  the  coast  of  Florida. 
The  Spaniards,  however,  claimed  the  country.  Menendez, 
about  this  time,  had  made  a  settlement  in  St.  Augustine. 
Leading  an  expedition  northward  through  the  wilderness, 
in  the  midst  of  a  fearful  tempest,  he  attacked  Fort  Carolina 
and  massacred  almost  the  entire  population. 

Champlain  (sham  plan'),  at  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  two  pigmy  barks  - 
one  of  twelve,  the  other  of  fifteen  tons — and  ascended  the 
St.  Lawrence  on  an  exploring  tour.  At  Hochelaga  all  was 
changed.  The  Indian  town  had  vanished,  and  not  a  trace 
remained  of  the  savage  population  which  Cartier  saw  1  hciv 
seventy  years  before.f  Champlain  was  captivated  by  the 
charms  of  the  new  world,  and  longed  to  plant  a  French 
empire  and  the  Catholic  faith  amid  its  savage  wilds. 

De  Monts  (m5ng)  received  a  grant  of  all  the  territory  be- 
tween the  fortieth  and  forty-sixth  parallels  of  latitude.  J  Th  is 
tract  was  termed  A  ca'di  a,  a  name  afterward  confined  to  New 
Brunswick  and  the  adjacent  islands,  and  now  to  Nova 
Scotia.  With  Champlain,  he  founded  Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  in 

1605.      THIS  WAS  THE   FIRST  PERMANENT  FRENCH   SETTLEMENT 

IN  AMERICA.    It  was  three  years  before  a  cabin  was  built  in 
Canada,  and  two  before  the  James  River  was  discovered. 
Champlain  returned  in  1608,  and  established  a  trading 


tan 

>rc 


*  Their  sufferings  were  horrible.  Weak  and  emaciated,  they  fed  themselves  with 
roots,  sorrel,  pounded  fish-bones,  and  even  roasted  snakes.  "Of centimes,"  says 
Laudonniere,  "  our  poor  soldiers  were  constrained  to  give  away  the  very  shirts  from 
their  backs  to  get  one  fish.  If  at  any  time  they  shewed  unto  the  savages  the  exces- 
sive price  which  they  tooke,  these  villaines  would  answer  them  roughly :  '  If  thou 
make  so  great  account  of  thy  merchandise,  eat  it,  and  we  will  eat  our  fish ' ;  then  fell 
they  out  a  laughing,  and  mocked  us  with  open  throat." 

t  This  fact  illustrates  the  frequent  and  rapid  changes  which  took  place  among 
the  aboriginal  tribes. 

t  Between  the  sites  of  Philadelphia  and  Montreal. 


1608.]  FRENCH     EXPLORATIONS.  33 

post  at  Quebec.  THIS  WAS  THE  FIRST  PERMANENT  FRENCH 
SETTLEMENT  IN  CANADA.  The  next  summer,  in  his  eager 
desire  to  explore  the  country,  he  joined  a  war  party  of  the 
Hurons  against  the  Iroquois,  or  Five  Nations  of  Central  New 
York.*  On  this  journey  he  discovered  the  beautiful  lake 
that  bears  his  name.  Amid  discouragements  which  would 
have  overwhelmed  a  less  determined  spirit,  Champlain 
firmly  established  the  authority  of  France  on  the  banks  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  "  The  Father  of  New  France  ",  as  he  has 
been  termed,  reposes  in  the  soil  he  won  to  civilization. 

The  Jesuit  Missionaries.  —  The  explorers  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley  were  mostly  Jesuit  priests.  The  French  names 
\vh  i<  ',h  they  gave,  still  linger  throughout  that  region.  Their 
hope  was  to  convert  the  Indians  to  the  Christian  faith.  They 
pushed  their  way  through  the  forest  with  unflagging  energy. 
They  crept  along  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  They 
traversed  the  Great  Lakes.  In  1668,  they  founded  the  mis- 
sion of  St.  Mary,  the  oldest  European  settlement  in  Michigan. 
Many  of  them  were  murdered  by  the  savages  ;  some  were 
scalped  ;  some  were  burned  in  rosin-fire  ;  some  scalded  with 
boiling  water.  Yet  as  soon  as  one  fell  out  of  the  ranks,  an- 
other sprung  forward  to  fill  the  post.  "We  shall  name  but 
two  of  these  patient,  indefatigable  pioneers  of  New  France. 

Father  Marquette  (mar  kef),  hearing  from  some  wander- 
ing Indians  of  a  great  river  which  they  termed  the  "  Father 
of  Waters",  determined  to  visit  it.  He  floated  in  a  birch- 
bark  canoe  down  the  "Wisconsin  to  the  Mississippi  (1673), 
and  thence  to  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  (ar'kan  saw).f 


*  Th.e  interference  of  Champlain  with,  the  Indians  secured  the  inveterate  hostility 
of  the  Iroquois.  Not  long  after,  they  seized  the  missionaries  who  came  among  them, 
tortured  and  put  them  to  death.  This  cut  off  any  further  explorations  toward  the 
south.  The  French,  therefore,  turned  their  attention  toward  the  west.  The  Iro- 
quois afterward  made  an  alliance  with  the  English  (see  p.  77). 

t  Soon  after,  while  on  another  expedition,  he  went  ashore  for  the  purpose  of  quiet 


34  EPOCH     I.  [1628. 

La  Salle  (sal)  was  educated  as  a  Jesuit,  but  had  estab- 
lished a  trading-post  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario.  Ho 
undertook  various  expeditions  full  of  romantic  adventure. 
Inflamed  with  a  desire  to  find  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi, 
he  made  his  way  (1 6  8  2)  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  He  named  the 
country  Louisiana,  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV.,  King  of  France. 

Results  of  French  Enterprise. — Before  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  French  had  explored  the  Great 
Lakes,  the  Fox,  Maumee.  (ma  mee'),  Wabash  (wa'bash), 
Wisconsin,  and  Illinois  rivers,  and  the  Mississippi  from  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony  to  the  Gulf.  They  had  traversed  a 
vast  region  extending  from  Newfoundland  to  Texas ;  *  and 
planted,  here  and  there  in  the  wilderness,  rude  settlements — 
the  beginnings  of  civilization.  In  1688,  New  France  pos- 
sessed a  population  of  11,000. 

Y^  ENGLISH    EXPLORATIONS. 

We  have  seen  how  the  Oabots,  sailing  under  an  English 
flag,  discovered  the  American  continent,  exploring  its  coast 
from  Labrador  to  Albemarle  Sound.  Though  the  English 
claimed  the  northern  part  of  the  continent  by  right  of  this 
discovery,  yet  during  the  sixteenth  century  they  paid  little 
attention  to  it.  At  the  close  of  that  period,  however,  mari- 
time enterprise  was  awakened,  and  British  sailors  cruised  on 
every  sea.  Like  the  other  navigators  of  the  day,  they  were 
eager  to  discover  the  western  passage  to  Asia. 

Frobisher  (frSb'ish  er)  made  the  first  of  these  attempts 
to  go  north  of  America  to  Asia — Cabot's  plan  repeated.  He 

devotion.  After  waiting  long  for  his  return,  his  men,  seeking  him,  found  that  he 
had  died  while  at  prayer.  He  was  buried  near  the  mouth  of  the  Marquette.  Years 
after,  when  the  tempest  raged,  and  the  Indian  was  tossing  on  the  angry  waves,  he 
would  seek  to  still  the  storm  by  invoking  the  aid  of  the  pious  Marquette. 

*  As  we  shall  see  hereafter,  the  English  at  this  time  clung  to  a  narrow  strip  along 
the  Atlantic  coast,  but  their  colonies  contained  200.000  inhabitants. 


1570.] 


ENGLISH     EXPLORATIONS. 


35 


LA  SAI.I.K  AT    THE  MOCTH  OF  THE 
MISSISSIPPI. 


pushed  through  unknown 
waters,  threading  his  per- 
ilous   way    among    icebergs, 
until  (1576)  he  entered  Baffin 
Bay.    Here  he  heaped  a  pile  of 
stones,  declared  the  country  an 
appendage  of  the  British  crown, 
and  returned  home.* 

Sir     Francis     Drake    was    a 
famous    sailor.      In    one    of    his 

expeditions  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  he  climbed  to 
the  top  of  a  lofty  tree,  whence  he  saw  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Looking  out  on  its  broad  expanse,  he  resolved  to  "sail 
an  English  ship  on  those  seas".  Returning  to  England, 
he  equipped  a  squadron.  He  sailed  through  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  coasting  along  the  Pacific  shore  to  the  south- 
err]  part  of  Oregon.  Having  refitted  his  ship,  probably 

*  One  of  the  sailors  brought  back  a  stone  which  was  thought  to  contain  gold.  A 
fleet  of  fifteen  vessels  was  forthwith  equipped  for  this  new  El  Dorado.  The  north- 
west passage  to  Cathay  was  forgotten.  After  innumerable  perils  incident  to  Arctic 
regions,  the  ships  were  loaded  with  the  precious  ore  and  returned.  Unfortunately, 
history  iieglecta  to  tell  us  what  became  of  the  cargo  1 


36  EPOCH    I.  •  [1579-80. 

in  Bodega  Bay  (1579),  he  sailed  westward,  and  returned 
home  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.* 

Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  was  not  a  sailor,  but  he  had  studied 
the  accounts  of  American  discoveries  and  concluded  that, 
instead  of  random  expeditions  after  gold  and  spices,  com- 
panies should  be  sent  out  to  form  permanent  settlements. 
His  attempts  to  colonize  the  new  world,  however,  ended 
fatally.  Sailing  home  in  a  bark  of  only  ten-tons  burden,  in 
the  midst  of  a  fearful  storm  the  light  of  his  little  vessel  sud- 
denly disappeared.  Neither  ship  nor  crew  was  ever  seen 
again. 

Sir  Walter  Raleighf  (raw'  11),  a  half-brother  of  Gilbert, 
adopted  his  views  of  American  colonization.  Being  a  great 
favorite  with  Queen  Elizabeth,  he  easily  obtained  from  her  a 
patent  of  an  extensive  territory,  which  was  named  Virginia 
in  honor  of  Elizabeth,  the  Virgin  Queen. 

Raleigh's  first  attempt  to  plant  a  colony  was  on  Roanoke 
Island.  The  settlers  made  no  endeavor  to  cultivate  the  soil, 
but  spent  their  time  in  hunting  for  gold  and  pearls.J  At 

*  He  was  thus  the  first  Englishman  who  explored  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the  second 
European  who  circumnavigated  the  globe. 

t  Raleigh  was  not  only  a  man  of  dauntless  courage,  but  he  also  added  to  a  hand- 
some person  much  learning  and  many  accomplishments.  Meeting  Queen  Elizabeth 
one  day  while  she  was  walking,  he  spread  his  mantle  over  a  wet  pl«*ce  in  her  path. 
She  was  so  pleased  with  his  gallantry  that  she  admitted  him  to  court,  and  he  con- 
tinued a  favorite  during  her  entire  life-time.  Conversing  with  her  once  upon  the 
singular  properties  of  tobacco,  the  new  Indian  weed  which  was  coming  into  use,  he 
assured  her  that  he  could  tell  the  exact  weight  of  smoke  in  any  quantity  consumed. 
The  incredulous  queen  dared  him  to  a  wager.  Accepting  it,  Raleigh  weighed  his 
tobacco,  smoked  it,  and  then  carefully  weighing  the  ashes,  stated  the  difference. 
Paying  the  bet,  Elizabeth  remarked  that  she  "  had  before  heard  of  turning  gold  into 
smoke,  but  he  was  the  first  who  had  turned  smoke  into  gold  ".  This  incident  illus- 
trates the  friendly  relations  between  Raleigh  and  the  queen.  After  her  death,  he 
was  accused  by  James  I.  of  treason,  was  imprisoned  for  many  years,  and  finally, 
executed.  On  the  scaffold,  he  asked  for  the  ax,  and  feeling  the  edge,  observed,  with 
a  smile,  "This  is  a  sharp  medicine,  but  a  sound  cure  for  all  diseases."  Then  com- 
posedly laying  his  head  on  the  block,  and  moving  his  lips  as  in  prayer,  he  gave  the 
fatal  signal. 

\  They  were  told  that  the  Roauoke  River  had  its  head-waters  in  gulden  rocka,  by 


1586.]  ENGLISH     K  X  PL  O  RATION'S.  87 

last,  they  were  nearly  starved,  when  Drake,  happening  to 
stop  there  on  one  of  his  exploring  tours,  took  pity  on  them 
and  carried  them  home.  (See  page  42.) 

They  had  lived  long  enough  in  America  to  learn  the  use 
of  tobacco  from  the  Indians.  This  they  introduced  into 
England.  The  custom  of  "drinking  tobacco",  as  it  was 
called,  soon  became  the  fashion.* 

(p*  Raleigh's  Second  Attempt. — Raleigh,undiscouraged  by  this 
failure,  still  clung  to  his  colonizing  scheme.  The  next  time, 
he  sent  out  families,  instead  of  single  men.  John  White 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  City  of  Raleigh,  which  they 
were  to  found  on  Chesapeake  Bay.  A  granddaughter  of 
Gov.  "White,  born  soon  after  they  reached  Roanoke  Island, 
was  the  first  English  child  born  in  America.  The  governor, 
on  returning  to  England  to  secure  supplies,  found  the  public 
attention  absorbed  by  the  threatened  attack  of  the  Spanish 
Armada.  It  was  three  years  before  he  was  able  to  come  back. 
Meanwhile,  his  family,  and  the  colony  he  had  left  alone  in 
the  wilderness,  had  perished.  How,  we  do  not  know.  The  im- 
agination can  only  picture  what  history  has  failed  to  record. 

Raleigh  had  now  spent  about  $200,000,  a  great  sum  for 
that  day,  on  this  American  colony ;  and,  disheartened,  trans- 
ferred his  patent  to  other  parties  (1589). 

Trading  'Voyages. — Fortunately  for  American  interests, 
trading  ventures  were  more  profitable  than  colonizing  ones. 
English  vessels  frequented  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland,  and, 
probably,  occasionally  visited  Virginia.  Gos'nold,f  a  master 

the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  that  the  walls  of  a  great  city  near  its  fountain  were  thickly 
studded  with  pearls. 

*  An  amusing  story  is  told  of  Kaleigh  while  he  was  learning  to  smoke.  On  enter- 
ing his  study  one  morning  to  bring  his  master  a  cup  of  ale,  his  servant  saw  a  cloud 
of  smoke  issuing  from  Sir  Walter's  mouth.  Frantically  dashing  the  liquor  in  his 
face,  he  rushed  down  stairs  imploring  help,  lest  his  master  should  be  burned  to  ashes ! 

t  The  English  ships  were  at  that  time  accustomed  to  steer  southward  along  the 
cuast  of  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Africa,  as  far  as  the  Canary  Islands  ;  then  they  followed 


38  EPOCH     I.  [1602. 

of  a  small  bark,  discovered  (1602)  and  named  Cape  Cod  and 
some  of  the  islands  about  Martha's  Vineyard.  Loading  his 
vessel  with  sassafras-root,  then  highly  esteemed  as  a  medi- 
cine, he  returned  home  to  publish  the  most  favorable  reports 
of  the  region  he  had  visited.  Some  British  merchants  ac- 
cordingly sent  out  the  next  year  a  couple  of  vessels  under 
Captain  Pring.  He  discovered  several  harbors  in  Maine,  and 
brought  back  his  ships  loaded  with  furs  and  sassafras. 

As  the  result  of  these  various  explorations,  many  felt  an 
earnest  desire  to  colonize  the  new  world.  James  I.  accord- 
ingly granted  the  vast  territory  of  Virginia,  as  it  was  called, 
to  two  companies,  the  London  and  the  Plymouth. 

The  London  Company,  whose  principal  men  resided  at 
London,  had  the  tract  between  the  thirty-fourth  and  thirty- 
eighth  degrees  of  latitude.  This  was  called  South  Virginia. 
They  sent  out  a  colony  in  1607  under  Captain  Newport. 
He  made  at  Jamestown*  THE  FIRST  PEKMANENT  ENGLISH 

SETTLEMENT  IN"  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Plymouth  Company,  whose  principal  men  resided 
at  Plymouth,  had  the  tract  between  the  forty-first  and  forty- 
fifth  degrees  of  latitude.  This  was  called  North  Virginia. 

The  Charter  granted  to  these  companies  was  the  first 
under  which  English  colonies  were  planted  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  therefore  worthy  of  careful  study.  It  contained 
no  idea  of  self-government.  The  people  were  not  to  havt  - 1  ho 
election  of  an  officer.  The  king  was  to  appoint  a  council, 

the  track  of  Columbus  to  the  West  India  Islands,  and  thence  past  the  coast  of  Florida 
northward  to  the  point  they  wished  to  reach.  Navigators  knew  this  was  a  round- 
about way,  but  they  were  afraid  to  try  the  northern  route  straight  across  the 
Atlantic.  G}t>snold  made  the  voyage  directly  from  England  to  Massachusetts,  thus 
shortening  the  route  3,000  miles.  This  gave  a  great  impulse  to  colonization,  since  it 
was  in  effect  bringing  America,  3,000  miles  nearer  England. 

*  The  river  was  called  James,  and  the  town  Jamestown,  in  honor  of  the  King  of 
England.  The  headlands  received  the  names  of  Cape  Henry  and  Cape  Charles  from 
the  king's  sons ,  and  the  deep  water  for  anchorage  "  which  put  the  emigrants  in  good 
comfort",  gave  the  name  Point  Comfort. 


1606.]  DUTCH    EXPLORATIONS.  39 

to  reside  in  London  and  have  general  control  of  all  the  col- 
onies ;  and  also  a  council,  to  reside  in  each  colony  and  have 
control  of  its  local  affairs.  The  Church  of  England  was  the 
established  religion.  Moreover,  for  five  years,  all  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  colonial  industry  and  commerce  were  to  be  ap- 
plied to  a  common  fund,  no  person  being  allowed  the  fruit 
of  his  individual  labor. 


DUTCH   EXPLORATIONS. 

During  all  this  time,  the  Dutch  manifested  no  interest  in 
the  new  world.  In  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, however,  Captain  Henry  Hudson,  an  English  navi- 
gator in  the  Dutch  service,  entered  the  harbor  of  New  York. 
Hoping  to  reach  the  Pacific  Ocean,  he  afterward  ascended 
the  noble  river  which  bears  his  name  (1609).* 

On  this  discovery,  the  Dutch  based  their  claim  to  the 
region  extending  from  the  Delaware  River  to  Cape  Cod. 
They  gave  to  it  the  name  of  New  Netherland. 


EXTENT  OF  THESE  EXPLORATIONS. 

1.  The  Spanish  confined  their  explorations  to  the  West 
Indies  and  the  adjacent  mainland,  and  in  the  United  States 
made  settlements  only  in  Florida  .and  New  Mexico. 

•  2.  The  French  claimed  the  whole  of  New  France  and 
made  their  first  settlements  in  Acadia  and  Canada. 

3.  The  English  explored  the  Atlantic  coast  at  various 
points,  and  claimeJ  this  vast  territory,  which  they  termed 
Virginia,  having  made  their  first  se ttlement  at  Jamestown,  f 

*  It  is  now  believed  that  Verrazani  (p.  30)  was  the  true  discoverer  of  this  stream, 
over  three  quarters  of  a  century  before. 

t  After  this  time,  the  English  is  the  only  nation  that  directly  influences  the  his- 


40  EPOCH     T.  f!613. 

4.  The  Dutch  laid  claim  to  New  Netherland,  but  made 
no  settlement  till  1613. 

The  Rival  Claims. — These  four  claims  overlapped  f  one 
another  and  necessarily  produced  much  confusion.  While 
the  first  few  settlements  were  separated  by  hundreds  of  miles 
of  savage  forests,  this  was  of  little  account.  But  as  the  set- 
tlements increased,  the  rival  claims  became  a  source  of  con- 
stant strife  and  were  decided  principally  by  the  sword. 

The  Permanent  Settlements. — At  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  neither  the  English  nor  the  French  had 
planted  a  single  stable  colony,  and  the  only  permanent 
settlements,  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  were  those  of 
the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  and  Santa  Fe.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  permanent  settle- 
ments multiplied.  They  were  made,  as  we  have  seen,  by 

The  FRENCH  at  Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  in  1605  ; 

The  ENGLISH  at  Jamestown,          in  1607*; 

The  FRENCH  at  Quebec,  in  1608  ; 

The  DUTCH  at  New  York,  in  1 6 1 3  ;  J 

The  ENGLISH  at  Plymouth,  in  1620. 

tory  of  the  United  States.  The  country  was  settled  mainly  by  emigrants  from 
Great  Britain,  and  in  the  next  epoch  all  the  colonies  became  dependencies  of 
that  empire. 

t  It  is  noticeable  that  the  English  grants  extended  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean ; 
the  French,  southward  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Gulf ;  and  the  Spanish,  north- 
ward to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  None  of  the  European  nations  had  any  idea  of  the  im- 
mense territory  it  was  donating. 

$  Here  lay  the  shaggy  continent'  from  Florida  to  the  Pole,  outstretched  in  savage 
slumber  along  the  sea.  On  the  bank  of  the  James  River  was  a  nest  of  woe-begone 
Englishmen,  a  handful  of  fur-traders  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  and  a  few  shiver- 
ing Frenchmen  among  the  snow-drifts  of  Acadia;  while,  deep  within  the  wild 
monotony  of  desolation,  on  the  icy  verge  of  the  great  northern  river,  Champlain 
upheld  the  banner  of  France  over  the  rock  of  Quebec.  These  were  the  advance 
guard  of  civilization,  the  messengers  of  promise  to  a  desert  continent.  Yet, 
not  content  with  inevitable  woes,  they  were  rent  by  petty  jealousies  and  miser- 
able quarrels,  while  each  little  fragment  of  rival  nationalities,  just  able  to  keep 
up  its  own  wretched  existence  on  a  few  square  miles,  begrudged  to  all  the  rest 
the  smallest  share  in  a  domain  which  all  the  nations  of  Europe  oould  not  have 
sufficed  to  fill.— fttrkrnan. 


1789.]  EARLY     NAVIGATORS.  41 

SB  A -LIFE     IN     THE     FIFTEENTH    AND    SIXTEENTH 
CENTURIES. 

AT  the  opening  of  modern  history,  the  known  world  comprised  only  Europe,  south- 
western Asia,  and  a  strip  of  northern  Africa.  The  southernmost  point  in  Africa  then 
discovered  was  Cape  Non  (Nun),  so  called  because  it  was  considered  the  limit  of  navi- 
gation. The  most  absurd  ideas  prevailed  with  regard  to  the  regions  beyond.  The 
water  at  the  equator  was  thought  to  be  boiling  hot;  the  tropic  sun,  it  was  said,  would 
permanently  blacken  the  skin  of  any  white  man  who  ventured  farther  south ;  while 
the  unknown  seas  were  supposed  to  be  peopled  by  terrible  sea-monsters. 

To  the  Portuguese  belongs  the  glory  of  having  dissipated  many  of  these  errors, 
and  opened  the  way  to  the  discovery  of  new  lands.  In  the  fifteenth  century,  they 
were  the  most  enlightened  and  enterprising  people  in  Europe.  Prince  Henry  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  astronomy,  founded  an  observatory  and  a  naval  college,  col- 
lected all  existing  information  concerning  the  earth's  surface,  and  prepared  new  and 
more  accurate  charts  for  navigators.  His  father,  John  I.,  and  his  grand-nephew, 
John  II.,  encouraged  maritime  explorations.  Under  such  auspices,  the  Portuguese 
sailors  discovered  the  Azores'*  and  Cape  Verde  Islands,  crossed  the  dreaded  equator, 
and  finally  descried  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa.  Diaz  (dee'ath),  the  discov- 
erer, well  named  it  the  Stormy  Cape ;  but  the  king,  believing  the  long-desired  route 
to  India  was  now  found,  rechristened  it  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  His  hope  was 
realized  fifteen  years  later,  when  Vasco  da  Grama  rounded  the  cape  and  reached 
India.  The  problem  of  a  sea-route  (p.  20)  was  solved.  The  Portuguese  quickly 
established  settlements  and  opened  a  direct  trade  by  sea  between  India  and  Europe. 
The  old  land-routes  to  India  across  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Levant  being  aban- 
doned, Venice  and  the  other  Italian  cities  lost  the  profitable  Eastern  trade. 

The  sixteenth  century,  however,  had  already  dawned.  The  discoveries  of  Colum- 
bus had  kindled  the  zeal  and  fired  the  imagination  of  Spain,— then  fast  becoming  the 
leading  nation  of  Europe.  Pope  Alexander  VT.  had  apportioned  the  unknown 
regions  of  the  Earth  to  the  Portuguese  and  the  Spaniards,  giving  to  the  former  all  east 
and  to  the  latter  all  west  of  an  imaginary  line  running  north  and  south  100  leagues 
west  of  the  Azores.  Spanish  warriors  who  "united  the  valor  of  the  knight-errant 
with  the  rapacity  of  pirates",  nocked  to  the  new  world.  The  "West  Indies,  Mexico, 
Peru,  and  Chili  were  discovered  and  conquered,  and  the  spoils  were  sent  to  Europe. 
Soon,  the  coffers  of  Spain  were  running  over  with  American  gold  and  silver.  While 
the  Spanish  flag  was  planted,  step  by  step,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  America, "  from  the 
St.  John's  to  the  river  Platte  ",  the  whole  western  coast  of  South  America  fell  into 
Spanish  hands.  The  Spanish  explorations  in  America  surpassed  the  Portuguese  in 
Africa.  Portugal  was  too  busy  with  her  discoveries  to  turn  aside,  except  to  possess 
the  territory  of  Brazil,  and  Spain  was  left  unmolested  to  prosecute  her  conquests. 

While  Spain  was  thus  building  up  an  empire  in  the  western  world,  English  sea- 
men were  content  with  a  humbler  harvest  in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries.  During 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  however,  English  navigators  began  to  dispute  with  Spain  the 
sovereignty  of  the  sea.  The  British  Channel  swarmed  with  privateers — "  sea-dogs  ", 

*  The  explorers  were  accustomed  to  take  formal  possession  of  the  country  they  discovered. 
Thus  Cartier  (p.  30)  erected  a  cross  thirty  feet  high,  on  which  he  hung  a  shield  containing  the 
arms  of  Prance  and  the  inscription,  "  Vive  le  Roi ".  Gilbert  (p.  36)  raised  a  pillar  in  Newfound- 
land with  a  lead  plate,  on  which  were  engraved  the  queen's  arms.  A  piece  of  turf  and  a  bit  of 
twig  were  presented  to  him,  and  he  received  these  symbols  of  possession  with  a  hazel  waud. 


EPOCH     I. 


[1577. 


as  they  were  called— and  it  was  a  lucky  galleon  that  could  run  the  gauntlet  of  these 
swift  cruisers.  The  greed  of  gold,  the  love  of  adventure,  a  chivalrous  contempt  of 
danger,  and  the  bitter  hatred  then  existing  between  Protestant  England  and  Catho- 
lic Spain,  combined  to  inspire  the  sea-dogs  to  the  most  daring  deeds.  In  1577,  Drake 
set  sail  with  five  ships,  his  own  scarcely  larger  than  a  channel  schooner,  the  others 
still  smaller,  resolved  to  fly  the  English  flag  in  waters  where  it  had  never  been  seen. 
The  first  of  Englishmen  to  pass  through  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  he  swept  along  the 
coast  of  Chili  and  Peru,  plundering  towns  and  vessels,  and  capturing  the  great  gul- 
leon  that  yearly  sailed  from  Lama  to  Cadiz  with  precious  stones,  gold  dust,  and  silver 
ingots.  Finding  a  squadron  was  stationed  in  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to  intercept 
him  on  his  return  (p.  35),  he  took  the  bold  resolution  of  crossing  the  Pacific  and  going 
home  via  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  His  venture  succeeded,  and  he  reached  Plymouth, 
England,  after  an  absence  of  three  years.  Though  he  had  escaped  with  only  one 
ship— the  Golden  Hind — it  was  laden  with  treasure  to  the  amount  of  £800,000.  The 
queen  received  a  large  share  of  the  spoils,  knighted  the  freebooter,  wore  his  jewels 
in  her  crown,  and  ordered  the  Golden  Hind  to  be  preserved  in  memory  of  this 
remarkable  voyage.  Open  war  having  at  last  broken  out  between  England  and  Spain, 
Drake  again  went  to  the  "West  Indies,  plundered  the  towns  of  St.  Domingo  and  Car- 
thagena,  burned  Ports  San  Antonio  and  St.  Augustine,  and, visiting  Virginia,  brought 
back  the  remains  of  Raleigh's  colony  (p.  37).  The  success  of  these  adventures,  lured 
other  freebooters  to  the  "  Spanish  Main  ".  Cavendish  fitted  out  a  fleet  and  sailed 
thither  (158G) ;  he  roamed  about  for  months,  burning  villages  and  capturing  coast- 
ing vessels,  until  at  last  he  overhauled  the  Santa  Anna,  a  merchantman  loaded  with 
a  rich  cargo  of  gold,  silver,  and  spices,  from  the  Manillas.  Returning  via  the  c;ti»', 
he  was  the  second  Englishman  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 

The  English  privateers,  however,  could  fight  for  their  country  as  well  as  for  gain, 
and  Drake,  Hawkins,  and  Frobisher  were  in  the  very  front  of  the  little  fleet  that 
destroyed  the  "Invincible  Armada"  (1588)  and  broke  the  Spanish  power. 

CONTEMPORARY     EUROPEAN     SOVEREIGNS. 


ENGLAND. 

Henry  VII....  1485 
Henry  VLLL  .  .  1509 

Edward  VI...  .1547 
Mary       ...     ..1553 

FRANCE. 

Charles  Vm..  1483 
Louis  XH  1498 
Francis  1  1515 
Henry  LI  1547 

GERMANY. 

Frederick  IH..1440 
Maximilian  I.  .  1493 
Charles  V  1520 

SPAIN. 

Ferdinand  & 
Isabella  1479 

CharlesI  1516 

Elizabeth  1558 
James  T  1603 

Francis  n  1559 
Charles  IX....  1560 
Henry  TTT  1574 

Ferdinand  I..  .1556 
MaximilianI  1.  1564 
Rudolph  n....!576 

Philip  H  1556 

Henry  IV  1589 

Matthias  1612 

Philip  III  1598 

CHRONOLOGICAL    SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1492.    Columbus  discovered  the  new  world,  October  12    .       .       .       .       .       .  23 

•1497.    The  Cabots  discovered  Labrador,  June  24 25 

1498.    The  Cabots  explored  the  Atlantic  Coast 25 

South  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  August  10     .       .       .       .  24 
Vasco  da  Gama  sailed  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  discovered  a 

passage  to  India     ......              ......  41 


CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY. 


PAGE 

1513.    Ponce  de  Leon  discovered  Florida,  March  27 27 

1513.    Balboa  saw  the  Pacific  Ocean,  September  26 27 

1519-'21.    Oortez  conquered  Mexico 26 

1520.    Magellan  discovered  and  sailed  through  the  strait  which  bears  his 
name,  into  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  his  vessel  returning  home  by  the 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  made  the  first  circumnavigation  of  the  globe.  26 

1524.    Verrazani  explored  the  coast  of  North  America 30 

1528.    Narvaez  explored  part  of  Florida 27 

1534-'35.    Cartier  explored  the  Q-ulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  ascended  the  river    .  30 
1539-'41.    De  Soto  rambled  over  the  Southern  States  and  in  1541  discovered 

the  Mississippi  Eiver 28 

1542-'43.    Cabrillo  explored  California  and  sailed  along  the  Pacific  Coast.       .  29 

1562.    Ribaut  attempted  to  plant  a  Huguenot  colony  at  Port  Royal       .  31 

1564.  Laudonniere   attempted  to  plant  a  Huguenot  colony  on  the  St. 

John's  River.    It  was  destroyed  by  the  Spaniards      ....       31 

1565.  Menendez  founded  a  colony  at  St.  Augustine,  Florida ;  first  perma- 

nent settlement  in  the  United  States 29 

1576-'77.    Frobisher  tried  to  find  a  north-west  passage ;  entered  Baffin  Bay, 

and  twice  attempted  to  found  a  colony  in  Labrador,  but  failed     .  34 
1578-'80.    Drake  sailed  along  the  Pacific  Coast  to  Oregon,  and  circumnavi- 
gated the  globe 35 

1582.  Espe.io  founded  Santa  Fe  ;  second  oldest  town  in  the  United  States,  29 

1583.  Gilbert  was  lost  at  sea 36 

1584-'87.    Raleigh  twice  attempted  to  plant  a  colony  in  Virginia  ....  36 

1602.    Gosnold  discovered  Cape  Cod,  May  15 *     37 

1605.    De  Monts  established  a  colony  at  Port  Royal,  Nova  Scotia ;  first 

permanent  French  settlement  in  America 32 

.    1607.    The  English  settled  Jamestown;  first  permanent  English  settle- 
ment in  America,  May  13 38 

1608.  Champlain  planted  a  colony  at  Quebec;  first  permanent  French 

settlement  in  Canada,  July  3 32 

1609.  Hudson  discovered  the  Hudson  River 39 

Champlain  discovered  Lake  Champlain 33 

1613.    Settlement  of  New  York  by  the  Dutch 39 

1620.    Pilgrims   settled  at  Plymouth;   first  English  settlement  in  New 

England,  December  21 40 

REFERENCES     FOR     READING. 

Irving'*  Cohimbu*. — Parkman's  Pioneers  of  France,  Jesuits  in  North  America,  and  Dis- 
covery of  the  Great  West.— Longfellow 's  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  (Pnem).~-De  Vere's  Eomance  of 
American  History.—  Abbott's  Biography  of  Illustrious  Men  and  Women.—  T.  Irving'1*  De  Soto  in 
Florida.— Help's  Spanish  Conquest  of  America. — Biddies  Sebastian  Cabot. — NlchoUs'  John 
Cabot.— Barlow's  Vision  of  Columbus  (Poem),  and  Poems  on  Columbus  by  Samuel  Hogers  and 
J.  B.  Lowell.— Simms'  Damsel  of  Darien  (Poem).—Prescott's  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  (Colum- 
bus).— Hawks'  History  of  North  Carolina  (Lost  Colony  of  Eoanoke).— Shea's  Discovery  and 
Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.— Wallace's  Fair  God  (Fiction).— Barnes'  Popular  History 
of  the  United  States.— Harper's  Magazine,  Vol.  49,  The  First  Century  of  the  Sepublic ;  Vol.  65, 
Overthrow  of  the  French  Power  in  America,  and  The  Spanish  Discoverers. — Scribner's  Monthly, 
Vol.  9,  Pictures  from  Florida.— Weise's  Discoveries  of  America  to  the  Year  1525. 


44 


BARNES'     BRIEF     HISTORY. 


BLACKBOARD     ANALYSIS. 


1.  Geographical  Knowledge  in  the  Fifteenth  Century. 

1.  His  Views. 

2.  At  Court  of  Portugal. 

3.  At  Court  of  Spain. 

4.  His  Success. 

2.  Columbus. 


7.  The  Landing. 

8.  Further  Discoveries. 

9.  His  Reception  Home. 
10.  Subsequent  Voyages. 


3.   How  America  was  Named. 


4.    The  Cabots. 


5.  Spanish  Explorations. 


6.  French  Explorations. 


1.  John  Cabot. 

2.  Sebastian  Cabot. 


1.  The  Feeling  in  Spain. 

2.  Ponce  de  Leon. 

3.  Balboa. 

4.  De  Narvaez. 

5.  Ferdinand  de  Soto. 

6.  Menendez. 

\  a.  falifornia. 

7.  Explorations  on  Pacific.  -^  b.   Cabritto. 

(  c.   New  Mexico. 

8.  Extent  of  the  Spanish  Possessions. 


1.  Newfoundland  Fisheries. 

2.  Verrazani. 

3.  Cartier. 

4.  John  Ribaut. 

5.  Laudonnidre. 

6.  Chatnplain. 

7.  De  Monts  and  Port  Royal. 

8.  Jesuit  Missionaries. 


(  a.  Visit  to  Hochelaga. 
)  b.  Founds  Quebec. 


9.  Results  of  French  Enterprise. 


1.  British  Claim  and  Maritime  Zeal. 

2.  Frobisher. 

3.  Francis  Drake. 

4.  Humphrey  Gilbert. 


a.  Their  zeal. 

b.  Marquette. 

c.  La  Salle. 


7.   English  Explorations. 


8.   Dutch  Explorations. 


9.  Extent   of    these    Ex- 
plorations. 


5.  Raleigh. 

6.  Trading  Voyages. 

7.  Companies  formed. 


First  attempt  to  plant 

a  Colony. 
Second  attempt. 

a.  London  Co. 

b.  Plymouth  Co. 

c.  Their  Charter. 


1.  Henry  Hudson. 

2.  Dutch  Claim. 

(a.  The  Spanish, 
b.  The  French, 
c.   The  JSnglish. 
d.  The  Dutch. 

2.  Result  of  these  Rival  Claims. 

3.  Permanent  Settlements  at  the  End  of  the  Sixteenth 

Century  and  the  Beginning  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century. 


H   II 

i  i. ,-  .••  i  i  • 


FROM     1607 

TO       1775 


~^HIS    Epoch 

-L  traces  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  thirteen  colonies — 
Virginia,  Massachusetts,  New 
Hampshire,  Connecticut,  Rhode 
Island,  Ne\v  York,  New  .Jersey. 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, South  Carolina,  North 

Carolina,  and  Georgia.  The  Cavaliers  land  in  Virginia, 
and  the  Puritans  in  Massachusetts.  Immigration  increases 
a  nd  the  settlements  multiply  along  the  whole  coast.  The 
colonies,  however,  have  little  history  in  common.  Each 
by  itself  struggles  with  the  wilderness,  contends  with  the 
Indian,  and  develops  the  principles  of  liberty. 

Questions  on  the  Geography  of  the  Second,  Epoch. — Locate  Jamestown.  Salem. 
Boston.  Swansea.  Providence.  Bristol.  Hadley.  Hatfleld.  Portsmouth.  Dover. 
Hartford.  Wethersfleld.  New  Haven.  Windsor.  Saybrook.  New  York.  Albany. 
Srhenectady.  Elizabeth  town.  Wilmington.  Philadelphia.  St.  Mary's.  Charleston. 
Savannah.  Haverhill.  Deerfield.  St.  Augustine.  Quebec.  Louisburg. 

Locate  Fort  Venango.  Oswego.  Presque  Isle.  Fort  Le  Boeuf .  Crown  Point.  Fort 
Ticonderoga.  Fort  Niagara.  Fort  Duquesne.  Fort  William  Henry.  Fort  Edward. 

Describe  the  Ohio  River.  Monongahela  River.  French  Creek.  Chowan  River. 
Ashley  River.  Cooper  River.  River  St.  John.  Potomac  River.  James  River. 
Hudson  River.  Connecticut  River.  Mohawk  River.  Delaware  River.  Kennebec 
River.  Penobscot  River.  Miami  River.  St.  Lawrence  River. 

Locate  Manhattan  Island.  Alleghany  Mountains.  Cape  Breton.  Massachusetts 
Bay.  Chesapeake  Bay. 


4:6  EPOCH     II.  [1607. 

I.— VIRGINIA. 

The  Character  of  the  colonists  was  poorly  adapted  to  on- 
dure  the  hardships  incident  to  a  life  in  a  new  country.  The 
settlers  were  mostly  gentlemen  by  birth,  unused  to  labor. 
They  had  no  families,  and  came  out  in  search  of  wealth  or 
adventure,  expecting,  when  rich,  to  return  to  England.  The 
climate  Avas  unhealthy,  and,  before  the  first  autumn,  half  of 
their  number  had  perished. 

John  Smith  *  saved  the  colony  from  ruin.  First  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  and  afterward  as  president,  his  services 
were  invaluable.  He  persuaded  the  settlers  to  erect  a  fort, 
and  to  build  log  huts  for  the  winter.  He  made  long  voyages, 
carefully  exploring  Chesapeake  Bay,  securing  the  friendship 
of  the  Indians,  and  bringing  back  boat-loads  of  supplies.  He 

*  Captain  John  Smith  was  born  to  adventure.  Whi  lo  yet  a  boy  ho  leaves  his  home 
in  Ijincolnshire,  England,  to  engage  in  Holland  wars.  After  a  four-years  sprvire  he 
builds  a  lodge  of  boughs  in  a  forest,  where  ho  hunts,  rides,  and  studies  military 
tactics.  Next  we  hear  of  him  on  his  way  to  fight  the  Turks.  Before  reaching  Franco 
he  is  robbed,  and  escapes  death  from  want  only  by  begging  alms.  Having  embarked 
for  Italy,  a  fearful  storm  arises ;  he,  being  a  heretic,  is  deemed  the  cause,  and  is 
thrown  overboard,  but  he  swims  to  land.  In  the  East,  a  famous  Mussulman  wishes 
to  fight  some  Christian  knight  "to  please  the  ladies  " ;  Smith  offers  himself  and  slays 
three  champions  in  succession.  Taken  prisoner  in  battle  and  sold  as  a  slave,  his  head 
is  shaved  and  his  neck  bound  with  an  iron  ring ;  he  kills  his  master,  arrays  himself 
in  the  dead  man's  garments,  mounts  a  horse  and  spurs  his  way  to  a  Russian  camp. 
Having  returned  to  England,  he  embarks  for  the  new  world.  On  the  voyage,  he  ex- 
cites the  jealousy  of  his  fellows  and  is  landed  in  chains ;  but  his  worth  becomes  so 
apparent  that  he  is  finally  made  president  of  the  colony.  His  marvelous  es'.-npi-H 
seem  now  more  abundant  than  ever.  A  certain  fish  inflicts  a  dangerous  wound,  but 
he  finds  an  antidote,  and  afterward  eats  part  of  the  same  fish  with  great  relish.  Ho 
is  poisoned,  but  overcomes  the  dose  and  severely  beats  the  poisoner.  His  part.\  <>)' 
fifteen  is  attacked  by  Opechancanough  (Ope  kan'kano),  brother  and  m 
Powhatan,  with  seven  hundred  warriors ;  Smith  drags  the  old  chief  by  his  long  hair 
into  the  midst  of  the  Indian  braves,  who,  amazed  at  such  audacity,  immediately  sur- 
render. He  is  shockingly  burned  on  a  boat  by  the  explosion  of  a  bag  of  powder  at 
his  side ;  but  he  leaps  into  the  water,  where  he  barely  escapes  death  by  drowning. 
These  and  many  other  wonderful  exploits  he  published  in  a  book  after  liis  return  to 
England.  Historians  very  generally  discredit  them.  His  services  were,  however,  of 
unquestionable  value  to  Virginia ;  and  his  disinterestedness  appears  from  the  fact 
that  he  never  received  a  foot  of  land  in  the  colony  his  wisdom  had  saved. 


1607.  J 


DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES. 


47 


trained  the  tender  gentlemen  till  they  learned  how  to  swing 
the  axi-in  the  forest.  He  declared  that  "he  who  would  not 
work,  might  not  eat."  He  taught  them  that  industry  and 
self-reliance  are  the  surest  guarantees  to  fortune. 

Smith's  Adventures  were  of  the  most  romantic  character. 
In  one  of  his  expeditions  up  the  Chick  a  hom'i  ny  *  he  was 


SMITH  TRADING  WITH     THE  INDIANS. 

taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians.  With  singular  coolness,  he 
immediately  tried  to  interest  his  captors  by  explaining  the 
use  of  his  pocket  compass,  and  the  motions  of  the  moon  and 
stars.  At  last,  they  allowed  him  to  write  a  letter  to  James- 
town. When  they  found  that  this  informed  his  friends  of 
his  misfortune,  they  were  filled  with  astonishment,  f  They 

*  This  was  undertaken  by  the  express  order  of  the  company,  to  seek  a  passage  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  tnus  to  India.  Captain  Newport,  before  his  return  to  England, 
made  a  trip  up  the  James  River  for  the  same  purpose,  but  on  reaching  the  falls  con- 
cluded that  the  way  to  India  did  not  lie  in  that  direction.  These  attempts  show 
what  inadequate  ideas  then  prevailed  concerning  the  size  of  this  continent. 

.  t  As  another  evidence  of  the  simplicity  of  the  Indians,  it  is  said  that  having  seized 


48  EPOCH     II.  [1607. 

could  not  understand  by  what  magical  art  he  made  a  few 
marks  on  paper  express  his  thoughts.  They  considered  him 
a  being  of  a  superior  order  and  treated  him  with  the  utmost 
respect.  He  was  carried  from  one  tribe  to  another  *  and  at 
last  brought  to  the  great  chief,  Pow  ha  tan',  by  whom  he  was 
condemned  to  die.  His  head  was  laid  on  a  stone,  and  the 
huge  war-club  of  the  Indian  executioner  was  raised  to  strike 
the  fatal  blow.  Suddenly,  Po  ca  hon'  tas,  the  young  daughter 
of  the  chief,  who  had  already  become  attached  to  the  pris- 
oner, threw  herself  upon  his  neck  and  pleaded  for  his  pardon.f 
The  favorite  of  the  tribe  was  given  her  desire.  Smith  was 
released,  and  soon  sent  home  with  promises  of  friendship. 
His  little  protector  was  often  thereafter  to  be  seen  going  to 
Jamestown  with  baskets  of  corn  for  the  white  men. 

A  Second  Charter  (1609)  was  now  obtained  by  the  com- 
pany. This  vested  the  authority  in  a  governor  instead  of 
a  local  council.  The  colonists  were  not  consulted  with  re- 
gard to  the  change,  nor  did  the  charter  guarantee  to  them 
any  rights. 

The  "  Starving  Time." — Unfortunately,  Smith  was  dis- 
abled by  a  severe  wound  and  compelled  to  return  to  England. 
His  influence  being  removed,  the  settlers  became  a  prey  to 
disease  and  famine.  Some  were  killed  by  the  Indians.  Some, 
in  their  despair,  seized  a  boat  and  became  pirates.  The  winter 
of  1609-10  was  long  known  as  the  Starving  Time.  In  six 
months,  the  colonists  were  reduced  from  4  9  0  to  6  0.  At  last, 
they  determined  to  flee  from  the  wretched  place.  "None 
dropped  a  tear,  for  none  had  enjoyed  one  day  of  happiness." 

a  quantity  of  gunpowder  belonging  to  the  colonists,  they  planted  it  for  seed,  expect- 
ing to  reap  a  full  harvest  of  ammunition  for  the  next  contest. 

*  His  route  was  over  the  peninsula,  since  made  famous  by  McClellan's  campaign. 

t  This  incident  has  been  discredited  because  Smith  did  not  mention  it  in  his  first 
account  (1608)  of  his  adventures,  but  describes  it  in  the  second  one,  published  16 
years  later.  It  should  be  remembered,  however,  that  this  conduct  of  Pocahontas 


1610.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  49 

The  next  morning,  as  they  slowly  moved  down  with  the  tide, 
to  their  great  joy  they  met  their  new  governor,  Lord  Dela- 
ware, with  abundant  supplies  and  a  company  of  immigrants, 
All  returned  to  the  homes  they  had  just  deserted,  and  James- 
town colony  was  once  more  rescued  from  ruin. 

The  Third  Charter. — Up  to  this  time,  the  colony  had 
proved  a  failure  arid  was  publicly  ridiculed  in  London.  To 
quiet  the  outcry,  the  charter  was  changed  (1612).  The  coun- 
cil in  London  was  abolished,  and  the  stockholders  were  given 
power  to  regulate  the  affairs  of  the  company  themselves. 

The  Marriage  of  Pocahontas  (1613).— The  little  Indian 
girl  had  now  grown  to  womanhood.  John  Rolfe,  a  young 
English  planter,  had  won  her  love  and  wished  to  marry  her. 
In  the  little  church  at  Jamestown,  rough  almost  as  an 
Indian's  wigwam,  she  received  Christian  baptism,  and,  in 
broken  English,  stammered  the  marriage  vows  according  to 
the  service  of  the  Church  of  England. 

Three  years  after,  with  her  husband,  she  visited  London. 
The  child-like  simplicity  and  winning  grace  of  Lady  Rebecca, 
as  she  was  called,  attracted  universal  admiration.  She  was 
introduced  at  court  and  received  every  mark  of  attention. 
As  she  was  about  to  return  to  her  native  land  with  her  hus- 
band and  infant  son,*  she  suddenly  died. 

First  Colonial  Assembly. — Governor  Yeardley  (yeerd'll) 
believed  that  the  colonists  should  have  "  a  hande  in  the  gov- 
erning of  themselves  ".  He  accordingly  called  at  Jamestown, 

July  30,  1619,  THE  FIRST  LEGISLATIVE  BODY  THAT  EVER  ASSEM- 
BLED IN  AMERICA.  It  consisted  of  the  governor,  council,  and 
deputies,  or  "  burgesses ",  as  they  were  called,  chosen  from 
the  various  plantations,  or  "  boroughs  ".  Its  laws  had  to  be 

was  entirely  in  accord  with.  T-.idiau  usage,  while  it  does  not  seem,  wise  to  drop  out  of 
our  early  history  such  a  characteristic  and  beautiful  legend. 

*  This  son  became  a  man  of  distinction.    Many  of  the  leading  families  of  Virginia 
have  been  proud  to  say  that  the  blood  of  Pocahontas  coursed  through  their  veins. 


50  EPOCH     II  [1619. 

ratified  by  the  company  in  England ;  but,  in  turn,  the  orders 
from  London  were  not  binding  unless  ratified  by  the  colonial 
assembly.  These  privileges  were  afterward  (1621)  embodied 
in  a  WRITTEN  CONSTITUTION — the  first  of  the  kind  in  America. 
A  measure  of  freedom  was  thus  granted  the  young  colony, 
and  Jamestown  became  a  nursery  of  liberty. 

Prosperity  of  the  Colony. — The  old  famine  troubles  had 
now  all  passed.  The  attempt  to  work  in  common  had  been 
given  up,  and  each  man  tilled  his  own  land  and  received  the 
avails.  Tobacco  was  an  article  of  export.  The  colonists 
were  so  eager  in  its  cultivation  that,  at  one  time,  they  planted 
it  even  in  the  streets  of  Jamestown  Gold-hunting  had 
ceased,*  and  many  of  the  former  servants  of  the  comp;my 
owned  plantations.  Settlements  lined  both  banks  of  the 
James  for  140  miles.  Best  of  all,  young  women  of  good 
character  were  brought  over  by  the  company.  These  sold 
readily  as  wives  to  the  settlers.  The  price,  at  first,  was  fixed 
at  the  cost  of  the  passage  — 100  pounds  of  tobacco — but 
wives  were  in  such  demand  that  it  soon  went  up  to  150 
pounds.  Domestic  ties  were  formed.  The  colonists,  having 
homes,  now  became  Virginians.  All  freemen  had  the  right 
to  vote.  Religious  toleration  was  enjoyed.  Virginia  be- 
came almost  an  independent  republic. 

Slavery  Introduced. — In  1619,  the  captain  of  a  Dutch 
trading  vessel  sold  to  the  colonists  twenty  negroes,  f     They 
were  employed  in  cultivating  tobacco.    As  their  labor  was 
found  profitable,  large  numbers  were  afterward  imported. 
~C  Indian  Troubles. — After  the  death  of  Powhatan,  the  firm 

*  In  the  early  life  of  this  colony,  particles  of  mica  glittering  in  the  brook  were 
mistaken  for  gold  dust.  "  There  was  no  talk,  no  hope,  but  dig  gold,  wash  gold,  refine 
gold,  load  gold."  Newport  carried  to  England  a  ship-load  of  the  worthless  stuff. 
Smith  remonstrated  in  vain  against  this  folly. 

t  From  this  circumstance,  small  as  it  seemed  at  the  time,  the  most  momentous 
consequences  ensued, — consequences  that,  long  after,  rent  the  republic  with  strife, 
and  moistened  its  soil  with  blood. 


1622.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  51 

friend  of  the  English,  the  Indians  formed  a  plan  for  the  ex- 
termination of  the  colony.  So  secretly  was  this  managed 
that  on  the  very  morning  of  the  massacre  (March  22,1622), 
they  visited  the  houses  and  sat  at  the  tables  of  those  whose 
murder  they  were  plotting.  At  a  preconcerted  moment,  they 
attacked  the  colonists  on  all  their  widely-scattered  planta- 
tions. Over  three  hundred  men,  women,  and  children  fell  in 
one  day.  Fortunately,  a  converted  Indian  had  informed  a 
friend  whom  he  wished  to  save,  and  thus  Jamestown  and 
the  settlements  near  by  were  prepared.  A  merciless  war 
ensued,  during  which  the  colony  was  reduced  from  4,000  to 
2,500  ;  but  the  Indians  were  so  severely  punished  that  they 
remained  quiet  for  twenty  years.  Then  came  a  fearful  mas- 
sacre of  five  hundred  settlers  (1644),  which  ended  in  the 
natives  being  expelled  from  the  region. 

Virginia  a  Royal  Province.— The  majority  of  the  stock- 
holders gladly  granted  to  the  infant  colony  those  rights  for 
which  they  were  struggling  at  home.  King  James,  becoming 
jealous  of  the  company,  because  of  its  republican  sentiments, 
took  away  the  charter  (1624),  and  made  Virginia  a  royal 
province.  Henceforth,  the  king  appointed  the  governor  and 
council,  though  the  colony  still  retained  its  assembly. 

A  Period  of  Oppression. — The  British  Parliament  en- 
forced the  Navigation  Act  (1660),  which  ordered  that  the 
commerce  of  the  colony  should  be  carried  on  in  English  ves- 
sels, and  that  their  tobacco  should  be  shipped  to  England. 
Besides  this,  their  own  assembly  was  composed  mainly  of 
royalists,  who  levied  exorbitant  taxes,  refused  to  go  out  of 
office  when  their  term  had  expired,  fixed  their  salary  at 
about  $  9  per  day  (equal  to  $  3  6  at  the  present  time) ,  restricted 
the  right  of  voting  to  "freeholders  and  housekeepers",  and 
imposed  on  Quakers  a  monthly,  fine  of  one  hundred  dollars 
for  absence  from  worship  in  the  English  Church.  Two  parties 


52 


EPOCH     II. 


[1676. 


gradually  sprung  up  in  their  midst:  one,  the  aristocratic 
party,  was  composed  of  the  rich  planters  and  the  office-hold- 
ers ;  the  other  comprised  the  liberty-loving  portion  of  the 
people,  who  felt  themselves  deprived  of  their  rights.* 

Bacon's  Rebellion. — These  difficulties  came  to  a  crisis  in 
167  6 — a  century  before  Independence  Day — when  Governor 
Berkeley  failed  to  provide  for  the  defense  of  the  settlements 
against  the  Indians.  At  this  juncture,  Nathaniel  Bacon,  a 
patriotic  young  lawyer,  rallied  a  company,  defeated  the 
Indians,  and  then  turned  to  meet  the  governor,  who  had 
denounced  him  as  a  traitor.  During  the  contest  which  fol- 
lowed, Berkeley  was  driven  out  of  Jamestown  and  the  village 
itself  burned,  f  in  the  midst  of  this  success,  Bacon  died.  No 
leader  could  be  found  worthy  to  take  his  place,  and  the  people 

*  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  royalists  who  fled  from  England  in  Cromwell's  time 

took  refuge  in  Virginia,  and  were 
hospitably  entertained,  while  the 
"regicides"  (the  judges  who  con- 
demned Charles  I.)  fled  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  were  concealed  from 
their  pursuers. 

t  Going  up  the  James  River, 
just  before  reaching  City  Point, 
one  sees  on  the  right-hand  bank 
the  ruins  of  an  old  church.  The 
crumbling  tower,  with  its  arched 
doorways,  is  almost  hidden  by  the 
profusion  of  shrubbery  which  siir- 
rounds  it.  Its  moss-covered  walls, 
entwined  with  ivy  planted  by 
loving  hands  which  have  since 
crumbled  into  dust,  look  desolately 
out  upon  the  old  church-yard  at 
its  back.  Here,  pushing  aside  the 
rank  vines  and  tangled  bushes 
which  conceal  them,  one  finds  a 
few  weather-beaten  tombstones.  A 
THE  EUINS  AT  JAMESTOWN.  huge  button-wood-tree,  taking  root 

below,  has  burst  apart  one  of  these 

old  slabs,  and  now,  with  its  many  fellows,  spreads  its  lofty  branches  high  over  the 
solitary  dead.  And  this  is  all  that  remains  of  that  Jamestown  whose  struggles  we 
have  here  recorded. 


1620.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  53 

dispersed.  Berkeley  revenged  himself  with  terrible  severity. 
On  hearing  of  the  facts,  Charles  II.  impatiently  declared, 
"  He  has  taken  more  lives  in  that  naked  country  than  I  did 
for  the  murder  of  my  father." 

II.— MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  Plymouth  Company  made  several  attempts  to 
explore  North  Virginia.  Captain  John  Smith,  already  so 
famous  in  South  Virginia,  examined  the  coast  from  Penob- 
scot  to  Cape  Cod,  drew  a  map  of  it,  and  called  the  country 
NEW  ENGLAND.  The  company,  stirred  to  action  by  his 
glowing  accounts,  obtained  a  new  patent  (1620)  under  the 
name  of  the  Council  for  New  England.  This  authorized 
them,  to  make  settlements  and  laws,  and  to  carry  on  trade 
through  a  region  reaching  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
and  comprising  over  a  million  square  miles.  New  England, 
however,  was  settled  with  110  consent  of  king  or  council. 

1.     PLYMOUTH     COLONY. 

Settlement. — Landing  of  the  Pilgrims* — One  stormy 
day  in  the  autumn  of  1620,  the  Mayflower,  with  a  band  of 

*  They  were  called  Pilgrims  because  of  their  wanderings.  About  seventy  years 
before  this  time  the  state  religion  of  England  had  been  changed  from.  Catholic  to 
Protestant ;  but  a  large  number  of  the  clergy  and  people  were  dissatisfied  with  what 
they  thought  to  be  a  half-way  policy  on  the  pa;  of  the  new  church,  and  called  for  a 
more  complete  purification  from  old  observances  and  doctrines.  !For  this,  they  were 
called  Puritans.  They  still  believed  in  a  state  church,  i.  e.,  that  the  nation  of  England 
was  the  church  of  England ;  and  that  the  queen,  as  the  head  of  both,  could  appoint 
churdti  officers  and  prescribe  the  form  of  religious  worship.  They,  however,  wanted 
a  change,  and  desired  the  government  to  make  it  to  suit  them.  The  government  not 
only  refused,  but  punished  the  Puritan  clergy  for  not  Tising  the  prescribed  form  of 
worship.  This  led  some  of  them  to  question  the  authority  of  the  government  in 
religious  matters.  They  came  to  believe  that  any  body  of  Christians  might  declare 
itself  a  church,  choose  its  own  officers,  and  be  independent  of  all  external  authority. 
When  they  began  to  form  these  local  churches,  they  separated  themselves  from  the 
Church  of  England,  and  for  this  reason  are  railed  Separatists  and  Independents.  One 
of  these  churches  of  SEPARATISTS  was  at  Scrooby,  in  the  east  of  England.  Not  being 
allowed  to  worship  in  peace,  they  fled  to  Holland  (1608),  where  they  lived  twelve 


64  EPOCH     II.  [1620. 

a  hundred  pilgrims,  came  to  anchor  in  Cape  Cod  harbor. 
The  little  company,*  gathering  in  the  cabin,  drew  up  a 
compact,  in  which  they  agreed  to  enact  just  and  equal  laws, 
which  all  should  obey.  One  of  their  exploring  parties  landed 
at  Plymouth,!  as  it  was  called  on  Smith's  chart,  December 
21.J  Finding  the  location  suitable  for  a  settlement,  they  all 
came  ashore  and,  amid  a  storm  of  snow  and  sleet,  com- 
menced building  their  rude  huts. 

The  Character  of  the  Pilgrim  settlers  was  well  suited  to 
the  rugged,  stormy  land  which  they  sought  to  subdue.  They 
had  come  into  the  wilderness  with  their  families  in  search 
of  a  home  where  they  could  educate  their  children  and  wor- 
ship God  as  they  pleased.  They  were  earnest,  sober-minded 
men,  actuated  in  all  things  by  deep  religious  principle,  and 
never  dislpyal  to  their  convictions  of  duty. 

Their  Sufferings  during  the  winter  were  severe.  At  one 
time,  there  were  only  seven  well  persons  to  take  care  of  the 
sick.  Half  of  the  little  band  died.  Yet  when  spring  came, 
not  one  of  the  company  thought  of  returning  to  England. 

The  Indians,  fortunately,  did  not  disturb  them.  A  pesti- 
lence had  destroyed  the  tribe  inhabiting  the  place  where  they 
landed.  They  were  startled,  however,  one  day  in  early  spring 

years.  But  evil  influences  surrounded  their  children,  and  they  longed  for  a  land 
where  they  might  worship  G-od  in  their  own  way,  and  save  their  families  from 
worldly  follies.  America  offered  such  a  home.  They  came,  resolved  to  brave  every 
danger,  trusting  to  God  to  shape  their  destinies. 

*  The  exact  number  of  the  pilgrims  was  102. 

t  The  little  shallop  sent  out  to  reconnoiter  before  landing,  lost,  in  a  furious  storm, 
its  rudder,  mast,  and  sail.  Late  at  night,  the  party  sought  shelter  under  the  lee  of  a 
small  island.  They  spent  the  next  day  in  cleaning  their  rusty  weapons  and  drying 
their  wet  garments.  Every  hour  was  precious,  as  the  season  was  late  and  their  com- 
panions in  the  Mayflower  were  waiting  their  return ;  but "  being  ye  last  day  of  y" 
week,  they  prepared  there  to  keepe  y  Sabbath ".  No  wonder  that  the  influence  of 
such  a  people  has  been  felt  throughout  the  country,  and  that  "Forefathers'  Rock", 
on  which  they  first  stepped,  is  yet  held  in  grateful  remembrance. 

t  This  was  Dec.  11,  Old  Style.  In  1752,  eleven  days  were  added  to  correct  an  error 
in  the  calendar,  thus  making  this  date  the  22d.  Only  10  days  should  be  allowed  for 
1620,  and  the  correct  date  is  the  21st,  New  Style.  (Steele's  Astronomy,  p.  269.) 


Puritans  Going   to   Church. 

'  Thanks  be  to  God  for  winter  time !   Tbat  bore   the   Mayflower  up, 
To  pour  amid  New   England   snows  the  treasures  of  its  cup, 
To  fold  them  in   its  icy   arms,   those  sturdy  Pilgrim  sires, 
And   weld  an   iron   brotherhood  around  their  Christmas   tires." — B.   P.  TATLOB. 


1621.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES. 


55 


by  a  voice  in  their  village  crying  in  broken  English,  "  Wel- 
come !"  It  was  the  salutation  of  Sam' o  set,  an  Indian, 
whose  chief,  Mas'sasoit,  soon  after  visited  them.  The 
treaty  then  made  lasted  for  fifty  years.  Ca  non'  i  cus,  a 
Narragansett  chief,  once  sent  a  bundle  of  arrows,  wrapped  in 
a  rattlesnake  skin,  as  a  token  of  defiance.  Governor  Brad- 


CANONICUS  RECEIVING  THE  POWDER  AND  8HOT  SENT  BY  GOVERNOR  BRADFORD. 

ford  returned  the  skin  filled  with  powder  and  shot.     This 
significant  hint  was  effectual. 

The  Progress  of  the  Colony  was  slow.  Their  harvests 
were  insufficient  to  feed  themselves  and  the  new-comers. 
During  the  "famine  of  1623,"  the  best  dish  they  could  set 
before  their  friends  was  a  bit  of  fish  and  a  cup  of  water.* 
After  four  years  they  numbered  only  184.  The  plan  of 
working  in  common  having  failed  here  as  at  Jamestown, 

*  As  an  illustration  of  their  pious  content,  it  is  said  that  Elder  Brewster  was  wont, 
over  a  meal  consisting  only  of  clams,  to  return  thanks  to  God,  who  "  had  given  them 
to  suck  the  abundance  of  the  seas,  and  of  the  treasures  hid  in  the  sands." 


56  EPOCH     II.  [1627. 

land  was  assigned  to  each  settler.  Abundance  ensued.  The 
colony  was  never  organized  by  royal  charter  ;  therefore  they 
elected  their  own  governor  and  made  their  own  laws.  'In 
1692,  Plymouth  was  united  with  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony, 
under  the  name  of  Massachusetts. 


2.     MASSACHUSETTS     BAY     COLONY. 

Settlement. — John  Endicott  and  five  associates  obtained 
a  grant  of  land  about  Massachusetts  Bay  (1628).  Having 
secured  from  King  Charles  I.  a  charter  giving  authority  to 
make  laws  and  govern  the  territory,  the  company  afterward 
transferred  all  its  rights  to  the  colony  This  was  a  popular 
measure,  and  many  prominent  Puritan  families  flocked  to 
the  land  of  liberty.  Some  gathered  around  Governor  Endi- 
cott, who  had  already  started  Salem  and  Charlestown,  some 
established  colonies  at  Dorchester  and  Watertown,  and  some, 
under  the  new  governor,  Winthrop,  founded  Boston  (1630). 

Religious  Disturbances. — The  people  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  while  in  England,  were  Puritans,  but  not  Separatists. 
Having  come  to  America  to  establish  a  Puritan  Church,  they 
were  unwilling  to  receive  persons  holding  opinions  differing 
from  their  own,  lest  their  purpose  should  be  defeated.  They 
accordingly  sent  back  to  England  those  who  persisted  in 
using  the  forms  of  the  Established  Church,  and  allowed 
only  members'of  their  own  church  to  voto  in  civil  affairs. 

Roger  Williams,  an  eloquent  and  pious  young  minister, 
taught  that  each  person  should  think  for  himself  in  nil 
religious  matters,  and  be  responsible  to  his  own  conscience 
alone.  He  declared  th,at  the  magistrates  had,  therefore,  no 
right  to  punish  blasphemy,  perjury,  or  Sabbath-breaking. 
The  clergy  and  magistrates  were  alarmed  at  what  they  con- 
sidered a  doctrine  dangerous  to  the  peace  of  the  colony,  and 
he  was  ordered  (1 636)  to  be  sent  to  England.  It  was  in  the 


1636.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  57 

depth  of  winter,  yet  he  fled  to  the  forest  where  he  found 
refuge  among  the  Indians.  Canonicus,  the  Narragansett 
sachem,  gave  him  land  to  found  a  settlement,  which  he 
gratefully  named  PROVIDENCE. 

Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  during  the  same  year,  aroused  a 
violent  and  bitter  controversy.  She  claimed  to  be  favored 
with  special  revelations  of  Q-od's  will.  These  she  expounded 
to  crowded  congregations  of  women,  greatly  to  the  scandal 
of  the  clergy  and  people.  Finally  she,  also,  was  banished. 

The  Quakers,  about  twenty  years  after  these  summary 
measures,  created  fresh  trouble  by  their  peculiar  views.  They 
were  fined,  whipped,  imprisoned,  and  sent  out  of  the  colony ; 
yet  they  as  constantly  returned,  glorying  in  their  sufferings. 
At  last,  four  were  executed.  The  people  beginning  to  con- 
sider them  as  martyrs,  the  persecution  gradually  relaxed. 

A  Union  of  the  Colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  Plym- 
outh, New  Haven,  and  Connecticut,  was  formed  (1643) 
under  the  title  of  THE  UNITED  COLONIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 
This  was  a  famous  league  in  colonial  times.  The  object 
was  a  common  protection  against  the  Indians,  and  the  en- 
croachments of  the  Dutch  and  French  settlers. 
VlCing  Philip's  War. — During  the  life  of  Massasoit,  Plym- 
outh enjoyed  peace  •with  the  Indians,  as  did  Jamestown 
during  that  of  Powhatan.  After  Massasoit's  death,  his  son, 
Philip,  brooded  with  a  jealous  eye  over  the  encroachments  of 
the  whites.  With  profound  sagacity,  he  planned  a  confed- 
eration of  the  Indian  tribes  against  the  intruders.  The  first 
blow  fell  on  the  people  of  Swansea,  as  they  were  quietly  going 
home  from  church  on  Sunday  (July  4,  1675).  The  settlers 
flew  to  arms,  but  Philip  escaped,  and  soon  excited  the  savages 
to  fall  upon  the  settlements  high  up  the  Connecticut  valley.* 

*  At  Hadley,  the  Indians  surprised  the  people  during  a  religious  service.    Seizing 
their  muskets  at  the  sound  of  the  savage  war-whoop,  the  men  rushed  out  of  the 


58 


K  P  O  C  H     II. 


[1075 


The  colonists  fortified  their  houses  with  palisades,  carried 
their  arms  with  them  into  the  fields  when  at  work,  and 


EARLY   MORNINO    ATTACK    BY    INDIANS. 

stacked  them  at  the  door  when  at  church.  The  Narragansett 
Indians  favored  Philip,  and  seemed  on  the  point  of  joining 

meeting-house  to  fall  into  line.  But  the  foe  was  on  every  side.  Confused  and  be- 
wildered, the  settlers  seemed  about  to  give  way,  when  suddenly  a  strange  old  man 
with  long  white  beard  and  ancient  garb  appeared  among  them.  Ringing  out  a  quick, 
sharp  word  of  command,  he  recalled  them  to  their  senses.  Following  their  myste- 
rious leader,  they  drove  the  enemy  headlong  before  them.  The  danger  pulsed,  ihi  , 
looked  around  for  their  deliverer.  But  he  had  disappeared  as  mysteriously  as  he  had 
come.  The  good  people  believed  that  God  had  sent  an  angel  to  their  rescue.  But 
history  reveals  the  secret.  It  was  the  regicide,  Colonel  Goffe.  Fleeing  from  the 
vengeance  of  Charles  II.,  with  a  price  set  upon  his  head,  he  had  for  years  wandered 
about,  living  in  mills,  clefts  of  rocks,  and  forest  caves.  At  last,  he  had  found  an  asy- 
lum with  the  Hadley  minister.  From  his  window  he  had  seen  the  stealthy  Indians 
coming  down  the  hill.  Fired  with  desire  to  do  one  more  good  deed  for  God's  people, 
he  rushed  from  his  hiding-place,  led  them  on  to  victory,  and  then  returned  to  his 
retreat,  never  more  to  reappear. — One  learns  with  regret  that  recent  research  thr<  >ws 
doubt  over  the  truth  of  this  thrilling  story.  Tt  is  curious  to  notice,  also,  that,  there 
is  nu  proof  that  Philip  possessed  any  eloquence  or  was  even  present  in  an.\  lii/l,t, 
though  all  these  statements  have  hitherto  been  made  by  reliable  historians. 


,l.  73. 


•  w        A  r.  &  c- 

1676.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  59 

his  alliance.    They  had  gathered  their  winter's  provisions, 
and  fortified  themselves  in  the  midst  of  an  almost  inacces- 
sible swamp.    Fifteen  hundred  of  the  colonists  accordingly 
attacked  them  in  this  stronghold.   The  Indian  wigwams  and 
supplies  were  burned,  and  one  thousand  warriors  perished. 
In  the  spring,  the  war  broke  out  anew  along  a  frontier  of 
three  hundred  miles,  and  to  within  twenty  miles  of  Boston. 
Nowhere  fighting  in  the  open  field,  but  by  ambuscade  and 
skulking,  the  Indians  kept  the  whole  country  in  terror, 
Driven  to  desperation  by  their  atrocities,  the  settlers  hunted 
down  the  savages  like  wild  beasts.     Philip  was  chased  from 
one  hiding-place  to  another.     His  family  being  captured  at 
last,  he  fled,  broken-hearted,  to  his  old  home  on  Mt.  Hope, 
near  Bristol,  E.  I.,  where  he  was  shot  by  a  faithless  Indian. 
New  England  a  Royal  Province. — The  Navigation  Act 
(p.  51),  which  we  have  seen  so  unpopular  in  Virginia,  was 
exceedingly  oppressive  in  Massachusetts,  which  possessed 
a  thriving  commerce.    In  spite  of  the  decree,  the  colony 
opened  a  trade  with  the  West  Indies.     The  royalists  in 
England  determined  that  this  bold  republican  spirit  should 
be  quelled.     The  colony,  stoutly  insisting  upon  its  rights 
under  the  charter,  resisted  the  officer  sent  over  to  enforce  the 
Navigation  Act  and  the  authority  of  the  king ;  whereupon, 
the  charter  was  annulled,  and  Massachusetts  made  a  EOYAL 
PROVINCE  (1684).    dbarles  II.  died  before  his  plan  was  com- 
pleted, but  James  II.  sent  over  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  as  first 
royal  governor  of  New  England  (1686).    He  carried  things 
with  a  high  hand.     The  colonies  endured  his  oppression  for 
three  years,  when,  learning  that  his  royal  master  was  de- 
throned,* they  rose  against  their  petty  tyrant  and  put  him 
in  jail.    With  true  Puritan  sobriety,  they  then  quietly  re- 
sumed their  old  form  of  government.    This,  also,  lasted  for 

*  The  "English  Revolution  of  1688."    (See  Barnes'  General  History,  p.  510.) 


60  EPOCH     II.  [1892. 

three  years,  when  Sir  William  Phipps  came  as  royal  gov- 
ernor over  a  province  embracing  Massachusetts,  Maine,  and 
Nova  Scotia.  From  this  time  till  the  Revolution,  Massa- 
chusetts remained  a  royal  province. 

Salem  Witchcraft  (1692). — A  strange  delusion  known 
as  the  Salem  witchcraft,*  produced  an  intense  excitement. 
The  children  of  Mr.  Parris,  a  minister  near  Salem,  per- 
formed pranks  which  could  be  explained  only  by  supposing 
that  they  were  under  Satanic  influence.  Every  effort  was 
made  to  discover  who  had  bewitched  them.  An  Indian 
servant  was  flogged  until  she  admitted  herself  to  be  guilty. 
Soon,  others  were  affected,  and  the  terrible  mania  spread 
rapidly.  Committees  of  examination  were  appointed  and 
courts  of  trial  convened.  The  most  improbable  stories  W»M-O 
credited.  To  express  a  doubt  of  witchcraft,  was  to  indicate 
one's  own  alliance  with  the  evil  spirit.  Persons  of  the  high- 
est respectability,  clergymen,  magistrates,  and  even  the  gov- 
ernor's wife,  were  implicated.  At  last,  after  fifty-five  persons 
had  been  tortured  and  twenty  hanged,  the  people  awoke  to 
their  folly. 


III.— MAINE    AND    NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

These  Colonies  were  so  intimately  associated  with  Mas- 
sachusetts that  they  have  almost  a  common  history.  Gorg<  >s 
(Q6r'  jSz)  and  Mason,  about  two  years  after  the  landing  of  the 

*  A  belief  in  witchcraft  was  at  that  time  universal.  Sir  Matthew  Halo,  one  of  i  lie 
most  enlightened  judges  of  England,  repeatedly  tried  and  condemned  pei-sons 
accused  of  witchcraft.  Blackstone  himself,  at  a  later  day,  declared  that  to  deny 
witchcraft  was  to  deny  Revelation.  Cotton  Mather,  the  most  prominent  minister  of 
the  colony,  was  active  in  the  rooting  out  of  this  supposed  crimo.  He  published  a 
book  full  of  the  most  ridiculous  witch  stories.  One  judge,  who  engaged  in  this  per- 
secution, was  afterward  so  deeply  penitent  that  he  observed  a  day  of  fasting  in  each 
year,  and  on  the  day  of  general  fast  rose  in  his  place  in  the  Old  South  Church  at 
Boston,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  congregation  handed  to  the  pulpit  a  written  con- 
fession acknowledging  his  error  and  praying  for  forgiveness. 


1622.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  61 

Pilgrims,  obtained  from  the  Council  for  New  England  the 
grant  of  a  large  tract  of  land  which  lay  between  the  Merri- 
mac  and  Kennebec  rivers  .  They  established  some  small 
fishing  stations  near  Portsmouth  and  at  Dover.  This  patent 
being  afterward  dissolved,  Mason  took  the  country  lying 
west  of  the  Piscataqua,  and  named  it  New  Hampshire ; 
Gorges  took  that  lying  east,  and  called  it  the  province  of 
Maine.*  Massachusetts,  however,  claimed  this  territory,  and, 
to  secure  it,  paid  about  six  thousand  dollars  to  the  heirs  of 
Gorges.  Maine  was  not  separated  from  Massachusetts  till 
1820.  The  feeble  se' ttlements  of  New  Hampshire  also  placed 
themselves  under  the  protection  of  Massachusetts.  "  Three 
times,  either  by  their  own  consent  or  by  royal  authority, 
they  were  joined  in  one  colony  and  as  often  separated," 
until  1741,  when  New  Hampshire  finally  became  a  distinct 
royal  province  and  so  remained  until  the  Revolution. 

IV.— CONNECTICUT.^ 

£' 
flor  the   Pilgrims 

landed,  Lord  Say-and-Seal,  Lord  Brooke,  and  others,  obtained 
from  the  Earl  of  Warwick  a  transfer  of  the  grant  of  the  Con- 
necticut f  valley,  which  he  had  secured  from  the  Council  for 
New  England.  The  Dutch  claimed  the  territory,  and,  before 
the  English  could  take  possession,  built  a  fort  at  Hartford, 
and  commenced  traffic  with  the  Indians.  Some  traders  from 
Plymouth  sailing  up  the  river  were  stopped  by  the  Dutch, 
who  threatened  to  fire  upon  them.  But  they  kept  on  and 

*  To  distinguish  it  from  the  islands  along  the  coast,  this  country  had  boon  oulJC 
the  Mayne  (main)  land,  which  perhaps  gave  rise  to  its  present  name.    ^e^i^o  f  a 
shire  was  so  called  from  Hampshire  in  England,  Mason's  home.    Tb>> 
New  Hampshire  were  long  vexed  with  stiits  brought  by  the  men  igfiQ     people 
Mason's  grant  had  fallen.  -  guarantee  of 

t  This  State  is  named  from  its  principal  river — Conned      ® 
word  for  Long  ffiver.  3Xtinguished  ;    On 


62  EPOCH     II,  [1633. 

established  a  post  at  Windsor  (-win'  zer).  Many  people  from 
Boston,  allured  by  the  rich  meadow  lands,  settled  near.  In 
the  autumn  of  1635,  John  Steele,  one  of  the  proprietors  of 
Cambridge,  led  a  pioneer  company  "  out  west,"  as  it  was  then 
called,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  Hartford.  The  next  year, 
the  main  band,  with  their  pastor  —  Thomas  Hooker,  an  elo- 
quent and  estimable  man  —  came,  driving  their  flocks  before 
them  through  the  wilderness.  In  the  meantime,  John  Wiu- 
throp  *  established  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  thus 
shut  out  the  Dutch.  Here  he  planted  a  colony,  named 
Saybrook,  in  honor  of  the  proprietors. 

The  Pequod  War.  —  The  colonists  had  110  sooner  become 
settled  in  their  new  home  than  the  Pequod  Indians  endeav- 
ored to  persuade  the  Narragansetts  to  join  them  in  a  general 
attack  upon  the  whites.  Roger  Williams  hearing  of  this 
and  forgetting  all  the  injuries  he  had  received,  on  a  stormy 
night  set  out  in  his  canoe  for  the  Indian  village.  Though 
the  Pequod  messengers  were  present,  he  prevailed  upon  the 
old  Narragansett  chief  to  remain  at  home.  So  the  Pequods 
lost  their  ally  and  were  forced  to  fight  alone.  They  com- 
menced by  murdering  thirty  colonists.  Captain  Mason, 
therefore,  resolved  to  attack  their  stronghold  on  the  Mystic 
River.  His  party  approached  the  fort  at  day-break  (June  5, 
1637).  Aroused  by  the  barking  of  a  dog,  the  sleepy  sentinel 
shouted  "  Owanux  !  Owanux  !  "  (the  Englishmen  !)  but  it  was 
too  late.  The  troops  were  already  within  the  palisades.  The 
Indians,  rallying,  made  a  fierce  resistance,  when  Captain  Ma- 
son, seizing  a  fire-brand,  hurled  it  among  the  wigwams.  The 


- 

witcil  Jolm  Winthrop  appears  in  history  without  blemish.  Highly  educated  and 
the  colohvsne<*'  ^e  was  no  *ess  uPright  an(l  generous.  In  the  bloom  of  life,  he  left  his 
book  full  of  thtT500*8  *n  *ke  °^  WOI'1<1  to  follow  the  fortunes  of  the  new.  When  his 
secution  was  after1nim8e^  poor  in  nurturing  the  Hassaclmsetts  colony,  this  noble  son 
year,  and  on  the  day  ol118  own  large  inheritance  to  "further  the  good  work".  It  was 
Boston,  and  in  the  presenc  uence  and  P°Pularity  at  court  that  the  liberal  diartei-  was 
fession  acknowledging  his  e:whioh  guaranteed  freedom  to  Connecticut. 


1637.]  '     DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES. 


63 


flames  quickly  swept  through,  the  encampment.  The 
English  themselves  harely  escaped.  The  few  Indians  who 
fled  to  the  swamps  were  hunted  down.  The  tribe  perished 
11  i  a  day. 

The  Three  Colonies. — 1.  The  NEW  HAVEN  COLONY  was 
founded  (1638)  by  a  number  of  wealthy  London  families. 
They  took  the  Bible  for  law,  and  only  church  members  could 
vote.  2.  The  CONNECTICUT  COLONY,  proper,  comprising  Hart- 
ford, Wethersfield,  and  Windsor,  adopted  a  written  constitu- 
tion in  which  it  was  agreed  to  give  to  all  freemen  the  right 
to  vote.  This  was  THE  FIRST  INSTANCE  IN  HISTORY  OF  A  WRIT- 
TEN CONSTITUTION  FRAMED  BY  THE  PEOPLE  FOR  THE  PEOPLE. 

3.  The  SAYBROOK  COLONY  was  at  first  governed  by  the  pro- 
prietors, but  was  afterward  sold  to  the  Connecticut  Colony. 
This  reduced  the  three  colonies  to  two. 

A  Royal  Charter  was  obtained  (1662)  which  united  both 
these  colonies  and  guaranteed  to  all  the  rights  upon  which 
the  Connecticut  colonists 
had  agreed.  This  was  a 
precious  document,  since  it 
gave  them  almost  independ- 
ence, and  was  the  most  fa- 
vorable yet  granted  to  any 
colony.  Twenty-five  years 
after,  Governor  Andros 
marching  from  Boston  over 
the  route  where  the  pious 
Hooker  had  led  his  little  flock  fifty  years  before,  carne 
"glittering  with  scarlet  and  lace"  into  the  assembly  at 
Hartford,  and  demanded  the  charter.  A  protracted  debate 
ensued.  Tradition  loves  to  relate  that,  as  the  people 
crowded  around  to  take  a  last  look  at  this  guarantee  of 
their  liberties,  suddenly  the  lights  were  extinguished ;  on 


THE  OHAKTEE  OAK. 


64  EPOCH     II.  [1687. 

their  being  relighted,  the  charter  was  gone ;  Captain 
Wadsworth  had  seized  it,  escaped  through  the  crowd  and 
hidden  it  in  the  hollow  of  a  tree,  famous  ever  after  as  the 
Charter  Oak.  However,  Andros  pronounced  the  charter 
government  at  an  end.  "Finis"  was  written  at  the  close 
of  the  minutes  of  their  last  meeting. 

When  the  governor  was  so  summarily  deposed  in.  Boston, 
the  people  brought  the  charter  from  its  hiding-place,  the 
general  court  reassembled,  and  the  "  finis  "  disappeared.* 


V.— RHODE    ISLAND. 

Settlement. — Roger  Williams  f  settled  Providence  Planta- 
tion in  1636,  the  year  in  which  Hooker  came  to  Hartford. 
Other  exiles  from  Massachusetts  followed,};  among  them  the 
celebrated  Mrs.  Hutchinson.  A  party  of  these  purchased  § 
the  island  of  Aquiday  and  established  the  Rhode  Island  Plan- 
tation. Roger  Williams  stamped  upon  these  colonies  his 

*  Another  attempt  to  infringe  upon  charter  rights  occurred  in  1693..  G/overnor 
Fletcher  ordered  the  militia  placed  under  his  own  command.  Having  called  them 
out  to  listen  to  his  royal  commission,  he  began  to  read.  Immediately,  Captain  Wads- 
worth  ordered  the  drums  to  be  beaten.  Fletcher  commanded  silence,  and  began  again . 
"Drum,  druml"  cried  Wadsworth.  " Silence!"  shouted  the  governor.  "Drum, 
drum,  I  say  1 "  repeated  the  captain ;  _and  then  turning  to  Fletcher,  with  a  meaning 
look,  he  added :  "  If  I  am  interrupted  again,  I  will  make  the  sun  shine  through  you." 
The  governor  did  not  press  the  matter. — The  story  of  the  Charter  Oak  is  denied  by 
some,  who  claim  that  contemporary  history  does  not  mention  it,  and  that  probably 
Andros  seized  the  charter,  while  the  colonists  had  previously  made  a  copy. 

t  William.  Blackstone,  being  as  dissatisfied  with  the  yoke  of  the  "lords  brethren  " 
in  Boston  as  with  that  of  the  "  lords  bishops "  in  England,  some  time  before  this 
removed  to  the  banks  of  what  is  now  called  the  Blackstone,  near  Providence.  He, 
however,  acknowledged  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts. 

t  Persecuted  refugees  from  every  quarter  nocked  to  Providence ;  and  Williams 
shared  equally  with  all,  the  lands  he  had  obtained,  reserving  to  himself  only  two 
small  fields  which,  on  his  first  arrival,  he  had  planted  with  his  own  hands. 

8  An  island  of  a  reddish  appearance  was  observed  lying  in  thi  bay.  This  was 
known  to  the  Dutch  as  Rood  or  Red  Island.  Hence  the  name  of  the  island  and 
State  of  Rhode  Island.  (Brodtiead.)  The  price  paid  was  40  fathoms  of  white  wam- 
pum, 20  hoes,  and  10  coats. 


1643.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  65 

favorite  idea  of  religious  toleration,  i.  e.,  that  the  civil 
power  has  no  right  to  interfere  with  the  religious  opinions 
of  men. 

A  Charter. — The  colonists  wished  to  join  the  New  En- 
gland Union,  but  were  refused  on  the  ostensible  plea  that 
they  had  no  charter.*  Williams  accordingly  visited  England 
and  obtained  a  charter  uniting  the  two  plantations.  On  his 
return,  the  people  met,  elected  their  officers,  and  (1647) 
agreed  on  a  set  of  laws  guaranteeing  freedom  of  faith  and 
worship  to  all, — "  the  first  legal  declaration  of  liberty  of  con- 
science ever  adopted  in  Europe  or  America." 


VI.— NEW    YORK. 

Settlement. — Soon  after  the  discovery  of^the  Hudson, 
Dutch  ships  began  to  visit  the  river  to  traffic  in  furs  with  the 
Indians.  Afterward,  the  West  India  Company  obtained  a 
grant  of  New  Netheiiand,  and  under  its  patronage  perma- 
nent settlements  were  made  at  New  •  Amsterdam  f  and  at 
Fort  Orange  (Albany).  The  company  allowed  persons  who 
should  plant  a  colony  of  fifty  settlers  to  select  and  buy  land 
of  the  Indians,  which  it  was  agreed  should  descend  to  their 
heirs  forever.  These  persons  were  called  "  patroons  "  (patrons) 
of  the  manor.J 

The  Four  Dutch  Governors  (1626-'64).— The  early  his- 

*  Plymouth,  in  virtue  of  its  charter,  claimed  to  have  "  jurisdiction  over  the  Rhode 
Island  territory  ". 

t  Some  huts  were  built  by  Dutch  traders  on  Manhattan  Island  in  1613,  and  a 
trading-post  was  established  in  1615.  In  the  latter  year,  Fort  Nassau  was  completed, 
south  of  the  present  site  of  Albany.  In  1624,  a  party  of  Walloons  (Belgian  Protest- 
ants) was  brought  over  by  the  company.  About  the  same  time,  Port  Orange  was 
erected,  and  eighteen  families  built  their  bark  huts  under  its  protection.  In  1626, 
Minuit,  the  first  governor,  arrived  in  New  Amsterdam,  and  purchased  Manhattan 
Island  of  the  Indians  for  about  $24,  nearly  1  mill  per  acre. 

t  Some  of  the  old  Dutch  manors  remain  to  this  day.  The  famous  anti-rent  diffi- 
cult' s  (p.  182)  grew  out  of  such  titles. 


66 


EPOCH     II. 


[1626. 


tory  of  New  York  is  only  an  account  of  Indian  butcheries, 
varied  by  difficulties  with  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware,  and 
the  English  on  the  Connecticut.*  These  disturbances  are 
monotonous  enough  in  the  recital,  but  doubtless  thrilled  the 
blood  of  the  early  Knickerbockers.  Peter  Stuyvesant  was  the 
last  and  ablest  of  the  four  Dutch  governors.  He  agreed  with 
Connecticut  upon  the  boundary  line  (1650),  and,  taking  an 


THE  DUTCH  TRADING   WITH  THE   INDIANS  AT   NEW    YORK. 

armed  force,  marched  upon  the  Swedes,  who  at  once  sub- 
mitted to  him.  But  the  old  governor  hated  democratic  in- 
stitutions, and  was  terribly  vexed  in  this  wise.  There  were 
some  English  in  the  colony,  and  they  longed  for  the  rights 
of  self-government  which  the  Connecticut  people  enjoyed. 
They  kept  demanding  these  privileges  and  talking  of  them 
to  their  Dutch  neighbors.  At  this  juncture,  an  English  fleet 

*  These  disputes  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  Dutch  claimed  the  territory  lying 
between  the  Delaware  and  the  Connecticut. 


1664]      DEVELOPMENT   OF    KNOUSH   COLONIES.        67 

came  to  anchor  in  the  harbor  and  demanded  the  surrender 
of  the  town  in  the  name  of  the  Duke  of  York.  Stout-hearted 
old  Peter  pleaded  with  his  council  to  fight.  But  in  vain.  They 
rather  liked  the  idea  of  English  rule.  The  surrender  was 
signed,  and  at  last  the  reluctant  governor  attached  his  name. 
In  September,  1664,  the  English  flag  floated  over  Manhat- 
tan Island.  The  colony  was  named  New  York  in  honor  of 
the  proprietor. 

The  English  Governors  disappointed  the  people  by  not 
granting  them  their  coveted  rights.  A  remonstrance  against 
being  taxed  without  representation  was  burned  by  the  hang- 
man. So  that  when,  after  nine  years  of  English  rule,  a  Dutch 
fleet  appeared  in  the  harbor,  the  people  went  back  quietly 
under  their  old  rulers.  But  the  next  year,  peace  being  re- 
stored between  England  and  Holland,  New  Amsterdam  be- 
came New  York  again.  Thus  ended  the  Dutch  rule  in  the 
colonies.  Andros,  who  twelve  years  after  played  the  tyrant 
in  New  England,  was  the  next  governor ;  but  he  ruled  so 
arbitrarily  that  he  was  called  home.  Under  his  successor, 
Dongan,  an  assembly  of  the  representatives  of  the  people 
was  called,  by  permission  of  the  Duke  of  York  (1683).  This 
was  but  a  transient  gleam  of  civil  freedom,  for  two  years 
after,  when  the  Duke  of  York  became  James  II.,  King  of  En- 
gland, he  forgot  all  his  promises,  forbade  legislative  assem- 
blies, prohibited  printing-presses,  and  annexed  the  colony  to 
New  England.  When,  however,  Andros  was  driven  from 
Boston,  Nicholson,  his  lieutenant  and  apt  tool  of  tyranny  in 
New  York,  fled  at  once.  Captain  Leisler  (iis'ler),  supported 
by  the  democracy  but  bitterly  opposed  by  the  aristocracy, 
thereupon  administered  affairs  until  the  arrival  of  Governor 
Sloughter  (slaw'  ter),  who  arrested  him  on  the  absurd  charge 
of  treason.  Sloughter  was  unwilling  to  execute  him,  but 
Leisler's  enemies,  at  a  dinner  party,  made  the  governor 


68  EPOCH    II.  [1691. 

drunk,  obtained  his  signature,  and  before  he  became  sober 
enough  to  repent,  Leisler  was  no  more.* 

From  this  time  till  the  Revolution,  the  struggles  of  the 
people  with  the  royal  governors  for  their  rights,  developed 
the  spirit  of  liberty  and  paved  the  way  for  that  eventful 
crisis. 


VII.—  NEW    JERSEY. 

Settlement.  —  The  present  State  of  New  Jersey  was  em- 
braced in  the  territory  of  New  Netherland,  and  the  Dutch 
seem  to  have  had  a  trading-post  at  Bergen  as  early  as  1  6  1  8. 
Soon  after  New  Netherland  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  he  gave  the  land  f  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Dela- 
ware to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  In  1  664,  a 
company  from  Long  Island  and  New  England  settled  at 
Elizabeth  town,  which  they  named  after  Carteret's  wife.  Th  is 
was  the  first  permanent  English  settlement  in  the  Stale. 

East  and  West  Jersey.  —  Lord  Berkeley  sold  his  share  to 
some  English  Quakers.  This  part  was  called  WEST  JERSEY. 
A  company  of  Quakers  soon  settled  at  Burlington.  Others 
followed,  and  thus  West  Jersey  became  a  Quaker  colony.  Sir 
George  Carteret's  portion  was  called  EAST  JERSEY.  After 


-  For  iriany  years,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  was  infested  by  pirates.  A  little  after  the 
events  narrated  above,  William  Kidd,  a  New  York  ship-master,  was  sent  out  to  cruise 
against  these  sea-robbers.  He  turned  pirate  himself  and  became  the  most  noted  of 
them  all.  Returning  from  his  cruise,  he  was  at  length  captured  while  boldly  walking 
in  the  streets  of  Boston.  He  was  carried  to  England,  tried,  and  hanged.  His  name 
and  deeds  have  been  woven  into  popular  romance,  and  the  song  "  My  name  is  Gap- 
tain  Kidd,  as  I  sailed,  as  I  sailed",  is  well  known.  He  is  believed  to  have  buried  his 
ill-gotten  riches  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island  or  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  and  these 
localities  have  been  oftentimes  searched  by  credulous  persons  seeking  for  Kidd's 
treasure. 

t  This  tract  was  called  New  Jersey  iu  honor  of  Carteret,  who  had  been  governor 
of  Jersey  Island  in  the  English  Channel. 


1682.]        DEVELOPMENT     OP     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  6D 

his  death,  it  was  sold  to  William  Perm  and  eleven  other 
Quakers.* 

New  Jersey  United.  —  Constant  disputes  arose  out  of 
the  land  titles.  Among  so  many  proprietors,  the  tenants 
hardly  knew  from  whom  to  obtain  their  titles  for  land.  The 
proprietors  finally  (1702)  surrendered  their  rights  of  govern- 
ment to  the  English  crown,  and  the  whole  of  New  Jersey 
was  united  with  New  York  under  one  governor,  but  with  a 
separate  assembly.  Thirty-six  years  after,  at  the  earnest 
request  of  the  people,  New  Jersey  was  set  apart  as.  a  distinct 
royal  province. 

Till.,  IX.— PENNSYLVANIA  AND  DELAWARE. 

Settlement. — The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Dela- 
ware was  made  near  Wilmington  (1638),  by  the  Swedes, 
on  a  tract  which  they  called  New  Sweden.  They  also  estab- 
lished the  first  settlement  in  Pennsylvania,  a  few  miles 
below  Philadelphia.  The  Dutch  subsequently  conquered 
these  settlements,  but  they  continued  to  prosper  long  after 
the  Swedish  and  the  Dutch  rule  had  yielded  to  the  con- 
stantly-growing English  power. 

William  Penn,  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  cele- 
brated English  Quaker,  f  He  obtained  from  Charles  II.  a 
grant'  of  the  land  lying  west  of  the  Delaware.  This  tract, 

*  It  was  settled,  however,  largely  by  Puritans  and  Scotch  Presbyterians.  The 
latter,  having  refused  to  accept  the  English  form  of  religion,  had  been  bitterly  perse- 
cuted. Fleeing  their  native  country,  they  found  an  asylum  in  this  favored  land. 

t  The  Quakers,  avoiding  unmeaning  forms,  aim  to  lead  purely  spiritual  lives. 
Their  usual  worship  is  conducted  in  solemn  silence,  each  soul  for  itself.  They  take 
no  oath,  make  no  compliments,  remove  not  the  hat  to  king  or  ruler,  and  "  thee  "  and 
"  thou "  both  friend  and  foe.  Every  day  is  to  them  a  holy  day,  and  the  Sabbath 
simply  a  day  of  rest.  We  can  readily  see  how  this  must  have  scandalized  the 
Puritans. 

William  Penn  became  a  Quaker  while  in  college  at  Oxford.  Refusing  to  wear  the 
customary  student's  surplice,  he  with  others  violently  assaulted  some  fellow-students 


70  EPOCH     II. 

Perm  named  Sylvania,  but  the  king  insisted  upon  calling  it 
Pennsylvania*  (Penn's  woods).  The  Duke  of  York  added 
to  this  grant  the  present  State  of  Delaware,  which  soon 
came  to  be  termed  the  "  Three  lower  counties  on  the  Dela- 
ware". Penn  wished  to  form  a  refuge  for  his  Quaker 
brethren,  who  were  bitterly  persecuted  in  England.  He  at 
once  sent  over  large  numbers,  as  many  as  two  thousand  in 
a  single  year.  In  1682,  he  came  himself,  and  was  received 
by  the  settlers  with  the  greatest  cordiality  and  respect. 

Philadelphia  Founded. — The  year  following  (1683),  Penn 
purchased  land  of  the  Swedes  and  laid  out  a  city  which  he 
named  Philadelphia,  signifying  BEOTHERLY  LOVE.  It  was  in 
the  midst  of  the  forest,  and  the  startled  deer  bounded  past 
the  settler  who  came  to  survey  his  new  home  Yet  within  a 
year,  it  contained  one  hundred  houses  ;  in  two  years,  it  num- 
bered over  two  thousand  inhabitants ;  and  in  three  years,  it 
gained  more  than  New  York  had  in  half  a  century. 

The  Great  Law  was  a  code  agreed  upon  by  the  legisla- 
tive body  which  Penn  called  from  among  the  settlers  soon 
after  his  arrival.  It  made  faith  in  Christ  a  necessary  quali- 
fication for  voting  and  office-holding ;  but  also  provided  that 
no  one  believing  in  "Almighty  God"  should  be  molested  in 
his  religious  views.  The  Quakers,  having  been  persecuted 
themselves,  did  not  celebrate  their  liberty  by  persecuting 

and  stripped  them  of  their  robes.  For  this  he  was  expelled.  His  father  would  not 
allow  him  to  return  home.  Afterward  relenting,  he  sent  him  to  Paris,  Cork,  and 
other  cities,  to  soften  his  Quaker  peculiarities.  After  several  unhappy  quarrels,  his 
father  proposed  to  overlook  all  else  if  he  would  only  consent  to  doff  his  hat  to  the 
king,  the  Duke  of  York,  and  himself.  Penn  still  refusing,  he  was  again  turned  out 
of  doors.  He  was  several  times  imprisoned  for  his  religious  extremes.  On  the  death 
of  his  father,  to  whom  ho  had  once  more  been  reconciled,  he  became  heir  to  quite  a 
fortune.  He  took  the  territory  which  forms  Pennsylvania  in  payment  of  a  debt  of 
£16,000  due  his  father  from  the  crown. 

*  Penn  offered  the  secretary  who  drew  up  the  charter  twenty  guineas  to  leave  off 
the  prefix  "  Penn  ".  This  request  being  denied,  the  king  was  appealed  to,  who  com- 
manded the  tract  to  be  called  Pennsylvania,  in  honor  of  William  Penn's  father. 


1683.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES. 


71 


others.  Penn,  himself,  surrendered  the  most  of  his  power 
to  the  people.  His  highest  ambition  seemed  to  be  to 
advance  their  interests.  He  often  declared  that  if  he  knew 
any  thing  more  that  could  make  them  happier,  he  wohld 
freely  grant  it.  *% 

Penn's  Treaty  with  the  Indians*  possesses  a  romantic 
interest.  He  met  them  un- 
der a  large  elm-tree  f  near 
Philadelphia.  The  savages 
were  touched  by  his  gentle 
words  and  kindly  bearing. 
"We  will  live  in  love  with 
William  Penn  and  his  chil- 
dren," said  they,  "as  long 
as  the  sun  and  moon  shall 
shine."  J 

Penn's  Return.  —  Penn 
returned  to  England  (1684), 
leaving  the  colony  fairly 
established.  His  benevo- 
lent spirit  shone  forth  in 
his  parting  words,  "Dear  friends,  my  love  salutes  you 
all." 

Delaware. — "The  three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware" 


WILLIAM  PENN. 


*  "  We  meet",  said  Penn,  "  on  the  broad  pathway  of  good  faith  and  good  will ;  no 
advantage  shall  be  taken  on  either  side,  but  all  shall  be  openness  and  love.  The 
friendship  between  you  and  me  I  will  not  compare  to  a  chain ;  for  that  the  rains 
might  rust  or  the  falling  tree  might  break.  We  are  the  same  as  if  one  man's  body 
were  to  be  divided  into  two  parts ;  we  are  all  one  flesh  and  blood." 

t  This  tree  was  carefully  preserved  until  1810,  when  it  was  blown  down.  A  mon- 
ument now  marks  the  spot. 

J  The  simple-minded  natives  kept  the  history  of  this  treaty  by  means  of  strings 
of  wampum,  and  they  would  often  count  over  the  shells  on  a  clean  piece  of  bark  and 
rehearse  its  provisions.  "  It  was  the  only  treaty  never  sworn  to,  and  the  only  one 
never  broken."  On  every  hand  the  Indians  waged  relentless  war  with  the  colonies, 
but  they  never  shed  a  drop  of  Quaker  blood. 


72  EPOCH     II. 

being  greatly  offended  by  the  action  of  the  council  which 
Penn  had  left  to  govern  in  his  absence,  set  up  for  themselves. 
Penn  "sorrowfully"  consented  to  their  action,  appointed  a 
deputy  governor  over  them  and  afterward  granted  them  an 
assembly.  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  however,  remained 
under  one  governor  until  the  Revolution. 

Penn's  Heirs,  after  his  death  (1718),  became  proprietors 
of  the  nourishing  colony  he  had  established.  It  was  ruled 
by  deputies  whom  they  appointed  ;  but,  in  1779,  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania  bought  out  their  claims  by  the  payment  of 
about  half  a  million  of  dollars.* 


X.—  MARYLAND. 

Settlement.  —  Lord  Baltimore  f  (Cecil  Calvert),  a  Catholic, 
was  anxious  to  secure  for  the  friends  of  his  church  a  refuge 
from  the  persecutions  which  they  were  then  suffering  in 
England.};  He  accordingly  ob  tamed  from  King  Charles  a 
grant  of  land  lying  north  of  the  Potomac.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  (1634)  by  his  brother,  at  an  Indian  village 
which  he  called  St.  Mary's,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac. 

The  Charter  was  very  different  from  that  granted  to  Yir- 

*  A  difficulty  having  arisen  with  Maryland  about  boundaries,  it  was  settled  by 
two  surveyors  named  Mason  and  Dixon,  who  ran  the  line  in  1763-'67.  This  "  Mason 
and  Dixon's  Line  "  afterward  became  famous  as  the  division  between  the  slave  and 
the  free  States. 

t  His  father,  G/eorge  Calvert,  the  first  Lord  Baltimore,  with  this  same  design  had 
attempted  to  plant  a  colony  in  Newfoundland.  But  having  failed  on  account  of  the 
severity  of  the  climate,  he  visited  Virginia.  When  he  found  that  the  Catholics  were 
there  treated  with  great  harshness,  he  returned  to  England,  took  out  a  grant  of  land, 
and  bestowed  upon  it,  in  honor  of  the  queen,  the  name  Mary's  land  (Terra  Marice). 
Ere  the  patent  had  received  the  great  seal  of  the  king,  Lord  Baltimore  died.  His 
son,  inheriting  the  father's  noble  and  benevolent  views,  secured  the  grant  himself, 
and  carried  out  the  philanthropic  scheme. 

%  It  is  curious  to  observe  how  largely  this  country  was  peopled  in  its  earlier  days 
by  refugees  for  religious  faith.  The  Huguenots,  the  Puritans,  the  Walloons,  the 
Quakers,  the  Presbyterians,  the  Catholics,  the  persecuted  of  every  sect  and  creed, 
all  flocked  to  this  "  home  of  the  free". 


1634.]       DEVELOPMENT    OF    ENGLISH     COLONIES.  73 

ginia,  since  it  gave  to  all  freemen  a  voice  in  making  the  laws. 
An  Assembly,called  in  accordance  with  this  provision,  passed 
(1649)  the  celebrated  TOLERATION  ACT,  which  secured  to  all 
Christians  liberty  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates 
of  their  own  conscience.  Maryland,  like  Rhode  Island,*  be- 
came an  asylum  for  the  persecuted. 

Civil  Wars.— 1.  Clayborne's  Rebellion  (1635).— The  Vir- 
ginia colony  claimed  that  Lord  Baltimore's  grant  covered 
territory  belonging  to  them.  Clayborne,  a  member  of  the 
Jamestown  council,  was  especially  obstinate  in  the  matter. 
He  had  already  established  two  trading-posts  in  Maryland, 
which  he  prepared  to  defend  by  force  of  arms.  A  bloody 
skirmish  ensued,  in  which  his  party  was  beaten.  Clayborne, 
however,  fled  to  Virginia,  and,  going  to  England,  appealed 
to  King  Charles  I.  for  redress.  But  the  final  decision  fully 
sustained  the  rights  of  Lord  Baltimore  under  the  charter. 
In  1645,  however,  Clayborne  came  back  to  Maryland,  raised 
a  rebellion  and  drove  Governor  Calvert,  in  his  turn,  out  of 
the  colony.  The  governor,  at  last,  raised  a  strong  force, 
and  Clayborne  fled.  This  ended  the  contest. 

2.  Tlie  Protestants  and,  the  Catholics. — The  Protestants, 
having  obtained  a  majority  in  the  Assembly,  made  a  most 
ungrateful  use  of  their  power.  They  refused  to  acknowledge 
the  hereditary  rights  of  the  proprietor,  assailed  his  religion, 
excluded  Catholics  from  the  Assembly,  and  even  declared 
them  outside  the  protection  of  the  law.  Civil  war  ensued. 
For  years,  the  victory  alternated.  At  one  time,  two  govern- 
ments, one  Protestant,  the  other  Catholic,  were  sustained. 
In  1691,  Lord  Baltimore  was  entirely  deprived  of  his  rights 
as  proprietor,  and  Maryland  became  a  royal  province.  The 

s  *  Two  years  before,  Rhode  Island  had  passed  an  act  protecting  every  kind  of 
religious  faith  and  worship.  Maryland  extended  protection  to  all  forms  of  Chris- 
tianity alone. 


74  EPOCH    II.  [1691. 

Church  of  England  was  established,  and  the  Catholics  were 
again  disfranchised  in  the  very  province  they  had  planted. 
In  1715,  the  fourth  Lord  Baltimore  recovered  the  govern- 
ment, and  religious  toleration  was  restored.  Maryland  re- 
mained under  this  administration  until  the  Revolution. 


XI.,  XII.— THE    CAROLINAS. 

Settlement. — Lord  Clarendon  and  several  other  noble- 
men obtained  (1663)  from  Charles  II.*  a  grant  of  a  vast  tract 
south  of  Virginia,  which  was  called  in  honor  of  the  king, 
Carolina.  Two  permanent  settlements  were  soon  made. 
1.  The  ALBEMAKLE  f  COLONY.  This  was  a  name  given  to 
a  plantation  already  settled  by  people  who  had  pushed 
through  the  wilderness  from  Virginia.  A  governor  from  their 
own  number  was  appointed  over  them.  They  were  then  left 
in  quiet  to  enjoy  their  liberties  and  forget  the  world.!  2.  The 
CARTERET  COLONY  was  established  (1670)  by  English  immi- 
grants. They  first  sailed  into  the  well-known  waters  where 
Bibaut  anchored  and  the  fort  of  Carolina  was  erected  so  long 
before.  Landing,  they  began  a  settlement  on  the  banks  of  the 
Ashley,  but  afterward  removed  to  the  "  ancient  groves  cov- 
ered with  yellow  jessamine",  which  marked  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Charleston.  The  growth  of  this  colony  was 
rapid  from  the  first.  Thither  came  ship-loads  of  Dutch  from 
New  York,  dissatisfied  with  the  English  rule  and  attracted 
by  the  genial  climate.  The  Huguenots  (French  Protest- 


*  This  in  Latin  is  Carolus  n. ;  hence  the  name  Carolina.  It  was  the  same  that 
Bibaut  (p.  31)  gave  his  fort,' in  honor  of  Charles  IX.  of  France. 

t  Both  colonies  were  named  after  prominent  proprietors  of  the  grant. 

t  Except  when  rent  day  came.  Then  they  were  called  upon  to  pay  to  the  English 
proprietors  a  half -penny  per  acre. 


1685.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  i5 

ants),  hunted  from  their  homes,  here  found  a  southern 
welcome.* 

The  Grand  Model  was  a  form  of  government  for  the 
colonies  prepared  by  Lord  Shaf  tesbury  and  the  celebrated 
philosopher,  John  Locke.  It  was  a  magnificent  scheme.  The 
wilderness  was  to  be  divided  into  vast  estates,  with  which 
hereditary  titles  \vore  to  be  granted.  But  the  model  was 
aristocratic,  while  the  people  were  democratic.  It  granted  no 
rights  of  self-government,  while  the  settlers  came  into  the 
wilderness  for  the  love  of  liberty.  This  was  not  the  soil 
on  which  vain  titles  and  empty  pomp  could  nourish.  To 
make  the  Grand  Model  a  success,  it  would  have  been  neces- 
sary to  transform  the  log-cabin  into  a  baronial  castle,  and 
the  independent  settlers  into  armed  retainers.  The  attempt 
to  introduce  the  scheme  arousing  violent  opposition,  it  was 
at  length  abandoned.  (Seepage  96.) 

North  and  South  Carolina  Separated. — The  two  colonies, 
—the  northern,  or  ALBEMARLE,  and  the  southern,  or  CAR- 
TKRET, — being  so  remote  from  each  other,  had  from  the  begin- 
ning separate  governors,  though  they  remained  one  province. 
There  was  constant  friction  between  the  settlers  and  the 
proprietors.  The  people  were  jealous.  The  proprietors  were 
arbitrary.  Rents,  taxes,  and  rights  were  plentiful  sources  of 
irritation.  Things  kept  on  in  this  unsettled  way  until  (1729) 
the  discouraged  proprietors  ceded  to  the  crown  their  right 
of  government  and  seven  eighths  of  the  soil.  The  two  col- 

*  In  Charleston  alone  there  were  at  one  time  as  many  as  16,000  Huguenots.  They 
added  whole  streets  to  the  city.  Their  severe  morality,  marked  charity,  elegant 
manners,  and  thrifty  habits  made  them  a  most  desirable  acquisition.  They  brought 
the  mulberry  and  olive,  and  established  magnificent  plantations  on  the  banks  of  the 
Cooper.  They  also  introduced  many  choice  varieties  of  pears,  which  still  bear  illus- 
trious Huguenot  names.  Their  descendants  are  eminently  honorable,  and  have 
borne  a  proud  part  in  the  establishment  of  oxir  Republic.  "  Of  seven  presidents  who 
were  at  the  head  of  the  Congress  of  Philadelphia  during  the  Revolution,  three  were 
of  Huguenot  parentage." 


76  EPOCH     II.  [1732. 

onies  were  separated,  and  they  remained  royal  provinces 
until  the  Revolution. 


XIII.— GEORGIA. 

Settlement. — The  same  year  in  which  Washington  was 
born  (1732),  this  last  colony  of  the  famous  thirteen  which 
were  to  fight  for  independence  under  him,  was  planned. 
James  O'glethorpe,  a  warm-hearted  English  officer,  having 
conceived  the  idea  of  founding  a  refuge  for  debtors  burdened 
by  the  severe  laws  of  that  time,  naturally  turned  to  America, 
even  then  the  home  of  the  oppressed.  George  II.  granted 
him  "  in  trust  for  the  poor  ",  a  tract  of  land  which,  in  honor 
of  the  king,  was  called  Georgia.  Oglethorpe  settled  at  Savan- 
nah in  1733.* 

A  general  interest  was  excited  in  England,  and  many 
charitable  people  gave  liberally  to  promote  the  enterprise. 
More  emigrants  followed,  including,  as  in  the  other  colonies, 
many  who  sought  religious  or  civil  liberty,  f  The  trustees 
limited  the  size  of  a  man's  farm,  did  not  allow  women  to 

*  He  made  peace  with  the  Indians,  conciliating  them  by  presents  and  by  his 
kindly  disposition.  One  of  the  chiefs  gave  him  in  return  a  buffalo's  skin  with  the 
head  and  feathers  of  an  eagle  painted  on  the  inside  of  it.  "  The  eagle,"  said  the 
chief,  "  signifies  swiftness ;  and  the  buffalo,  strength.  The  English  are  swift  as  a 
bird  to  fly  over  the  vast  seas,  and  as  strong  as  a  beast  before  their  enemies.  The 
eagle's  feathers  are  soft  and  signify  love ;  the  buffalo's  skin  is  warm  and  means  pro- 
tection ;  therefore  love  and  protect  our  families." 

t  The  gentle  Moravians  and  sturdy  Scotch  Highlanders  were  among  the  number, 
and  proved  a  valuable  acquisition  to  the  colony.  The  former  had  fled  hither  from 
Austria,  for  "conscience  sake."  Lutheran  Salzburgers  founded  a  colony  in  the 
pine  forests  and  named  it  Ebenezer,  —  taking  as  their  motto  "  Hitherto  hath 
the  Lord  helped  us."  When  John  Wesley,  the  founder  of  Methodism,  came  to 
America  as  a  missionary  with  his  brother  Charles,  he  was  greatly  charmed  with 
the  fervent  piety  of  this  simple  people.  The  celebrated  George  Whitefleld  afterward 
founded  at  Savannah  an  orphan  asylum,  which  he  supported  by  contributions  from 
the  immense  audiences  which  his  wonderful  eloquence  attracted.  On  one  occasion 
sixty  thousand  were  gathered  to  hear  him,  and  his  open-air  meetings  were  often 
attended  by  from  twenty  thousand  to  forty  thousand  people. 


1752.]       DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  77 

inherit  land,  and  forbade  the  importation  of  rum,*  or  of 
slaves.  These  restrictions  were  irksome,  and  great  discon- 
tent prevailed.  At  last,  the  trustees,  wearied  by  the  fre- 
quent complaints  of  the  colonists,  surrendered  their  charter 
to  the  crown.  Georgia  remained  a  royal  province  unti 
the  Revolution. 

/ 

XIV.— INTER-COLONIAL    WARS. 

1.     KING    WILLIAM'S     "WAR     (1689-'97). 

Cause.  —  War  having  broken  out  in  Europe  between 
England  and  France,  their  colonies  in  America  took  up  the 
quarrel.  The  Indians  of  Canada  and  Maine  aided  the 
French,  and  the  Iroquois  assisted  the  English. 

Attacks  upon  the  Colonists. — In  the  depth  of  winter, 
war  parties  of  the  French  and  Indians,  coming  down  on  their 
snow-shoes  from  Canada  through  the  forest,  fell  upon  the 
exposed  settlements  of  New  York  and  New  England,  and 
committed  horrible  barbarities.  Schenectady,  unsuspect- 
ing f  and  defenseless,  was  attacked  at  midnight.  Men, 
women,  and  children  were  dragged  from  their  beds  and 
tomahawked.  The  few  who  escaped,  half-naked,  made 
their  way  through  the  snow  of  that  fearful  night  to 
Albany.J 

*  Rum  was  obtained  in  exchange  for  lumber  in  the  West  Indies.  Hence  this  law 
prevented  that  trade  and  cut  off  a  valuable  source  of  profit. 

t  The  garrison  felt  so  secure  that  it  is  said  they  had  placed  at  the  gate  two  snow 
images  for  sentinels. 

$  The  histories  of  the  time  abound  in  thrilling  stories  of  Indian  adventure.  One 
day  in  March,  1697,  Haverhill,  Mass.,  was  attacked.  Mr.  Dustin  was  at  work  in  the 
field.  Hurrying  to  his  house,  he  brought  out  his  seven  children,  and  bidding  them 
"run  ahead",  slowly  retreated,  keeping  the  Indians  back  with  his  gun.  He  thus 
brought  off  his  little  flock  in  safety.  His  wife,  who  was  unable  to  escape  with  him, 
was  dragged  into  captivity.  The  party  who  had  captured  Mrs.  Dustin  marched  many 
days  through  the  forest,  and  at  length  reached  an  island  in  the  Merrimac.  Here  she 
resolved  to  escape.  A  white  boy,  who  had  been  taken  prisoner  before,  found  out 
from  his  master,  at  Mrs.  Dustin's  request,  how  to  strike  a  blow  that  would  produce 


78  EPOCH    II.  [1689. 

Attacks  by  the  Colonists. — Aroused  by  these  scenes  of 
savage  ferocity,  the  colonists  organized  two  expeditions; 
one  under  Phipps  (soon  after,  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 
p.  59),  against  Port  Royal,  Acadia ;  and  the  other,  a  combined 
land  and  naval  attack  on  Canada.  The  former  was  successful, 


MB.  DU8TIN  DEFENDING  HIS  CHILDREN  FROM  THE  SAVAGES. 

and  secured,  it  is  said,  plunder  enough  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  the  expedition.  The  latter  was  a  disastrous  failure. 

Peace.  —  The  war  lasted  eight  years.  It  was  ended  by 
the  treaty  of  Ryswick  (rlz'wlk),  according  to  which,  each 
party  held  the  territory  it  had  at  the  beginning  of  the 
struggle. 

instant  death,  and  how  to  take  off  a  scalp.  Having  learned  these  facts,  in  the  night 
she  awoke  the  boy  and  her  nurse,  and  arranged  their  parts.  The  task  was  soon  done. 
Seizing  each  a  tomahawk,  they  killed  ten  of  the  sleeping  Indians;  only  one  escaped. 
She  then  scalped  the  dead  bodies,  in  order  to  prove  her  story  when  she  should  reach 
home,  and  hastened  to  the  bank,  where,  finding  a  canoe,  they  descended  the  river 
and  soon  rejoined  her  family. 


1702.]       DEVELOPMENT    OF    ENGLISH     COLONIES.  79 

2.     QUEEN     ANNE'S     WAR     (1702-'13). 

Cause. — England  having  declared  war  against  France 
and  Spain,  hostilities  broke  out  between  their  colonies.  The 
Five  Nations  had  made  a  treaty  with  the  French,  and  so 
took  no  part  in  the  contest.  Their  neutrality  protected 
New  York  from  invasion.  Consequently,  the  brunt  of  the 
war  fell  on  New  England. 

Attacks  upon  the  Colonists.  —  The  New  England 
frontier  was  again  desolated.*  Remote  settlements  were 
abandoned.  The  people  betook  themselves  to  palisaded 
houses,  and  worked  their  farms  with  their  guns  always  at 
hand. 

Attacks  by  the  Colonists.  —  1.  At  the  South.  —  South 
Carolina  made  a  fruitless  expedition  against  her  old  enemies 
at  St.  Augustine  (1702).f 

2.  At  the  .Worth. — Port  Royal  was  again  wrested  from  the 
French  by  a  combined  force  of  English  and  colonial  troops. 

*  On  the  last  night  of  February,  1704,  a  party  of  about  three  hundred  and  fifty 
French  and  Indians  reached  a  pine  forest  near  Deerfield,  Mass.  The  snow  lay  four 
feet  deep  on  the  level,  but  it  was  covered  by  a  thick  crust,  while  the  drifts  reached 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  palisades  of  the  town.  The  stealthy  invaders,  watching  an 
opportunity,  skulked  about  till  the  unfaithful  sentinels  deserted  the  morning 
watch,  when  they  rushed  upon  the  defenseless  slumberers,  who  awoke  from  their 
dreams  to  death  or  captivity.  Leaving  the  blazing  village  with  forty -seven  dead 
bodies  to  be  consumed  amid  the  wreck,  they  then  started  back  with  their  train  of  one 
hundred  and  twelve  captives.  The  horrors  of  that  march  through  the  wilderness  can 
never  be  told.  The  groan  of  helpless  exhaustion,  or  the  wail  of  suffering  childhood, 
was  instantly  stilled  by  the  pitiless  tomahawk.  Mrs.  Williams,  the  feeble  wife  of  the 
minister,  had  remembered  her  Bible  in  the  midst  of  surprise  and  comforted  herself 
with  its  promises,  till,  her  strength  failing,  she  commended  her  five  captive  children 
to  God,  and  bent  to  the  savage  blow  of  the  war-ax.  One  of  her  daughters  grew  up 
in  captivity,  embraced  the  Catholic  faith,  and  became  the  wife  of  a  chief.  Years 
after,  she  visited  her  friends  in  Deerfield.  The  whole  village  joined  in  a  fast  for  her 
deliverance,  but  her  heart  loved  best  her  own  Mohawk  children,  and  she  went  back 
to  the  fires  of  her  Indian  wigwam. 

t  Four  years  after,  the  French  and  Spanish  in  Havana  sent  a  fleet  against 
Charleston.  The  people,  however,  valiantly  defenderi  themselves,  and  soon  drove 
off  their  assailants. 


80  EPOCH     II.  [1710. 

In  honor  of  the  queen,  its  name  was  changed  to  Annapolis. 
Another  expedition  sailed  against  Quebec,  but  many  of  the 
ships  were  dashed  upon  the  rocks  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
nearly  one  thousand  men  perished.  Thus  ended  the  second 
attempt  to  conquer  Canada. 

Peace. — The  war  lasted  eleven  years.  It  was  ended  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht  (u'trSkt),  according  to  which,  Acadia 
was  ceded  to  England. 


3.     KING     GEORGE'S     WAR*     (1744-'48). 

Capture  of  Louisburg. — War  having  again  broken  out 
between  England  and  France,  the  flame  was  soon  kindled  in 
the  new  world.  The  only  event  of  importance  was  the  capt- 
ure of  Louisburg  f  on  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  by  a  com- 
bined force  of  English  and  colonial  troops.  The  latter  did 
most  of  the  fighting,  but  the  former  took  the  glory  and  the 

*  This  war  was  preceded  by  what  is  known  as  the  "  SPANISH  WAR  ",  which  grew 
out  of  difficulties  then  existing  between  England  and  Spain.  Tt  was  marked  by  no 
important  event  in  the  colonies.  Governor  Oglethorpe  invested  (1740)  St.  Augus- 
tine with  a  force  of  two  thousand  men,  but  the  strength  of  the  Spanish  garrison,  and 
the  loss  by  sickness,  caused  the  attempt  to  be  abandoned.  The  Spaniards,  in  their 
turn,  sent  (1742)  an  expedition  against  G-eorgia.  By  means  of  a  letter  which  Gov- 
ernor Oglethorpe  caused  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  they  were  made  to 
believe  that  he  expected  large  reinforcements.  Being  frightened,  they  burned  the 
fort  they  had  captured,  and  fled  in  haste.  The  colonies,  also,  furnished  about  four 
thousand  men  for  an  expedition  against  the  Spanish  settlements  in  the  West  Indies ; 
but  only  a  few  hundred  returned  from  this  disastrous  enterprise. 

t  Louisburg  was  called  the  "  Gibraltar  (gi  bral'tar)  of  America  ".  Its  fortifications 
were  extensive,  and  cost  upward  of  $5,000,000.  The  siege  was  conducted  in  the  most 
unscientific  way,  the  colonial  troops  laughing  at  military  terms  and  discipline.  When 
the  place  was  captured,  they  were  themselves  astonished  at  what  they  had  done.  The 
achievement  called  forth  great  rejoicing  over  the  country,  especially  in  New  En- 
gland, and  had  an  influence  on  the  Revolutionary  War,  thirty  years  after.  Colonel 
Gridley,  who  planned  General  Pepperell's  batteries  in  the  siege,  laid  out  the  Amer- 
ican intrenchments  on  Bunker  Hill.  The  same  old  drums  that  beat  the  triumphal 
entrance  of  the  New  Englanders  into  Louisburg,  June  17,  1745,  beat  at  Bunker  Hill, 
June  17,  1775.  "  When  General  Gage  was  erecting  intrenchments  on  Boston  Neck, 
the  provincials  sneeringly  remarked  that  his  mud  walls  were  nothing  compared  to 
the  stone  walls  of  old  Louisburg." 


1748.]         DEVELOPMENT    OF    ENGLISH    COLONIES.          81 

booty.  Peace  being  made  in  1748  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  (aks  la  sha  pgi'),  England  gave  back  Louisburg  to 
the  French.  The  boundaries  between  the  French  and  the 
English  colonies  were  left  undecided,  and  so  the  germ  of  a 
new  war  remained. 

4.     FRENCH    AND    INDIAN    WAR    (1754-'63). 

Cause. — The  English  occupied  at  this  time  a  narrow  strip 
along  the  coast,  one  thousand  miles  in  length,  *Lt  was  like  a 
st  ri  ng  to  the  great  bow  of  the  French  territory  which  reached 
around  from  Quebec  to  New  Orleans.  Both  nations  claimed 
the  region  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  along  the  Ohio 
River.  The  three  previous  inter-colonial  wars  had  engen- 
dered bitter  hatred,  and  occasions  of  quarrel  were  abundant. 
The  French  had  over  sixty  military  posts  guarding  the  long 
line  of  their  possessions.  They  seized  the  English  surveyors 
along  the  Ohio.*  They  broke  up  a  British  post  on  the 
Miami  (mea'mS).t  They  built  a  fort  at  Presque  Isle 
(presk  el'),  near  the  present  town  of  Erie,  Perm. ;  another, 
Fort  le  Bo3uf  (leh  bCif),  at  the  present  town  of  Waterford ; 
and  a  third,  Fort  Venango  (v5  nang'go),  about  twelve  miles 
south,  on  French  Oreejc.  These  encroachments  awakened 
the  liveliest  solicitude  on  the  part  of  the  colonists. 

Washington's  Journey. — Dtnwiddie,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor  of  Virginia,  accordingly  sent  a  message  by  George 
Washingtoii^then  a  young  man  of  twenty-one\to  the  French 
commander  of  these  forts,  asking  their  removal.  Washing- 
ton, the  very  day  he  received  his  credentials,  set  out  on  his 

*  The  claims  of  the  real  proprietors,  the  Indians,  were  overlooked  by  both  the  En- 
glish and  the  French.  The  Indians,  feeling  this,  sent  to  the  agent  of  the  Ohio  Com- 
pany the  pertinent  query,  "  Where  is  the  Indian's  land  ?  The  English  claim  .11  on 
one  side  of  the  river,  the  French  all  on  the  other.  Where  does  our  land  lie » " 

t  Tlie  Indian  allies  of  the  French  having  captured  the  Miami  chief  who  defeut'.ed 
his  English  friends,  killed  and  ate  him,  in  true  savage  style. 


82  EPOCH     II.  [ITf);!. 

perilous  journey  through  the  wilderness  from  Williamsburg 
to  Lake  Erie.  He  found  the  French  officer  at  Fort  Venango 
loud  and  boastful.  At  Fort  le  Boeuf,  the  commandant, 
St.  Pierre  (sSn  pe  ^r7),  treated  him  with  great  respect ;  but, 
like  a  true  soldier,  refused  to  discuss  theories,  and  declared 


AN  INCIDENT  OF  WASHINHTON'S  RETURN. 

himself  under  orders  which  ho  should  obey.  It  was  clear 
that  France  was  determined  to  hold  the  territory  explored 
by  the  heroic  La  Salle  and  Marquette.  The  shore  in  front 
of  the  fort  was  even  then 'lined  with  canoes  ready  for  an 
intended  expedition  down  the  river.  Washington's  return 
through  the  wilderness,  a  distance  of  four  hundred  miles, 
was  full  of  peril.*  At  last,  he  reached  home  unharmed,  and 
delivered  St.  Pierre's  reply. 

*  The  streams  were  swollen.    The  snow  was  falling  and  freezing  as  it  fell.    The 

-  gave  out,  and  he  was  forced  to  proceed  on  foot.    With  only  one  companion, 

he  quitted  the  usual  path,  and,  with  the  compass  as  his  guide,  struck  boldly  out 

through  the  forest.    An  Indian,  lying  in  wait,  fired  at  him  only  a  i  S,  I  mi 


1754.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  83 

War  Opens. — Early  the  next  spring,  the  French,  at  the 
fork  of  the  Monorigahela  and  the  Alleghany,  drove  off  a 
party  of  English  traders  and  erected  a  fort,  which  was  called 
Duquesne  (du  kan').  Soon,  among  the  blackened  stumps, 
corn  and  barley  were  growing  on  the  present  site  of  Pitts- 
burgh. In  the  meantime,  a  regiment  of  Virginia  troops, 
under  Colonel  Frye,  Washington  being  second  in  com- 
mand, had  been  sent  to  occupy  this  important  point.  Learn- 
ing that  the  French  had  anticipated  them,  Washington 
hast  ened  forward  with  a  reconnoitering  party.  Jumonville 
(zhoo  mou  vel'),  who  was  hiding  among  the  rocks  with  a 
detachment  of  French  troops,  waiting  an  opportunity  to 
attacjv  him,  was  himself  surprised  and  slain.*  On  the  death 
of  Colonel  Frye,  soon  after,  Washington  assumed  command 
and  collected  the  troops  at  the  Great  Meadows,  behind  a 
rude  stockade,  aptly  named  .FORT  NECESSITY.  Here  he  was 
attacked  by  a  large  force  of  French  and  Indians,  and,  after 
a  severe  conflict,  was  compelled  to  capitulate. 

The,  Five  Objective  Points  of  the  War.  —  1.  FORT  Du- 
yUKSNE  was  the  key  to  the  region  west  of  the  Alleghanies, 
and  so  long  as  the  French  held  it,  Virginia  and  Pennsyl- 
vania were  exposed  to  Indian  attacks.  2.  The  possession  of 
LOUISBURG  and  ACADIA  threatened  New  England,  while  it 
gave  control  over  the  Newfoundland  fisheries.  French 
privateers  harbored  there,  darted  out  and  captured  English 
ships,  and  then  returned  where  they  were  safe  from  pursuit. 
3.  CROWN  POINT  and  TICONDEROGA  controlled  the  route  to 

missing,  was  captured.  Attempting  to  cross  the  Alleghany  on  a  rude  raft,  they 
were  caught  between  large  masses  of  ice  floating  down  the  rapid  current  of  the  mid- 
channel.  Washington  thrust  out  his  pole  to  check  the  speed,  but  was  jerked  into 
the  foaming  water.  Swimming  to  an  island,  he  barely  saved  his  life.  Fortunately, 
in  the  morning  the  river  was  frozen  over,  and  he  escaped  on  the  ice. 

*  Washington's  word  of  command  to  "  fire ! "  upon  that  skulking  foe  (May  28, 
1754),  was  the  opening  of  the  campaign.  Washington,  himself,  it  is  said,  fired  the 
first  gun  of  that  long  and  bloody  war. 


84  EPOCHII.  [1755. 

Canada  by  the  way  of  Lake  George  and  Lake  Ohamplain, 
and  also  offered  a  safe  starting-point  for  French  expeditions 
against  New  York  and  New  England.  4.  NIAGARA  lay  on  the 
portage  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  and  thus  pro- 
tected the  great  fur  trade  of  the  upper  lakes  and  the  West. 
5.  QUEBEC  being  the  strongest  fortification  in  Canada,  gave 
control  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  largely  decided  the  posses- 
sion of  that  province. 

We  thus  see  why  these  points  were  so  persistently  at- 
tacked by  the  English,  and  so  obstinately  defended  by  the 
French.  We  shall  speak  of  them,  in  order. 

I.  Fort  Duquesne.  —  The  First  Expedition,  (1755)  was 
commanded  by  General  Braddock,  Washington  acting  as  an 
aid-de-camp  (ad'de  k6ng).  The  general  was  a  British  officer, 
proud  and  conceited.  Washington  warned  him  of  the  dan- 
gers of  savage  warfare,  but  his  suggestions  were  received 
with  contempt.*  The  column  arrived  within  ten  miles  of  the 
fort,  marching  along  the  Monongahela  in  regular  array, 
drums  beating  and  colors  flying.  Suddenly,  in  ascending  a 
little  slope,  with  a  deep  ravine  and  thick  underbrush  on  each 
side,  they  came  upon  the  Indians  lying  in  ambush.  The  terri- 
ble war-whoop  resounded  on  every  hand.  The  British  regu- 
lars huddled  together,  and,  frightened,  fired  by  platoons,  at 
random,  against  rocks  and  trees.  ,The  Virginia  troops  alone 
sprung  into  the  forest  and  fought  the  savages  in  Indian 
style.  Washington  seemed  every-where  present.  An  Indian 
chief  with  his  braves  specially  singled  him  out.f  Four  balls 
passed  through  his  clothes.  Two  horses  were  shot  under 
him.  Braddock  was  mortally  wounded  and  borne  from  the 

*  "  The  Indians,"  said  Braddock,  "  may  frighten  continental  troops,  but  they  can 
make  no  impression  on  the  king's  regulars  ! " 

t  Fifteen  years  after,  this  old  Indian  chief  came  "  a  long  way  "  to  see  the  Virginia 
officer  at  whom  he  tired  a  rifle  fifteen  times  without  hitting  him,  during  the  Monon- 
gahela fight.  Washington  never  received  a  wound  in  battle. 


1755.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  85 

field.  At  last,  when  the  colonial  troops  were  nearly  all 
killed,  the  regulars  turned  and  fled  disgracefully,  abandon- 
ing every  thing  to  the  foe.  Washington  covered  their  flight 
and  saved  the  wreck  of  the  army  from  pursuit. 

Second  Expedition  (1 7  58). — General  Forbes  led  the  second 
expedition,  Washington  commanding  the  Virginia  troops. 
The  general  lost  so  much  time  in  building  roads  that,  in 
November,  he  was  fifty  miles  from  the  fort.  A  council  of 
war  decided  to  give  up  the  attempt.  But  Washington  re- 
ceiving news  of  the  weakness  of  the  French  garrison,  urged 
a  forward  movement.  He  himself  led  the  advance  guard, 
and  by  his  vigilance  dispelled  all  danger  of  Indian  surprise. 
The  French  fired  the  fort,  and  fled  at  his  approach.  As  the 
flag  of  England  floated  out  over  the  ruined  ramparts,  this 
gatM\\  H y  of  the  West  was  named  Pittsburgh.* 

2.  Acadia  and  Louisburg.  —  1.  Acadia. —  Scarcely  had 
iho  war  commenced,  when  an  attack  was  made  on  Aca'dia. 
The  French  forts  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  were 
quickly  taken,  and  the  entire  region  east  of  the  Penobscot 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  f 

2.  Louisburg  (1757). — General  Loudoun  (low'don)  col- 
lected an  army  at  Halifax  for  an  attack  on  Louisburg.  After 
spending  all  summer  in  drilling  his  troops,  "  he  gave  up  the 

*  This  was  in  honor  of  William  Pitt,  prime  minister  of  England,  whose  true  friend- 
ship for  the  colonies  was  warmly  appreciated  in  America.  He  came  into  power  in 
1758,  and  from  that  time  the  war  took  on  a  different  aspect.  (Barnes'  G/en.  Hist. 
p.  534.) 

t  This  victory  was  disgraced  by  an  act  of  heartless  cruelty.  The  Acadians  were  a 
si  mple-minded,  rural  people.  They  readily  gave  up  their  arms  and  meekly  submitted 
to  their  conquerors.  But  the  English  authorities,  knowing  their  sympathy  with  the 
French,  drove  old  and  young  on  board  the  ships  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and  dis- 
tributed them  among  the  colonies.  Families  were  broken  up,  their  homes  burned, 
and  the  broken-hearted  Acadians  met  every- where  only  insult  and  abuse.  Longfel- 
low's "  Evangelino  "  pathetically  describes  the  misfortunes  of  these  exiles.  (Barnes1 
Popular  History,  p.  78.)  Parkman,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  Nov.,  1884,  gives  another 
version,  and  claims  that  the  expulsion  was  justified  on  the  part  of  the  English  and 
the  colonists. 


86  EPOCH    II,  [1758. 

attempt  on  learning  that  the  French  fleet  contained  one 
more  ship  than  his  own !  "  The  next  year,  Generals  Amherst 
(fim'erst)  and  Wolfe  captured  the  city  after  a  severe  bom- 
bardment, and  took  possession  of  the  entire  island.* 

3.  Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga. — 1.  Battle  of  Lake 
George. — About  the  time  of  Braddock's  expedition,  another 
was  made  against  Crown  Point.  The  French  under  Dies- 
kauf  (des'kcrw)  were  met  near  the  head  of  Lake  George.  I 
Fortunately,  General  Johnson,  being  slightly  wounded,  early 
in  the  action  retired  to  his  tent,  whereupon,  General  Lyman, 
with  his  provincial  troops,  regained  the  battle  then  nearly 
lost.  This  victory  following  closely  011  the  heels  of  Brad- 
dock's  disaster,  excited  great  joy.  Johnson  was  given  » 
barojietcy  and  $25,000  ;  Lyinan,  the  real  victor,  received 
nothing.  This  battle  ended  the  attempt  to  take  Crown 
Point.  Johnson  built  Fort  William  Henry  §  near  the  ba  I  {In- 
field ;  and,  when  winter  sot  in,  dismissing  the  New  England 
militia,  went  to  his  fortified  stone  mansion  on  the  Mohawk. 

2.  Attack  on  Ticonderoga. — On  a  calm  Sunday  morning, 
about  four  months  before  the  fall  of  Fort  Duquesne,  a  thou- 
sand boats  full  of  soldiers,  with  waving  flags  and  strains 

*  Abandoning  Louisburg,  the  English  made  Halifax,  as  it  is  to-day,  their  rendez' 
vous  (ren'de  vo~b)  in  that  region. 

t  The  brave  Dieskau  was  severely  wounded.  In  the  pursuit,  a  soldier  found  him 
leaning  against  a  stump.  As  he  fumbled  for  his  watch  to  propitiate  his  enemy,  the 
soldier,  thinking  him  to  bo  searching  for  his  pistol,  shot  him. 

$  Johnson,  the  English  commander,  received  word  of  the  approach  of  tin  onfiny, 
and  sent  out  Colonel  Williams  with  twelve  hundred  men  to  stop  them.  In  tho  hkir- 
mish,  Williams  was  killed.  He  was  the  real  founder  of  Williams  College,  having  by 
his  will,  made  while  on  his  way  to  battle,  bequeathed  a  sum  to  found  a  free  school 
for  Western  Massachusetts. 

§  Two  years  after,  Montcalm  (m6nt  kam),  the  new  French  general,  swept  down 
from  Canada  and  captured  this  fort  with  its  garrison,  although  Webb  was  at  Fort 
Edward,  fourteen  miles  below,  with  six  thousand  men  lying  idly  in  camp.  The  vic- 
tory is  noted  for  an  illustration  of  savage  treachery.  The  English  had  been  guaran- 
teed a  safe  escort  to  Fort  Edward.  But  they  had  scarcely  left  the  fort  when  the  Indians 
fell  upon  them  to  plunder  and  to  slaughter.  In  vain  did  the  French  officers  peril  their 
lives  to  save  their  captives  from  the  lawless  tomahawk.  "  Kill  me,"  cried  Montcalm 


1758.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  87 

'of  martial  music,  swept  down  Lake  George  to  attack  Ticon- 
deroga.  General  Abercrombie  (ab'er  krum  bl)  ordered  an 
assault  before  his  artillery  came  up,  and  while  the  battle  raged 
lay  hid  away  in  the  rear.  A  disastrous  repulse  was  the  result.* 
8.  Capture  of  both  Forts. — The  next  year  (1759),  at  the 
approach  of  General  Amherst  with, a  large  army,  both  Ti- 
coinl'Toga  and  Crown  Point  were  eva<Miaic<l. 

4.  Niagara. — 1.  About  the  time  of  Braddock's  expedition, 
General  Shirley  marched  to  capture  Niagara.    But  reaching 
Uswego  and  learning  of  that  disastrous  defeat,  he  was  dis- 
couraged.    He  simply  built  a  fort  and  came  home.f 

2.  Nothing  further  was  done  toward  the  capture  of  this 
important  post  for  four  years,  when  it  was  invested  by  Gen- 
eral Prideaux  (prid'o).J  In  spite  of  desperate  attempts  made 
to  relieve  the  garrison,  it  was  at  last  compelled  to  surrender 
(1759).  New  York  was  thus  extended  to  Niagara  River, 
and  the  West  was  secured  to  the  English.  ^^  "  Ire 

5.  Quebec  (1759). — The  same  summer  in  which  Niagara, 
Crown  Point,  and  Ticonderoga§  were  occupied  by  the  En- 
glish, General  Wolfe  anchored  with  a  large  fleet  and  eight 
thousand  land  troops  in.  front  of  Quebec.     Opposed  to  him 
was  the  vigilant  French  general,  Montcalm,  with  a  command 


in  desperation,  "but  spare  the  English,  who  are  under  my  protection."  Tho  Indian 
fury,  however,  was  implacable,  and  the  march  of  the  prisoners  to  Eort  Edward  bo- 
cainc  a  flight  for  life. 

*  While  the  main  army  was  delaying  a  Her  (his  failure,  Colonel  Bradstreet  obtained 
permission  to  go  against  Fort  Frontenac,  on  the  present  site  of  Kingston.  Crossing 
the  lako,  he  captured  the  fort  and  a  large  quantity  of  stores  intended  for  Fort  Du- 
quesnc.  Tho  loss  disheartened  the  garrison  of  the  latter  place,  frightened  off  their 
Indian  allies,  and  did  much  to  cause  its  evacuation  on  the  approach  of  the  English. 

t  The  next  year,  that  indefatigable  general,  Montcalm,  crossed  the  lake  from 
Canada  and  captured  this  fort  with  its  garrison  and  a  large  amount  of  public  stores. 

t  Prideaux  was  accidentally  killed  during  the  siege,  but  his  sizccessor,  Johnson, 
satisfactorily  carried  out  his  plans. 

•  §  It  was  expected  that  the  two  armies  engaged  in  the  capture  of  these  forts  would 
join  Wolfe  in  the  attack  on  Quebec ;  but,  for  various  reasons,  they  made  no  attempt 
to  do  so,  and  Wolfe  was  left  to  perform  his  task  alone. 


EPOCH     II. 


[1759. 


equal  to  his  own.  The  English  cannon  easily  destroyed  the 
lower  city  next  the  river,  but.  the  citadel  being  on  higher 
ground,  was  far  out  of  their  reach.  The  bank  of  the  river. 


QUEBEC   IN    EAKT.Y   TIMES. 

for  miles  a  high  craggy  wall,  bristled  with  cannon  at  every 
landing-place.  For  months,  Wolfe  lingered  before  the  city, 
vainly  seeking  some  feasible  point  of  attack.  Carefully  re- 
connoitering  the  precipitous  bluff  above  the  city,  his  sharp 
eyes  at  length  discovered  a  narrow  path  winding  among  the 
rocks  to  the  top,  and  he  determined  to  lead  his  army  up  this 
ascent.*  To  distract  the  enemy's  attention,  he  took  his  men 
several  miles  up  the  river.  Thence  dropping  down  silently 

*  General  Wolfe  was  a  great  admirer  of  the  poet  Gray.  As  he  went  the  rounds  f'<  >r 
final  inspection  on  the  beautiful  starlight  evening  before  the  attack,  he  remarked  to 
those  in  the  boat  with  him,  "  I  would  rather  be  the  author  of  '  The  Elegy  in  a  Coun- 
try Church-yard ',  than  to  have  the  glory  of  beating  the  French  to-morrow ";  and 
amid  the  rippling  of  the  water  and  the  dashing  of  the  oars,  he  repeated : 

"  The  boast  of  heraldry,  the  pomp  of  power, 

And  all  that  beauty,  all  that  wealth  e'er  gave, 
Await  alike  the  inevitable  hour; 
The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  1o  the  <-,rrave." 


1759.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  89 

by  night  with  the  ebb-tide,  they  landed,  clambered  up  the 
steep  cliff,*  quickly  dispersed  the  guard,  and,  at  day-break, 
stood  arrayed  in  order  of  battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 
Montcalm,  astonished  at  the  audacity  of  the  attempt,  could 
scarcely  believe  it  possible.  When  convinced  of  its  truth,  he 
at  once  made  an  impetuous  attack.  Wolfe's  veterans  held 
their  fire  until  the  French  were  close  at  hand,  then  poured 
upon  them  rapid,  steady  volleys.  The  enemy  soon  wavered. 
Wolfe,  placing  himself  at  the  head,  now  ordered  a  bayonet 
charge.  Already  twice  wounded,  he  still  pushed  forward. 
A  third  ball  struck  him.  He  was  carried  to  the  rear.  "  They 
run  !  They  run  !  "  exclaimed  the  officer  on  whom  he  leaned. 
'Who  run?"  he  faintly  gasped.  "The  French,"  was  the 
reply.  "Now  God  be  praised,  1  die  happy,"  murmured  the 
expiring  hero.  Montcalm,  too,  was  fatally  wounded  as  he 
.was  vainly  trying  to  rally  the  fugitives.  On  being  told  by 
the  surgeon  that  he  could  not  live  more  than  twelve  hours, 
he  answered,  "  So  much  the  better.  I  shall  not  see  the  sur- 
render of  Quebec." 

Five  days  afterward  (September  18,  1759),  the,  city  and 
garrison  capitulated. 

Close  of  the  War.f  Peace. — The  next  year,  an  attempt 
w  as  made  to  re-capture  Quebec.  But  a  powerful  fleet  arrived 
from  England  in  time  to  raise  the  siege.  A  large  army 
marched  upon  Montreal,  and  Canada  soon  submitted.  The 
English  flag  now  waved  over  the  continent,  from  the  Arctic 
Ocean  to  the  Mississippi.  Peace  was  made  at  Paris  in  1763. 
Spain  ceded  Florida  to  England.  France  gave  up  to  En- 

*  Although  Wolfe  rose  from  a  sick-bed  to  lead  his  troops,  he  was  the  first  man  to 
laud.  The  shore  was  lined  with  French  sentinels.  A  captain  who  xinderstood 
French  and  had  been  assigned  this  duty,  answered  the  challenge  of  the  sentinel 
near  the  landing,  and  thus  warded  off  the  first  danger  of  alarm. 

t  The  five  points  which  were  especially  sought  by  the  English  were  now  all  capt- 
ured. Canada  itself,  worn  out,  impoverished,  and  almost  in  famine,  because  of  the 
long  war,  was  ready  for  peace. 


90  EPOCH     II.  [1763. 

gland  all  her  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi,  except  two 
small  islands  south  of  Newfoundland,  retained  as  fishing 
stations;  while,  to  Spain  she  ceded  New  Orleans,  and  all 
her  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Pontiac's  War. — The  French  traders  and  missionaries 
had  won  the  hearts  of  the  Indians.  When  the  more  haughty 
English  came  to  take  possession  of  the  western  forts,  great 
discontent  was  aroused.  Poii'  ti  ac,  a  chief  of  the  Ottawas, 
Philip-like,  formed  a  confederation  of  the  tribes  against  the 
common  foe.  It  was  secretly  agreed  to  fall  upon  all  the 
British  posts  at  once.  Eight  forts  were  thus  surprised  and 
captured.*  Thousands  of  persons  fled  from  their  homes  to 
avoid  the  scalping-knife.  At  last,  the  Indians,  disagreeing 
among  themselves,  deserted  the  alliance,  and  a  treaty  was 
signed.  Pontiac,  still  revengeful,  fled  to  the  hunting-grounds 
of  the  Illinois.  He  was  killed  (1769),  at  Cahokia,  by  an 
Indian,  for  the  bribe  of  a  barrel  of  liquor. 

Effects  of  the  French  and  Indian  War. — During  this  war, 

v  the  colonists  spent  $16,000,000,  and  England  repaid  only 

$5,000,000.    The  Americans  lost  thirty  thousand  men,  and 

.suffered  the  untold  horrors  of  Indian  barbarity.     The  taxes 

sometimes  equaled  two  thirds  the  income  of  the  tax-payer ; 

*  Various  stratagems  were  employed  to  accomplish  their  designs.  At  Maumeo,  a 
squaw  lured  forth  the  commander  by  imploring  aid  for  an  Indian  woman  dying  out- 
side the  fort.  Once  without,  ho  was  at  the  mercy  of  the  ambushed  savages.  At 
Mackinaw,  hundreds  of  Indians  had  gathered.  Commencing  a  game  at  ball,  one 
party  drove  the  other,  as  if  by  accident,  toward  the  fort.  The  soldiers  were  attracted 
to  watch  the  game.  At  length,  the  ball  was  thrown  over  the  pickets,  and  the  Indians 
jumping  after  it,  began  the  terrible  butchery.  The  commander,  Major  Henry,  writ- 
ing in  his  room,  heard  the  war-cry  and  the  shrieks  of  the  victims,  and,  rushing  to  his 
window,  beheld  the  savage  work  of  the  tomahawk  and  the  scalping-knife.  Amid  un- 
told perils,  he  himself  escaped.  At  Detroit,  the  plot  was  betrayed  by  a  squaw,  and 
when  the  chiefs  were  admitted  to  their  proposed  council  for  "brightening  the  chain 
of  friendship",  they  found  themselves  surrounded  by  an  armed  garrison.  Pontiac 
was  allowed  to  escape.  Two  days  after,  he  commenced  a  siegf  which  lasted  several 
months.  In  payment  of  the  supplies  for  his  army,  he  issued  birch-bark  notes  signed 
with  the  figure  of  an  otter.  These  primitive  "government  bonds"  were  promptly 
paid  when  due. 


1763.]        DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  91 

yet  they  were  levied  by  their  own  representatives,  and  they 
did  not  murmur.  The  men  of  different  colonies  and  diverse 
ideas  fought  shoulder  to  shoulder,  and  many  sectional  jeal- 
ousies were  allayed.  They  learned  to  think  and  act  independ- 
ently of  the  mother  country,  and  thus  came  to  know  their 
strength.  Democratic  ideasvhad  taken  root,  legislative  bodies 
had  been  called,  troops  raised,  arid  supplies  voted,  not  by  En- 
gland, but  by  themselves.  They  had  become  fond  of  liberty. 
They  knew  their  rights  and  dared  maintain  them.  When 
they  voted  money,  they  kept  the  purse  in  their  own  hands. 
The  treatment  of  the  British  officers  also  helped  to  unite 
the  colonists.  They  made  sport  of  the  awkward  provincial 
soldiers.  The  best  American  officers  were  often  thrust  aside 
to  make  place  for  young  British  subalterns.  But,  in  spite  of 
sneers,  Washington,  Gates,  Montgomery,  Stark,  Arnold, 
Morgan,  Putnam,  all  received  their  training,  and  learned 
how,  when  the  time  came,  to  fight  even  British  regulars. 


X: 


15.     COLONIAL     CIVILIZATION.* 


There  were  now  thirteen  colonies.  They  numbered  nearly  2,000,000  people.  The 
largest  city  was  Philadelphia,  which  contained  about  twenty-five  thousand  inhab- 
itants. There  were  slaves  in  all  the  colonies,  those  at  the  North  being  chiefly  house 
servants.  Three  forms  of  government  existed — charter,  proprietary,  and  royal. 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  had  charter  governments.  Mary- 
land and  Pennsylvania  (with  Delaware)  were  proprietary — that  is,  their  proprietors 
governed  them.  Georgia,  Virginia,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
the  Oarolinas  were  directly  subject  to  the  crown.  The  colonies  were  all  Protestant. 
The  intolerant  religious  spirit  of  early  days  had  moderated,  and  there  had  been  a 
gradual  assimilation  of  manners  and  customs.  The  people  had  become  Americans. 

In  accordance  with  the  customs  of  the  age,  the  laws  were  severe.  Thus  in 
New  England,  at  one  time,  there  were  twelve,  and  in  Virginia  seventeen,  offenses 
punishable  by  death.  The  affairs  of  private  life  were  regulated  by  law  in  a  manner 
that  would  not  now  be  endured.  At  Hartford,  for  example,  the  ringing  of  the 
watchman's  bell  in  the  morning  was  the  signal  for  every  one  to  rise ;  and  in  Massa- 
chusetts a  scold  was  sometimes  gagged  and  placed  near  her  door,  while  for  other 
minor  offenses  the  stocks  and  pillory  were  used. 

*  Bead  Barnes1  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  Chap.  4,  Colonial  Life. 


92  EPOCH    II. 

Social  prejudices  brought  over  from  England  still  survived.  Even  in  New 
England,  official  positions  were  monopolized  by  a  few  leading  families,  and  often  de- 
scended from  father  to  son.  The  catalogues  of  Harvard  and  Yale  were  long  arranged 
according  to  the  family  rank  of  the  students. 


Several  colleges  had  been  established,— Harvard  (1036),  William  and  Mary  (1692), 
Yale  (1700),  Princeton  (1746),  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1749),  Columbia  (1754), 
Brown  University  (1764),  Dartmouth  (1769),  and  Rutgers  (1770).  Educational  inter- 
ests, however,  were  not  fostered  by  the  English  government.  Only  one  donation 
was  given  to  found  a  college  in  the  colonies— that  of  William  and  Mary,  an  institu- 
tion named  in  honor  of  these  sovereigns. 

Agriculture  was  the  main  dependence  of  the  people,  though  manufactures,  even 
at  this  early  period,  received  much  attention  at  the  North.  Hats,  paper,  shoes,  house- 
hold furniture,  farming  utensils,  and  the  coarser  kinds  of  cutlery  were  made  to  some 
extent.  Cloth  weaving  had  been  introduced,  though  most  thrifty  people  dressed 
in  homespun.  It  is  said  of  Mrs.  Washington  that  she  kept  sixteen  spinning-wheels 


DEVELOPMENT    OF    ENGLISH    COLONIES.  93 

running.  Commerce  had  steadily  increased— principally,  however,  as  coast  trade,  in 
consequence  of  the  oppressive  laws  of  Great  Britain.  The  daring  fishermen  of  New 
England  already  pushed  their  whaling  crafts  far  into  the  icy  regions  of  the  north. 
Money  was  very  scarce.  In  1635,  musket-bullets  were  made  to  pass  in  place  of 
farthings,  the  law  providing  that  not  more  than  twelve  should  be  given  in  one 
payment.  Trade  was  generally  by  barter. 

The  first  printing-press  was  set  up  at  Cambridge,  in  1639.  Most  of  the  books  of 
that  day  were  collections  of  sermons.  The  first  permanent  newspaper,  The  Boston 
News  Letter,  was  published  in  1704.  In  1750,  there  were  only  seven  newspapers. 
The  Federal  Orrery,  the  first  daily  paper,  was  not  issued  till  1792.  There  was  a  pub- 
lic Library  in  New  York,  from  which  books  were  loaned  at  four  and  a  half  pence 
per  week. 

The  usual  mode  of  travel  was  on  foot  or  horseback.  People  journeyed  largely  by 
means  of  coasting  sloops.  The  trip  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia  occupied  three 
days  if  the  wind  was  fair.  There  was  a  wagon  running  bi-weekly  from  New  York 
across  New  Jersey.  Conveyances  were  put  on  in  1766,  which  made  the  unprecedented 
time  of  two  days  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia.  They  were,  therefore,  termed 
"  flying  machines  ". 

The  first  stage  route  was  between  Providence  and  Boston,  taking  two  days  for  the 
trip.  A  post-office  system  had  been  effected  by  the  combination  of  the  colonies,  which 
united  the  whole  country.  Benjamin  Franklin  was  one  of  the  early  postmasters- 
general,  lie  made  a  grand  tour  of  the  country  in  his  chaise,  perfecting  and  maturing 
the  plan.  His  daughter  Sally  accompanied  him,  riding  sometimes  by  his  side  in  the 
chaise,  and  sometimes  on  the  extra  horse  which  he  had  with  him.  It  took  five  months 
to  make  the  rounds  which  could  now  be  performed  in  as  many  days.  A  mail  was 
started  in  1672,  between  New  York  and  Boston,  by  way  of  Hartford,  according  to 
the  contract  the  round  trip  being  made  monthly.  (See  p.  304.) 

manners  and  Customs. —The  colonists  had  brought  with  them  the  ideas  and 
tastes  of  the  mother  country,  and  these  long  survived  in  spite  of  the  leveling  ten- 
dencies and  the  free  spirit  of  the  new  world.  Distinctions  of  dress,  to  mark  the» 
higher  and  the  lower  ranks  of  society,  as  in  Europe,  were  sedulously  preserved 
throughout  even  democratic  New  England.  Calf-skin  shoes,  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Revolution,  were  the  exclusive  property  of  the  gentry ;  the  servants  wore  coarse 
"  neat's  leather  ".  Farmers,  mechanics,  laborers,  and  working-men  generally  were 
clothed  in  red  or  green  baize  jackets,  leather  or  striped  ticking  breeches,  and  » 
leather  apron.  On  Sundays  and  holidays,  a  white  shirt  took  the  place  of  the 
checked  one ;  the  stiff,  hard  leather  breeches  were  greased  and  blacked,  and  the 
heavy  cow-hide  shoes,  home-made,  were  set  off  by  huge  brass  buckles.  The  com- 
mon laborer,  even  after  independence  was  achieved,  received  only  about  "  two 
shillings"  per  day,  and,  in  rare  cases,  "  two-and-six -pence  ". 

Hired  women  wore  short  gowns  of  green  baize  and  petticoats  of  linsey-woolsey. 
Their  yearly  wages  never  exceeded  "  ten  pounds  ". 

The  colonial  gentleman,  however,  was  gay  in  his  morning  costume  of  silk  or 
velvet  cap  and  dressing-gown,  and  his  evening  attire  of  blue,  green,  or  purple 
flowered  silk  or  handsomely  embroidered  velvet,  enriched  with  gold  or  silver  lace, 
buttons,  and  knee-buckles.  "Wide  lace  ruffles  fell  over  his  hands ;  his  street  cloak 
glittered  with  gold-lace ;  while  a  gold-headed  cane,  and  a  gold  or  silver  snuff-box 
were  indispensable  signs  of  his  social  position. 

The  New  England  people  were  strict  in  morals.  Governor  Winthrop  prohibited 
cards  and  gaming-tables.  A  man  was  whipped  for  shooting  fowl  on  Sunday.  No 


94  EPOCH     II. 

man  was  allowed  to  keep  tavern  who  did  not  bear  an  excellent  character  and 
possess  property.  The  names  of  drunkards  were  posted  up  in  the  ale-houses,  and 
the  keepers  forbidden  to  sell  them  liquor.  By  order  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut, 
no  person  under  twenty  years  of  age  could  use  any  tobacco  without  a  physician's 
order;  and  no  one  was  allowed  to  use  it^oftener  than  once  a  day,  and  then  not 
within  ten  miles  of  any  house. 

AH  conduct  was  shaped  by  a  literal  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures.    The  min- 
isters had,  at  first,  almost  entire  control.      A  church  reproof  was  the  heaviest 


punishment,  and  knotty  points  in  theology  caused  the  bitterest  discussions.  Articles 
of  dress  were  limited  or  regulated  by  law.  No  person  whose  estate  did  not  exceed 
£200,  could  wear  "  gold  or  silver  lace,  or  any  lace  above  2s.  per  yard  ".  The  "  select- 
men "  were  required  to  take  note  of  the  "  apparel "  of  the  people,  especially  their 
"ribbands  and  great  boots".  Only  the  gentility,  including  ministers  and  their 
wives,  received  the  prefix  Mr.  and  Mrs.  to  their  names.  Others,  above  the  rank 
of  servant,  were  called  Goodman  and  Goodwife. 

In  the  early  Plymouth  days,  every  house  opened  on  Sunday  morning  at  the  tap 
of  the  drum.  The  men  and  the  women,  the  former  armed  to  the  teeth,  assem- 
bled jn  front  of  the  captain's  house.  Three  abreast,  they  marched  to  the  meet- 
ing-house, where  every  man  Bet  down  his  uiiwket  within  easy  reach.  The  elders 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  ENGLISH  COLONIES.     95 

and  deacons  took  their  seats  in  front  of  the  preacher's  desk,  facing  the  congrega- 
tion. The  old  men,  the  young  men,  and  the  young  women  each  had  their  separate 
place.  The  boys  were  perched  on  the  pulpit-stair  or  in  the  galleries,  and  were 
kept  in  order  by  a  constable.  The  light  came  straggling  through  the  little  dia- 
mond-shaped window-panes,  weirdly  gilding  the  wolf -heads  which  hung  upon  the 
walls — trophies  of  the  year's  conquests.  The  services  began  with  the  long  prayer, 
and  was  followed  by  reading  and  expounding  of  the  Scriptures,  a  psalm— lined  by 
one  of  the  ruling  elders — and  the  sermon.  Instrumental  music  was  absolutely 
proscribed,  as  condemned  by  Amos  v.  23.  The  sermon  was  often  three  or  four 
hours  long,  and  at  the  end  of  each  hour  the  sexton  turned  the  hour-glass  which 
stood  upon  the  desk.  "Woe  to  the  youngster  whose  eyelids  drooped  in  slumber  1 
The  ever-vigilant  constables,  with  their  wands  tipped  on  one  extremity  with  the 
foot,  and  on  the  other  with  the  tail  of  a  hare,  brought  the  heavier  end  down  on 
the  nodding  head.  The  care-worn  matron  who  was  betrayed  into  a  like  offense, 
WHS  gently  reminded  of  her  duty  by  a  touch  on  the  forehead  with  the  softer  end 
of  the  same  stick.  After  the  sermon,  came  the  weekly  contribution ;  the  congre- 
gation, marching  to  the  front,  and  depositing  their  offerings  in  the  money-box 
held  by  one  of  the  elders.  After  dismissal,  the  people  returned  home  in  as  orderly 
a  way  as  they  came. 

The  Middle  Colonies.— The  manners  of  the  New  York  people  were  essentially 
Dutch.  Many  customs  then  inaugurated  still  remain  in  vogue.  Among  these  is 
that  of  New  Year's  Day  visiting,  of  which  General  Washington  said,  "  New  York 
will  in  process  of  years  gradually  change  its  ancient  customs  and  manners,  but 
whatever  changes  take  place,  never  forget  the  cordial  observance  of  New  Year's 
Day."  To  the  Dutch  we  owe  our  Christmas  visit  of  Santa  Glaus,  colored  eggs 
at  Easter,  doughnuts,  crullers,  and  New  Year's  cookies. 

The  Dutch  mansion  was  built,  usually,  of  brick.  Its  gable-end,  receding  in 
regular  steps  from  the  base  of  the  roof  to  the  summit,  faced  the  street.  The 
front-door  was  decorated  with  a  huge  brass  knocker,  burnished  daily.  While  th& 
Connecticut  mistress  spun,  wove,  and  stored  her  household  linens  in  crowded 
chests,  the  Dutch  matron  scrubbed  and  scoured  her  polished  floor  and  wood-work. 
Every  family  had  a  cow  that  fed  in  a  common  pasture  at  the  end  of  the  town, 
and  their  tinkling  bells,  as  they  came  and  went,  of  their  own  accord,  at  night 
and  morning,  proclaimed  the  milking-hour.  The  happy  burghers  breakfasted  at 
dawn,  dined  at  eleven,  and  retired  at  sunset.  On  dark  evenings,  as  a  protection 
for  belated  wanderers,  lighted  candles  were  placed  in  the  front  windows. 

Along  the  Hudson,  the  great  patroons,  supported  by  their  immense  estates 
and  crowds  of  tenants,  kept  up  the  customs  of  the  best  European  society  of  the 
day. 

Philadelphia  wa&  not  only  the  largest  city  in  the  United  States,  but  it  was 
famous  for  its  nagged  side-walks—then  a  rare  luxury  in  any  city,  the  regularity 
of  its  streets,  and  the  elegance  of  its  brick  and  stone  residences.  The  trees  bor- 
dering the  carriage-ways  and  the  gardens  and  orchards  about  the  houses  made  it 
just  such  a  "  fair  greene  country  town"  as  Penn  wished  it  to  be. 

The  Southern  Colonists  differed  widely  from  the  Northern  in  habits  and  style  of 
living.  In  place  of  thickly-settled  towns  and  villages,  they  had  large  plantations, 
and  were  surrounded  by  a  numerous  household  of  servants.  The  negro  quarters 
formed  a  hamlet  apart,  with  its  gardens  and  poultry  yards.  An  estate  in  those 
days  was  a  little  empire.  The  planter  had  among  his  slaves  men  of  every  trade, 
and  they  made  most  of  the  articles  needed  for  common  use  upon  the  plantation. 


96  EPOCH     II. 

There  were  large  sheds  for  curing  tobacco,  and  mills  for  grinding  corn  and  wheat. 
The  tobacco  was  put  up  and  consigned  directly  to  England.  The  flour  of  the  Mount 
Vernon  estate  was  packed  under  the  eye  of  Washington  himself,  and  we  are  told 
that  barrels  of  flour  bearing  his  brand,  passed  in  the  "West  India  market  without 
inspection. 

Up  the  Ashley  and  the  Cooper,  there  were  remains  of  the  only  bona  fide  nobility 
ever  established  on  our  soil.  There  the  descendants  of  the  landgraves,  who  received 
their  titles  in  accordance  with  the  Grand  Model  (p.  75),  occupied  their  manorial 
dwellings.  Along  the  banks  of  the  James  and  the  Rappahannock,  the  plantation 
often  passed  from  father  to  son,  according  to  the  law  of  entail. 

The  heads  of  these  great  Southern  families  lived  like  lords,  keeping  their  packs 
of  choice  hunting  dogs,  and  their  stables  of  blooded  horses,  and  rolling  to  church 
or  town  in  their  coach  and  six,  with  outriders  on  horseback.  Their  spacious 
mansions  were  sometimes  built  of  imported  brick.  Within,  the  grand  staircases, 
the  mantels,  and  the  wainscot  reaching  in  a  quaint  fashion  from  floor  to  ceiling, 
were  of  solid  mahogany,  elaborately  carved  and  paneled.  The  sideboards  shone 
with  gold  and  silver  plate,  and  the  tables  were  loaded  with  the  luxuries  of  the 
old  world.  Negro  servants  thronged  about,  ready  to  perform  every  task.  All 
labor  was  done  by  slaves,  it  being  considered  degrading  for  a  white  man  to  work. 
Even  the  superintendence  of  the  plantation  and  slaves  was  generally  committed 
to  overseers,  while  the  master  dispensed  a  generous  hospitality,  and  occupied 
himself  with  social  and  political  life. 

Education.— 1.  The  Eastern  Colonies.— Next  to  their  religion,  the  Puritans  prized 
education.  When  Boston  was  but  six  years  old,  $2,000  were  appropriated  to  the 
seminary  at  Cambridge,  now  known  as  Harvard  University.  Some  years  after,  each 
family  gave  a  peck  of  corn  or  a  shilling  in  cash  for  its  support.  Common  schools  had 
already  been  provided,  and  in  1647,  every  town  was  ordered  to  have  a  free  school, 
and,  if  it  contained  over  one  hundred  families,  a  grammar  school.  In  Connecticut, 
any  town  that  did  not  keep  a  school  for  three  months  in  the  year  was  liable  to  a  fine. 
In  1700,  ten  ministers,  having  previously  so  agreed,  brought  together  a  number  of 
books,  each  saying  as  he  laid  down  his  gift,  "  I  give  these  books  for  founding  a 
college  in  Connecticut."  This  was  the  beginning  of  Yale  College — named  from  Gov- 
ernor Yale,  who  befriended  it  most  generously.  It  was  first  established  at  Saybrook, 
but  in  1716  was  removed  to  New  Haven. 

The  "  town -meetings  ",  as  they  were  styled,  were  of  inestimable  value  in  cultivat- 
ing democratic  ideas.  The  young  and  old,  rich  and  poor,  here  met  on  a  perfect 
equality  for  the  discussion  of  all  local  questions.  In  Hartford,  every  freeman  who 
neglected  to  attend  the  town-meeting  was  fined  sixpence,  unless  he  had  a  good 
excuse. 

2.  The  Middle  Colonies  already  had  many  schools  scattered  through  the  towns.  In 
New  York,  during  the  Dutch  period,  it  was  customary  for  the  school-master,  in  order 
to  increase  his  earnings,  to  ring  the  church-bell,  dig  graves,  and  act  as  chorister  and 
town-clerk.  In  the  English  period,  some  of  the  schools  were  kept  by  Dutch  masters, 
who  taught  English  as  an  accomplishment.  As  early  as  1702,  an  act  was  passed  for 
the  "  Encouragement  of  a  Grammar  Free  School  in  the  City  of  New  York  ".  In  1795, 
George  Clinton  laid  the  foundation  of  the  common-school  system  of  the  State,  and 
within  three  years  nearly  60,000  children  were  receiving  instruction.  At  Lewiston, 
Del.,  is  said  to  have  been  established  the  first  girls'  school  in  the  colonies.  The  first 
school  in  Pennsylvania  was  started  about  1683,  where  "  reading,  writing,  and  cast- 
ing accounts"  were  taught  for  eight  English  shillings  per  annum.  The  Orrery 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  ENGLISH  COLONIES. 


97 


invented  by  Dr.  Rittenhouse,  in  1768,  is  still  preserved  in  Princeton  College.  No 
European  institution  had  its  equal. 

Churches  were  established  by  the  various  denominations.  The  Swedes  had  a 
meeting-house  erected  even  before  the  landing  of  Penn.  Ministers'  salaries  were 
met  in  different  ways,  generally  with  produce — wheat,  corn,  beans,  bacon,  wood,  etc. 
In  New  York,  the  Dutch  dominie  was  paid  sometimes  in  wampum.  The  dominie  of 
Albany  on  one  occasion  received  one  hundred  and  fifty  beaver  skins. 

3.  The  Southern  Colonies  met  with  great  difficulties  in  their  efforts  to  establish 
schools.  Though  Virginia  boasts  of  the  second  oldest  college,  yet  her  English  gov- 
ernors bitterly  opposed  the  progress  of  education.  Governor  Berkeley,  of  whose 
haughty  spirit  we  have  already  heard,  said,  "  I  thank  God  there  are  no  free  schools 
nor  printing-presses  here,  and  I  hope  we  shall  not  have  them  these  hundred  years." 
The  restrictions  upon  the  press  were  so  great  that  no  newspaper  was  published  in 
Virginia  until  1736,  and  that  was  controlled  by  the  government.  Free  schools  were 
established  in  Maryland  in  1696,  and  a  free  school  in  Charleston  in  1712.  Private 
schools  were  early  established  by  the  colonists  in  every  neighborhood. 

A  farm  of  one  hundred  acres  was  set  apart  by  law  for  each  clergyman,  and  also  a 
portion  of  the  "best  and  first  gathered  corn "  and  tobacco.  Absence  from  church 
was  fined.  In  Georgia,  masters  were  compelled  to  send  their  slaves  to  church,  under 
a  penalty  of  £5. 


CONTEMPORARY    EUROPEAN     SOVEREIGNS. 


ENGLAND. 
James  1  1603 

FRANCE. 

GERMANY. 

SPAIN. 
Philip  m  1598 

Charles  1  161)5 

Com'nwealth  .1649 
Charles  H  1660 
James  H  1685 
William  and 
Mary.  .           1G89 

Louis  Xni....  1610 
Louis  XIV.  ...1643 

Matthias  1612 
Ferdinand  II.  .1619 
Ferdinand  m.1637 

Leopold  1  1658 

Philip  IV  1621 
Charles  n  1665 

Philip  V  1700 
Ferdinand  VI.  1746 
Charles  m.  ..1759 

Anne  1702 

Joseph  1  1705 

George  I           1714 

Louis  XV  1715 

Charles  VT  1711 

PRUSSIA. 

George  H  1727 
George  HL  1760 

Louis  XVI....  1774 

Charles  VH.  .  .1742 
Francis  I*  ....1745 
Joseph  nt  ....1765 

Frederick  I....  1701 
William  I...   .1713 
Frederick  U. 
(The  Great).  .  1740 

*  Husband  of  Maria  Theresa. 
t  Son  of  Maria  Theresa. 

CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1607.    Jamestown  founded  by  the  London  Company.     First  permanent  En- 
glish settlement  in  America,  May  23 38,  46 

1609.  Virginia  received  its  second  charter,  June  2 48 

1610.  "  Starving  Time  "  in  Virginia 48 

1612.    Virginia  received  its  third  charter,  March  22 49 


98 


EPOCH     II. 


[1613. 


PAGE 

1613.  Pocahontas  married  Rolfe,  April 49 

Settlement  of  New  York  by  the  Dutch 65 

1614.  Smith  explored  the  New  England  Coast 53 

1615.  Culture  of  tobacco  commenced  in  Virginia 50 

1619.  First  Colonial  Assembly,  July  30 49 

Slavery  introduced  in  the  English  colony  at  Jamestown       ...  50 

1620.  Pilgrims  landed  at  Plymouth.    First  permanent  English  settlement 

in  New  England,  December  21 53 

1622.  Indian  massacre  in  Virginia,  March  22 51 

New  Hampshire  granted  to  Gorges  and  Mason,  August  10  .       .       .  60 

1623.  New  Hampshire  settled  at  Dover  and  Portsmouth 61 

1629.  Charter  granted  to  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony,  March  4      ...  56 
New  patent  for  New  Hampshire  granted  to  Mason,  November  7       .  61 

1630.  First  house  built  in  Boston,  under  Governor  Winthrop,  July     .       .  56 
1632.    Maryland  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore,  June  20 72 

1634.  Maryland  settled  at  St.  Mary's 72 

1633-'36.    Connecticut  settled  at  "Windsor,  Hartford,  and  Wethersfield      .       .  61 

1635.  Clayborne's  rebellion  in  Virginia  and  Maryland 73 

1636.  Rhode  Island  settled  at  Providence,  June  . 64 

1637.  PequodWar 62 

1638.  New  Haven  Colony  founded 63 

Delaware  settled  near  "Wilmington  by  the  Swedes,  April      ...  69 

1641.    New  Hampshire  united  to  Massachusetts 61 

1643.  Union  of  the  New  England  Colonies,  May  29     ....'.  57 

1644.  Second  Indian  massacre  in  Virginia,  April  18 51 

Charter  granted  to  Rhode  Island. — Providence  and  Rhode  Island 

plantations  united,  March  14 65 

1655.    Civil  "War  in  Maryland 73 

New  Sweden  conquered  by  the  Dutch,  October 66 

1660.    Navigation  Act,  passed  in  1651,  now  enforced  .  • 51 

1662.  Charter  granted  to  Connecticut,  April  20 63 

1663.  Albemarle  Colony  formed,  March  24 74 

1664.  New  Netherland  conquered  by  the  English  and  called  New  York, 

September 67 

New  Jersey  settled  at  Elizabethtown 68 

1670.    South  Carolina  settled  on  the  Ashley  River 74 

1675-'76.    King  Philip's  "War 57 

1676.    Bacon's  rebellion,  April 52 

1679.  New  Hampshire  made  a  royal  province 61 

1680.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  founded 74 

1682.  Pennsylvania  settled  ...       - 69 

Delaware  granted  to  William  Penn  by  the  Duke  of  York,  Aug.  31    .  70 

1683.  Philadelphia  founded  by  William  Penn,  February 70 

1686.    Andros  arrived  in  Boston  as  governor  of  New  England,  Dec.  20       .  59 

1689.  King  William's  War 77 

Andros  deposed 50 

1690.  Schenectady  burned  by  the  Indians  and  the  French      ....  77 

1682.    Salem  witchcraft .60 

1697.    Peace  of  Ryswick  terminated  King  William's  War       ....  78 


1702.]         DEVELOPMENT     OF     ENGLISH     COLONIES.  99 

PAGE 

1702,    Queen  Anne's  "War  commenced 79 

Delaware  secured  a  separate  legislative  assembly 72 

1710.    Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  captured  by  the  English,  and  named  Annapolis   .       .  79 

1713.    Queen  Anne's  "War  closed  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht 80 

1732.  Washington  born,  February  22 76 

1733.  Georgia  settled  by  Oglethorpe  at  Savannah,  February  l;i    .       .       .       .  76 
1739.    The  Spanish  War  began 80 

1744.  King  George's  War  began 80 

1745.  Louisburg  captured  by  the  English,  June  17 80 

1748.    King  George's  War  ended  by  the  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapello        ...  81 

1753.  Washington  sent  with  a  letter  by  Dinwiddie  to  St.  Pierre,  Oct.  31  .       .  81 

1754.  Battle  at  Great  Meadows, — Fort  Necessity  captured  by  French         .       .  83 

1755.  The  French  driven  from  Acadia,  June — December 85 

Braddock  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Monongahela,  July  9     ....  84 

The  British  defeated  Dieskau  at  Lake  George,  September  8       ...  86 

1756.  War  first  formally  declared  by  the  English  against  the  French       .  83 
French  under  Montcalm  captured  Fort  Oswego,  August  14        ...  87 

1757.  Fort  William  Henry  surrendered  to  Montcalm,  August  9    ....  86 

1758.  Abcrcrombio  repulsed  at  Fort  Ticonderoga,  July  8 87 

Louisburg  taken  by  Amherst  and  Wolfe,  July  27 86 

Fort  Frontenac  captured  by  the  colonists,  August  27 87 

Fort  Duquesne  taken  by  the  English,  November  25 85 

1 759.  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  abandoned  by  the  French    ....  87 

Niagara  surrendered  to  England,  July  25 87 

Battle  of  Plains  of  Abraham, — Quebec  surrendered 89 

1760.  Montreal  surrendered  to  the  English,  September  8 89 

1761.  William  Pitt,  the  "  Great  Commoner  ",  resigned 

1763.    Peace  of  Paris 89 

Pontiac's  War  90 


REFERENCES    FOR    READING. 

Palfrey's  History  of  New  England.— Parkman's  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac.—Neal's  History  of 
the  Puritans. — Holmes'1  Robinson  of  Leyden  (Poem). — Mrs.  Hemans*  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims 
(Poem).—Martyn's  Pilgrim  fathers  of  New  England.—  Elliott's  History  of  New  England.— 
Hopkins'1  Youth  of  the  Old  Dominion. — Simms'  Smith  and  Pocahon,tas. — Mrs.  Sigourney's  Poca- 
hontas  (Poem). — Longfellow's  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  and  Evangeline  (Poems). — Hollands's 
Bay  Path.— Irving's  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York,  and  King  Philip's  War  (Sketch 
Book). -^Cooper's  Last  of  the  Mohicans. •'f-James'  Ticonderoga. — Hubbard's  History  of  Indian  Wars 
in  New  England.— Hall's  Puritans  and  their  Principles.— Randatt's  School  History  of  New 
York.—Paulding's  Ode  to  Jamestown  (Poem),  and  his  Dutchman's  Fire-Side  (a  novel).— Street's 
Frontenac  (a  romance). — Mrs.  Childs'  Hobomok  (a  novel). — Margaret  Smith's  Journal  (by  Whit- 
tier).— Harper's  Magazine,  Vol.  52,  Up  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  (Life  in  Colony  of  S.  C.) ;  Vol. 
66,  Maryland  and  the  Far  South,  The  Middle  Colonies,  New  England  in  Colonial  Period,  and 
The  French  Voyageurs. — Sanborn's  History  of  New  Hampshire. — Holland's  History  of  Western 
Massachusetts. — Greene's  History  of  Rhode  Island.— Hottister's  History  of  Connecticut.— Cooke's 
Stones  of  the  Old  Dominion. — Eggleston's  Pocahontas,  The  "American  Commonwealths'' 
Series. — Towle's  Raleigh,  Vasco  da  Gamx,  etc. 


100 


BARNES'     BRIEF     HISTORY. 


BLACKBOARD     ANALYSIS. 


Introduct  ion . 


1 .   Virginia. 


What  is  told  in  this  Epoch  ? 

1.  Character  of  the  Colonists. 

2.  John  Smith. 

3.  The  Second  Charter. 

4.  The  "  Starving  Time  ". 

5.  The  Third  Charter. 

6.  Marriage  of  Pocahontas. 

7.  First  Colonial  Assembly. 

8.  Prosperity  of  the  Colony. 

9.  Slavery  Introduced  (1619). 

10.  Indian  Troubles. 

11.  Virginia  Becomes  a  Royal  Province. 

12.  Period  of  Oppression. 
.  13.  Bacon's  Rebellion. 


2.    Massachusetts. 


1.  Plymouth  Colony. 


2.  Mass.  Bay   Colony. 


3.  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

I.  Settlement. 

3.  Three  Colonies 

4.  Royal  Charter. 
1.  Settlement. 


1.  Landing  of  Pilgrims. 

2.  Character  of  Pilgrims. 
"    Sufferings  of  Pilgrims. 

The  Indians. 

Progress  of  Colony. 
1    Settlement. 

Religious  Disturbances. 

Union  of  Colonies. 

King  Philip's  War. 

N.  E.  a  Royal  Province. 
6.  Salem  Witchcraft. 


Connecticut. 


5.   Rhode  Island. 


6.   New  York. 


7.   New  Jersey. 


Pennsylvania 
and  Delaware. 


10.   Maryland. 


11,  12.   The  Carol inas. 


-10 


I  2.  A  Charter. 

(   1.  Settlement. 

-(   2.  Four  Dutch  Governors. 

(   3.  The  English  Governors. 

I   1.  Settlement. 

•<   2.  East  and  West  Jersey. 

(  3.  Jersey  United. 

1.  Settlement. 

2.  Philadelphia  Founded. 

3.  The  Great  Law. 

4.  Penn's  Treaty. 

5.  Penn's  Return  to  England. 

6.  Delaware. 

7.  Penn's  Heirs. 

1.  Settlement. 

2.  The  Charter. 

3.  Civil  Wars. 

1.  Settlement. 

2.  The  Grand  Model. 

3.  North  and  South  Carolina  Separated. 

1.  Settlement. 

2.  The  Trustees. 


Inter-Colonial 
Wars.    (1689-1763.) 


I    15.   Colonial  Civilization. 


1 

King    William's 
(1689-'97.) 

War. 

•    a.  Cause. 
6.  Attacks  upon  the  Colonists, 
c.  Attacks  by  the  Colonists. 
,   d.  Peace. 

a.  Cause. 

2. 

Queen     Anne's 

War. 

b.  Attacks  upon  the  Colonists. 

(1702-'18.) 

e.  Attacks  by  the  Colonists. 
>.   d.  Peace. 

s. 

King     George's 

War. 

' 

a.  Capture  of  Louisburg. 

(1744-M8.) 

6.  Peace. 

r    a.  Cause. 

6.  Washington's  Journey. 

4. 

French  and  Indian  War.   . 

(1754-'63.) 

c.  War  Opens. 
d.  Five  Objective  Points. 
e.  Peace. 

/.  Pontiac's  War. 

'    g.  Effects. 

>(  WifiiiingUin  Dar 

lington     'Keadinj 
* 


'/  l^jf.Y<M» 

jy&?.:£?^> 

II'IMTY  OK  XKW  YORK 


VICINITY  OF  B( 


CV>pyV*<  '"^  iy 


PENNSYLVANIA 


THREE  SECTION  MAPS 

''  TO  ILLUSTRATE 

<>  THE  ROUTES  OF 

THE  BRITISH  ARMY 

IN  THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


60  100 

The  doited  lines  indicate,  routes  take.n  by  the  British 


..•THE,, 

I  REVOLUTIONARY  WARk. 


Remote  Causes. — En- 
gland treated  the  settlers  as  an  inferior 
class  of  people.  Her  intention  was  to  make  and  keep  the 
colonies  dependent.  The  laws  were  framed  to  favor  the 
English  manufacturer  and  merchant  at  the  expense  of 
the  colonist.  The  Navigation  Acts  compelled  the  Amer- 
ican farmer  to  send  his  products  across  the  ocean  to  En- 
gland, and  to  buy  his  goods  in  British  markets.  American 
manufactures  were  prohibited.  Iron  works  were  denounced 

Oiii-stioHx  on  the  Geography  of  the  Third  Epoch. — Locate  Boston.  Portsmouth. 
Newport.  Philadelphia.  Salem.  Concord.  Lexington.  Whitehall.  Cambridge. 
New  London.  Charleston.  Charlestown.  Brooklyn.  New  York.  White  Plains. 
North  Castle.  Cherry  Valley.  Elizabethtown.  Trenton.  Princeton.  G-ermantown. 
Albany.  Oriskany.  Bennington.  Yorktown.  Monmouth  C.  H.  Quebec.  Dan- 
bury.  Savannah.  Augusta.  Norfolk.  Norwalk.  Fairfield.  New  Haven.  Elmira. 
Camden.  Hanging  Rock.  Cowpens.  Guilford  C.  H.  Wilmington.  Eutaw  Springs. 

Locate  Crown  Point.  Fort  Ticonderoga.  Port  Edward.  Port  Q-riswold.  Port 
Moultrie  (Port  Sullivan).  Port  Washington.  West  Point.  Port  Schuyler  (Fort 
Stanwix).  Stony  Point.  Port  Lee.  Fort  Mifflin.  Fort  Mercer. 

Describe  the  Brandywine  Creek.  Mohawk  River.  Waxhaw  Creek.  Catawba 
River.  Yadkin  River.  Dan  River.  Delaware  River. 

Locate  Valley  Forge.  Ninety  Six.  Dorchester  Heights.  Morristown.  King's 
Mount  .in.  ""  -emis'  Heights.  Wyoming, 


102  EPOCH    III.  [1765. 

as  "common  nuisances".  Even  William  Pitt,  the  friend  of 
America,  declared  that  she  had  no  right  to  manufacture  even 
a  nail  for  a  horseshoe,  except  by  permission  of  Parliament.* 

The  Direct  Cause  was  an  attempt  to  tax  the  colonies  in 
order  to  raise  money  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  recent 
war.  As  the  colonists  were  not  represented  in  Parliament, 
they  resisted  this  measure,  declaring  that  TAXATION  WITHOUT 
REPRESENTATION  is  TYRANNY.  The  British  government,  how- 
ever, was  obstinate,  and  began  first  to  enforce  the  odious 
laws  against  trade.  Smuggling  had  become  very  common, 
and  the  English  officers  were  granted 

Writs  of  Assistance,  as  they  were  called,  or  warrants  au- 
thorizing them  to  search  for  smuggled  goods.  Under  this 
pretext,  any  petty  custom-house  official  could  enter  a  man's 
house  or  store  at  his  pleasure.  The  colonists  believed  that 
"  every  man's  house  is  his  castle  ",  and  resisted  such  search 
as  a  violation  of  their  rights,  f 

Tli e  Stamp  Act  (1765),  which  ordered  that  stamps  bought 
of  the  British  government,  should  be  put  on  all  legal  docu- 
ments, newspapers,  pamphlets,  etc.,  thoroughly  aroused  the 
colonists.  J  The  houses  of  British  officials  were  mobbed. 
Prominent  loyalists  were  hung  in  effigy.  Stamps  were;  seized. 

*  The  exportation  of  hats  from  one  colony  to  another  was  prohibited,  and  no 
hatter  was  allowed  to  have  more  than  two  apprentices  at  a  time.  The  importation 
of  sugar,  rum,  and  molasses,  was  burdened  with  exorbitant  duties;  and  the  Caro- 
linians were  forbidden  to  cut  down  the  pine-trees  of  their  vast  forests,  in  order  to 
convert  the  wood  into  staves,  or  the  juice  into  turpentine  and  tar  for  commercial 
purposes.  "To  print  an  English  Bible  would  have  been  an  act  of  piracy." 

t  The  matter  was  brought  before  a  general  court,  held  in  Boston,  where  James 
Otis,  advocate-general,  coming  out  boldly  on  the  side  of  the  people,  exclaimed,  "  To 
my  dying  day  I  will  oppose,  with  all  the  powers  and  faculties  God  has  given  me,  all 
such  instruments  of  slavery  on  the  one  hand  and  villainy  on  the  other."  "  Then  and 
there  ",  said  John  Adams,  "  the  trumpet  of  the  Revolution  was  sounded." 

I  The  assembly  of  Virginia  was  the  first  to  make  public  opposition  to  this  odious 
law.  Patrick  Henry,  a  brilliant  young  lawyer,  introduced  a  resolution  denying  the 
right  of  Parliament  to  tax  America.  He  boldly  asserted  that  the  king  had  played  the 
tyrant ;  and,  alluding  to  the  fate  of  other  tyrants,  exclaimed,  "  Caesar  had  his  Brut  us, 
Charles  I.  his  Cromwell,  and  George  IH."— here  pausing  till  tho  cry  c  if  "  Treason  I 


1766.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY    WAR.  103 

The  agents  were  forced  to  resign.  People  agreed  not  to  use 
any  article  of  British  manufacture.*  Associations,  called  the 
"  Sons  of  Liberty  ",f  were  formed  to  resist  the  law.  Delegates 
from  nine  of  the  colonies  met  at  New  York  and  framed  a 
Declaration  of  Rights,  and  a  petition  to  the  king  and  Parlia- 
ment. The  1st  of  November,  appointed  for  the  law  to  go 
into  effect,  was  observed  as  a  day  of  mourning.  Bells  were 
tolled,  flags  raised  at  half-mast,  and  business  was  suspended.! 
Samuel  and  John  Adams,  Patrick  Henry,  and  James  Otis, 
by  their  stirring  and  patriotic  speeches,  aroused  the  people 
over  the  whole  land. 

Alarmed  by  these  demonstrations,  the  English  govern- 
ment repealed  the  Stamp  Act  (1766),  but  still  declared  its 
right  to  tax  the  colonies.  Soon,  new  duties  were  laid  upon 
tea,  glass,  paper,  etc.,  and  a  Board  of  Trade  was  established 
at  Boston  to  act  independently  of  the  colonial  assemblies. 

Mutiny  Act. — Anticipating  bitter  opposition,  troops  were 
sent  to  enforce  the  laws.  The  "  Mutiny  Act ",  as  it  was  called, 

Treason  I  "  from,  several  parts  of  the  house  had  ended,  ho  deliberately  added — "may 
profit  by  their  examples.  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it." — John  Ashe, 
speaker  of  the  North  Carolina  Assembly,  declared  to  Governor  Tryon,  "This  law 
will  bo  resisted  to  blood  and  to  death." 

*  The  newspapers  of  the  day  meiition  many  wealthy  people  who  conformed  to  this 
agreement.  On  one  occasion,  forty  or  fifty  young  ladies,  who  called  themselves 
"  Daughters  of  Liberty  ",  brought  their  spinning-wheels  to  the  house  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Morehead,  in  Boston,  and  during  the  day  spun  two  hundred  and  thirty-two  skeins 
of  yarn,  which  they  presented  to  their  pastor.  "  Within  eighteen  mouths  ",  wrote  u 
gentleman  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  "  four  hundred  and  eighty-seven  yards  of  cloth  and 
thirty-six  pairs  of  stockings  have  been  spun  and  knit  in  the  family  of  James  Nixon, 
of  this  town."  In  Newport  and  Boston,  the  ladies,  at  their  tea-drinkings,  used, 
instead  of  imported  tea,  the  dried  leaves  of  the  raspberry.  The  class  of  1770,  at 
Cambridge,  took  their  diplomas  in  homespun  suits. 

t  This  name  was  assumed  from  the  celebrated  speech  of  Barre  on  the  Stamp  Act, 
in  which  he  spoke  of  the  colonists  as  "  Sons  of  Liberty  ".  (Bancroft's  TJ.  S.,  ILL,  100.) 

$  At  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  a  coffin  inscribed  " LIBERTY,  aged  CXLV  years",  was 
borne  to  an  open  grave.  With  muffled  drums  and  solemn  tread,  the  procession  moved 
from  the  State  House.  Minute  guns  were  fired  until  the  grave  was  reached,  when  a 
funeral  oration  was  pronounced  and  the  coffin  lowered.  Suddenly  it  was  proclaimed 
that  there  were  signs  of  life.  The  coffin  was  raised,  and  the  inscription  "  Liberty 
Revived  "  added.  Bells  rang,  trumpets  sounded,  men  shouted,  and  a  jubilee  ensued. 


104  EPOCH     III.  [1768. 

ordered  that  the  colonies  should  provide  these  soldiers  with 
quarters  and  necessary  supplies.  This  evident  attempt  to 
enslave  the  Americans  aroused  burning  indignation.  To  be 
taxed  was  bad  enough,  but  to  shelter  and  feed  their  oppress- 
ors was  unendurable.  The  New  York  assembly,  having  re- 
fused to  comply,  was  forbidden  to  pass  any  legislative  acts. 
The  Massachusetts  assembly  sent  a  circular  to  the  other 
colonies  urging  a  union  for  redress  of  grievances.  Parlia- 
ment, in  the  name  of  the  king,  ordered  the  assembly  to  re- 
scind its  action ;  but  it  almost  unanimously  refused.  In  the 
meantime,  the  assemblies  of  nearly  all  the  colonies  had  de- 
clared that  Parliament  had  no  right  to  tax  them  without 
their  consent.  Thereupon,  they  were  warned  not  to  imitate 
the  disobedient  conduct  of  Massachusetts. 
-(^Boston,  Massacre. — Boston  being  considered  the  hot-bed 
of  the  rebellion,  General  Gage  was  ordered  to  send  thither 
two  regiments  of  troops.  They  entered  on  a  quiet  October 
morning,  and  marched  as  through  a  conquered  city,  with 
drums  beating  and  flags  flying.  Quarters  were  refused,  but 
the  Sons  of  Liberty  allowed  a  part  to  sleep  in  Faneuil  Hall, 
while  the  rest  encamped  on  the  Common.  Cannon  were 
planted,  sentries  posted,  and  citizens  challenged.  Frequent 
quarrels  took  place  between  the  people  and  the  soldiers. 
One  day  (March  5,  1770),  a  crowd  of  men  and  boys,  mad- 
dened by  its  presence,  insulted  the  city  guard.  A  fight  en- 
sued, in  which  three  citizens  were  killed  and  eight  wounded. 
The  bells  were  rung ;  the  country  people  rushed  in  to  help 
the  city ;  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  quiet  was  restored.* 
Boston  Tea  Party  (Dec.  16,  1773). — The  government, 
alarmed  by  the  turn  events  had  taken,  rescinded  the  taxes, 

*  The  soldiers  were  tried  for  murder.  John  Adams  and  Josiah  Quincy,  who  stood 
foremost  in  opposition  to  British  aggression,  defended  them.  All  were  acquitted 
except  two,  who  were  found  guilty  of  manslaughter. 


1773.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  105 

except  that  on  tea — which  was  left  to  maintain  the  principle. 
An  arrangement  was  made  whereby  tea  was  furnished  at  so 
low  a  price,  that,  with  the  tax  included,  it  was  cheaper  in  - 
America  than  in  England.  This  subterfuge  exasperated 
the  patriots.  They  were  fighting  for  a  great  principle,  not 
against  a  paltry  tax.  At  Charleston,  the  tea  was  stored 
in  damp  cellars,  where  it  soon  spoiled.  The  tea-ships  at 
New  York  and  Philadelphia  were  sent  home.  The  British 
authorities  refused  to  let  the  tea-ships  at  Boston  return. 
Upon  this,  an  immense  public  meeting  was  held  at  Faneuil 
(fSnli)  Hall,*  and  it  was  decided  that  the  tea  should  never 
be  brought  ashore.  A  party  of  men,  disguised  as  Indians, 
boarded  the  vessels  and  emptied  three  hundred  and  forty- 
two  chests  of  tea  into  the  water,  f 

The  Climax  Reached. — Retaliatory  measures  were  at  once 
adopted  by  the  English  government.!.  General  Gage  was 
appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts.  The  port  of  Boston 
being  closed  §  by  act  of  Parliament,  business  was  stopped 
and  distress  ensued.  The  Virginia  assembly  protested 
against  this  measure,  and  was  dissolved  by  the  governor. 

*  Faneuil  Hall  was  the  rendezvous  of  the  Revolutionary  spirits  of  that  time- 
hence  it  has  been  called,  the  "Cradle  of  Liberty". 

t  On  their  way  home  from  the  "  Boston  Tea  Party  ",  the  men  passed  a  house  at 
which  Admiral  Montague  was  spending  the  evening.  The  officer  raised  the  window 
and  cried  out,  "  Well,  boys,  you've  had  a  fine  night  for  your  Indian  caper.  But, 
mind,  you've  got  to  pay  the  fiddler  yet."  "  O,  never  mind  ",  replied  one  of  the 
leaders,  "  never  mind,  squire  !  Just  come  out  here,  if  you  please,  and  we'll  settle 
the  bill  in  two  minutes."  The  admiral  thought  it  best  to  let  the  bill  stand,  and 
quickly  shut  the  window. 

$  The  public  feeling  in  England  was  generally  against  the  colonies.  "Every 
man",  wrote  Dr.  ITranklin,  "seems  to  consider  himself  as  a  piece  of  a  sovereign 
over  America ;  seems  to  jostle  himself  into  the  throne  with  the  king,  and  talks 
of  our  subjects  in  the  colonies." 

§  Marblehead  and  Salem,  refusing  to  profit  by  the  ruin  of  their  rival,  offered  the  use 
of  their  wharves  to  the  Boston  merchants.  Aid  and  sympathy  were  received  from  all 
sides.  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  sent  525  bushels  of  wheat.  The  people  of  Georgia  donated  63 
barrels  of  rice  and  $720  in  money.— Paul  Revere  rode  on  horseback  to  New  York 
and  Philadelphia,  scattering  copies  of  the  port-bill  printed  on  mourning  paper. 

* 


106  EPOCH     III.  [1774. 

Party  lines  were  drawn.  Those  opposed  to  royalty  were 
termed  Whigs,  and  those  supporting  it,  Tories.  Every-where 
were  repeated  the  thrilling  words  of  Patrick  Henry,  "  Give 
me  liberty  or  give  me  death."  Companies  of  soldiers,  termed 
"Minute  men",  were  formed.  The  idea  of  a  continental 
union  became  popular.  Gage,  being  alarmed,  fortified  Boston 
Neck,  and  seized  powder  wherever  he  could  find  it.  A  rumor 
having  been  circulated  that  the  British  ships  were  firing  on 
Boston,  in  two  days  thirty  thousand  minute  men  were  on 
their  way  to  the  city.  A  spark  only  was  needed  to  kindle 
the  slumbering  hatred  into  the  flames  of  war. 

The  First  Continental  Congress  (Sept.  5,  1774)  was  held 
in  Philadelphia.  It  consisted  of  men  of  influence,  and  rep- 
resented every  colony  except  Georgia.  As  yet,  few  members 
had  any  idea  of  independence.  The  Congress  simply  voted 
that  obedience  was  not  due  to  any  of  the  recent  acts  of 
Parliament,  and  sustained  Massachusetts  in  her  resistance. 
It  issued  a  protest  against  standing  armies  being  kept  in  the 
colonies  without  the  consent  of  the  people,  and  agreed  to 
hold  no  intercourse  with  Great  Britain. 


1775. 

Battle  of  Lexington  (April  19). — General  Gage,  learning 
that  the  people  were  gathering  military  stores  at  Concord, 
sent  about  eight  hundred  men,  under  Colonel  Smith  and 
Major  Pitcairn,  to  destroy  them.  The  patriots  of  Boston,  how- 
ever, were  on  the  alert,  and  hurried  out  messengers  to  alarm 
the  country.*  When  the  redcoats,  as  the  British  soldiers 
were  called,  reached  Lexington,  they  found  a  company  of 

*  Paul  Revere  caused  two  lights  to  be  hung  up  in  the  steeple  of  Christ  Church. 
They  were  seen  in  Charlestown;  messengers  set  out,  and  he  soon  followed  on  Iji.s 
famous  midnight  ride.  (Read  Longfellow's  poein.) 


1775.] 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR. 


107 


minute  men  gathering  on  the  village  green.  Riding  up, 
Pitcairn  shouted,  "Disperse,  you  rebels;  lay  down  your 
arms!"  They  hesitated.  A  skirmish  ensued,  in  which 


THE   BRITISH  RETREATING  FROM   LEXINGTON. 


seven  Americans — the  first  martyrs  of  the  Revolution — 
were  killed. 

The  British  pushed  on  and  destroyed  the  stores.  But 
alarmed  by  the  gathering  militia,  they  hastily  retreated.  It 
was  none  too  soon.  The  whole  region  flew  to  arms.  Every 
boy  old  enough  to  use  a  rifle  hurried  to  avenge  the  death  of 
his  countrymen.  From  behind  trees,  fences,  buildings,  and 
rocks,  in  front,  flank,  and  rear,  so  galling  a  fire  was  poured, 
that  but  for  reinforcements  from  Boston,  none  of  the  British 
would  have  reached  the  city  alive.  As  it  was,  they  lost 
nearly  three  hundred  men. 


108  EPOCH     III.  [1775. 

Effects  of  the  Battle. — The  news  that  American  blood  had 
been  spilled  flew  like  wild-fire.  Patriots  came  pouring  in 
from  all  sides.  Putnam,*  without  changing  his  working 
clothes,  mounted  his  horse,  and,  keeping  the  saddle  for 
eighteen  hours,  rode  to  Boston,  over  100  miles  distant.  Soon, 
20,000  men  were  at  work  building  intrenchments  to  shut  up 
the  British  in  the  city.  Congresses  were  formed  in  all  the  col- 
onies. Committees  of  safety  were  appointed  to  call  out  the 
troops  and  provide  for  any  emergency.  The  power  of  the 
royal  governors  was  broken  from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia. 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  (June  17).— The  patriot  leader, 
General  Ward,  having  learned  that  the  British  intended  to 
fortify  Bunker  Hill,  determined  to  anticipate  them.  A  body 
of  men,  under  Colonel  Prescott,  were  accordingly  assembled 
at  Cambridge,  and,  after  prayer  by  the  president  of  Harvard 
University,  marched  to  Charlestown  Neck.  Breed's  Hill  was 
then  chosen  as  a  more  commanding  site  than  Bunker  Hill. 
It  was  bright  moonlight,  and  they  were  so  near  Boston  that 
the  sentinel's  "All's  well",  was  distinctly  heard.  Yet  so 
quietly  did  they  work  that  there  was  no  alarm.  At  daylight, 
the  British  officers  were  startled  by  seeing  the  redoubt  which 
had  been  constructed.  Resolved  to  drive  the  Americans  from 


*  Israel  Putnam,  familiarly  known  as  "  Old  Put ",  was  born  In  Salem,  Mass.,  1718. 
Many  stories  are  told  of  his  great  courage  and  presence  of  mind.  His  descent  into 
the  wolf's  den,  shooting  the  animal  by  the  light  of  her  own  glaring  eyes,  showed  his 
love  of  bold  adventure ;  his  noble  generosity  was  displayed  in  the  rescue  of  a  comrade 
scout  at  Crown  Point,  at  the  imminent  peril  of  his  own  life.  He  came  out  of  one 
encounter  with  fourteen  bullet-holes  in  his  blanket.  At  Fort  Edward,  when  all  others 
fled,  he  alone  fought  back  the  fire  from  a  magazine  in  which  were  stored  three  hun- 
dred barrels  of  gunpowder,  protected  by  only  a  thin  partition.  "  His  face,  his  hands, 
and  almost  his  whole  body,  were  blistered ;  and  in  removing  the  mittens  from  his 
hands,  the  skin  was  torn  off  with  them."  In  1758,  a  party  of  Indians  took  him  pris- 
oner, bound  him  to  a  stake,  and  made  ready  to  torture  him  with  fire.  The  flames 
were  already  scorching  his  limbs,  and  death  seemed  certain,  when  a  French  officer 
burst  through  the  crowd  and  saved  his  life.  The  British  offered  him  money  and 
the  rank  of  major-general  if  he  would  desert  the  American  cause ;  but  he  could 
neither  be  daunted  by  toil  and  danger,  nor  bribed  by  gold  and  honors. 


1775.] 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR. 


109 


their  position,  Howe  crossed  the  river  with  three  thousand 
men,  and  formed  them  at  the  landing.  The  roofs  and  steeples 
of  Boston  were  crowded  with  spectators,  intently  watching 


HEFORE,   THE   RATTLE   OF   IUTNKER   RILL. 


the  troops  as  they  slowly  ascended  the  hill.  The  patriot  ranks 
lay  quietly  behind  their  earth-works  until  the  redcoats  were 
within  ten  rods,  when  Prescott  shouted  "Fire  !  "  Ablaze  of 
light  shot  from  the  redoubt,  and  whole  platoons  of  the  British 
fell.  The  survivors,  unable  to  endure  the  terrible  slaughter, 
broke  and  fled.  They  were  rallied  under  cover  of  the  smoke 
of  Charlestown,  which  had  been  wantonly  fired  by  Gage. 
Again  they  were  met  by  that  deadly  discharge,  and  again 
they  fled.  Reinforcements  being  received,  the  third  time 
they  advanced.  Only  one  volley  smote  them,  and  then  the 
firing  ceased.  The  American  ammunition  was  exhausted. 
The  British  charged  over  the  ramparts  with  fixed  bayonets. 


110 


EPOCH     III. 


[1775. 


The  patriots  gallantly  resisted  with  clubbed  muskets,  but 
were  soon  driven  from  the  field.* 

The  effect  upon  the  Americans  of  this  first  regular  battle 
was  that  of  a  victory.  Their  untrained  farmer  soldiers  had 
put  to  flight  the  British  veterans.  All  felt  encouraged,  and 
the  determination  to  fight  for  liberty  was  intensified. 

/"Capture  of  Ticonderoga  (May  10). — Ethan  Allen'fand 
Benedict  Arnold  led  a  small  company  of  volunteers  to  sur- 
prise this  fortress.  As  Allen  rushed  into  the  sally-port,  a  senti- 
nel snapped  his  gun  at  him  and  fled.  Making  his  way  to  the 
commander's  quarters,  Allen,  in  a  voice  of  thunder,  ordered 
him  to  surrender.  "By  whose  authority?"  exclaimed  the 
frightened  officer.  "  In  the  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah  and 
the  Continental  Congress  !  "  shouted  Allen.  No  resistance 

was    attempted. 

*  General  Warren 
•was  among  the  last  to 
leave.  As  he  was  try- 
ing to  rally  the  troops, 
a  British  officer,  who 
knew  him,  seized  a 
musket  and  shot  him. 
Warren  had  just  re- 
ceived his  appointment 
as  major-general,  but 
had  crossed  Charles- 
town  Neck  in  the 
midst  of  flying  balls, 
reached  the  redoubt, 
and  offered  himself  as 
a  volunteer.  He  was 
buried  near  the  spot 
where  he  died.  By  his 
death,  America  lost  one 
of  her  truest  eons.  Gage 
said  that  his  fall  was 
worth  that  of  five  hun- 
dred ordinary  rebels. 

t  Ethan  Allen  was  a 

native  of  Connecticut.     With  several  of  his  brothers,  he  emigrated  to  what  is 
now  known  as  Vermont.     A  violent  controversy  had  arisen  between  the  colony 


CAPTURE  OF  FORT  TICONDEROGA. 


. 

1775.]  THE     R  EVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  11  J 

Largo  stores  of  cannon  and  ammunition,  just  then  so 
much  needed  by  the  troops  at  Boston,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Americans,  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  Crown  Point 
was  soon  after  as  easily  taken.  (Map  opp.  p.  120.) 

The  Second  Continental  Congress  (May  10)  met  at 
Philadelphia  in  the  midst  of  these  stirring  events.  It 
voted  to  raise  20,000  men,  and  appointed  General  Wash- 
ington Commander-in-Chief.  A  petition  to  King  George 
III.  was  prepared,  which  he  refused  to  receive.  This 
destroyed  all  hope  of  reconciliation. 

Condition  of  the  Army. — On  Washington's  arrival  before 
Boston,  the  army  numbered  but  14,000  men.*  Few  of  them 
were  drilled  ;  many  were  unfit  for  service  ;  some  had  left 
their  farms  at  the  first  impulse,  and  were  already  weary  of 
the  hardships  of  war;  all  were  badly  clothed  arid  poorly 
armod,  and  there  were  less  than  nine  cartridges  to  each 

of  Now  York,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  colonies  of  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Connecticut,  on  the  other,  with  reference  to  the  territory.  The  gov- 
ernor of  New  Hampshire,  regardless  of  the  claims  of  New  York,  issued  grants  of  land 
so  extensively  that  the  region  became  known  as  the  New  Hampshire  Grants.  New  York 
having  obtained  a  favorable  decision  of  the  courts,  endeavored  to  eject  the  occupants 
of  the  land.  Ethan  Allen  became  conspicuous  in  the  resistance  that  ensued.  The 
"  Green  Mountain  Boys  "  made  him  their  colonel,  and  he  kept  a  watchful  eye  on  the 
officers  from  New  York,  who  sought  by  form  of  law  to  dispossess  the  settlers  of  farms 
which  had  been  bought  and  made  valuable  by  their  own  labor.  The  Revolutionary 
War  caused  a  lull  in  these  hostilities,  and  the  Green  Mountain  Boys  turned  their 
arms  upon  the  common  enemy.  Allen  subsequently  aided  Montgomery  in  his 
Canadian  expedition,  but,  in  a  fool-hardy  attempt  upon  Montreal,  was  taken  pris- 
oner and  sent  to  England.  After  a  long  captivity  he  was  released,  and  returned  home. 
Generous  and  frank,  a  vigorous  writer,  loyal  to  his  country  and  true  to  his  friends, 
he  exerted  a  powerful  influence  on  the  early  history  of  Vermont. 

*  At  Cambridge  (July  3),  beneath  the  spreading  elm,  ever  since  famous  in 
si'ncr  and  story,  Washington  assumed  command.  He  was  a  tall,  finely-formed, 
dignified,  man,  with  a  noble  air,  and  dressed,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  time, 
in  a  blue  broadcloth  coat,  buff  small  clothes,  silk  stockings,  and  a  cocked  hat.  As 
he  wheeled  his  horse  and  drew  his  sword,  a  shout  of  joy  went  up  from  the  crowd. 
Mrs.  Adams  wrote—"  These  lines  of  Dryden  instantly  recurred  to  me : 

'  Mark  his  majestic  fabric  I     His  a  temple 
Sacred  by  birth,  and  built  by  hands  divine ; 
His  soul's  the  Deity  that  lodges  there: 
Nor  is  the  pile  unworthy  of  the  God'." 


112  EPOCH     III.  [1775. 

soldier.  Washington  made  every  exertion  to  relieve  their 
wants,  and,  meanwhile,  kept  Gage  penned  up  in  Boston. 

Expedition  against  Canada. — Late  in  the  summer, 
General  Montgomery,  leading  an  army  by  way  of  Lake 
Champlain,  captured  St.  John's  and  Montreal,  and  then 
appeared  before  Quebec.  Here  he  was  joined  by  Colonel 
Arnold  with  a  crowd  of  half -famished  men,  who  had  ascended 
the  Kennebec  and  then  struck  across  the  wilderness. 

Attach  upon  Quebec. — Their  united  force  was  less  than 
one  thousand  effective  men.  Having  besieged  the  city  for 
three  weeks,  it  was  decided  to  hazard  an  assault.  In  the 
midst  of  a  terrible  snow-storm,  they  led  their  forces  to  the 
attack.  Montgomery  advancing  along  the  river,  lifting  at 
the  huge  blocks  of  ice,  and  struggling  through  the  drifts, 
cheered  on  his  men.  As  they  rushed  forward,  a  rude  block- 
house appeared  through  the  blinding  snow.  Charging  upon 
it,  Montgomery  fell  at  the  first  fire,  and  his  followers,  dis- 
heartened, fled.  Arnold,  meanwhile,  approached  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  city.  While  bravely  fighting,  he  was  severely 
wounded  and  borne  to  the  rear.  Morgan,  his  successor, 
pressed  on  the  attack,  but,  unable  either  to  retreat  or  ad- 
vance against  the  tremendous  odds,  was  forced  to  surrender. 
The  remnant  of  the  army,  crouching  behind  mounds  of 
snow  and  ice,  blockaded  the  city  until  spring.  At  the  ap- 
proach of  British  reinforcements,  the  Americans  were  glad 
to  escape,  leaving  Canada  in  the  hands  of  England. 

1776. 

Evacuation  of  Boston  (March  1 7). — Washington,  in  order 
to  compel  the  British  to  fight  or  run,  sent  a  force  to  fortify 
Dorchester  Heights  by  night.  In  the  morning,  the  English 
were  once  more  astonished  by  seeing  intreiichments  which 


1776.]  THE     KEVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  113 

overlooked  the  city.  A  storm  prevented  an  immediate 
attack — a  delay  which  was  well  improved  by  the  provin- 
cials. General  Howe,  who  was  then  in  command,  remem- 
bering the  lesson  of  Bunker  Hill,  decided  to  leave,  and 
accordingly  set  sail  for  Halifax  with  his  army,  fleet,  and 
many  loyalists.  The  next  day,  Washington  entered  Bos- 
ton amid  great  rejoicing.  For  eleven  months,  the  inhabit- 
ants had  endured  the  horrors  of  a  siege  and  the  insolence 
of  the  enemy.*  Their  houses  had  been  pillaged,  their 
shops  rifled,  and  their  churches  profaned. 

Attack  on  Fort  Moultrie  (June  28). — Early  in  the  sum- 
mer, an  English  fleet  appeared  off  Charleston,  and  opened 
fire  on  Fort  Moultrie.  f  So  fearful  was  the  response  from 
Moultrie's  guns,  that,  at  one  time,  every  man  but  Admiral 
Parker  was  swept  from  the  deck  of  his  vessel.  General 
Clinton,  who  commanded  the  British  land  troops,  tried  to 
attack  the  fort  in  rear,  but  the  fire  of  the  riflemen  was  too 
severe.  The  fleet  was  so  shattered  that  it  sailed  for  New 
York.  This  victory  delighted  the  colonists,  as  it  was  their 
first  encounter  with  the  boasted  "  Mistress  of  the  Seas  ". 

*  The  boys  in  Boston  were  wont  to  amuse  themselves  in  winter  by  building  snow- 
houses  and  by  skating  on  a  pond  in  the  Common.  The  soldiers  having  disturbed 
them  in  their  sports,  complaints  were  made  to  the  officers,  who  only  ridiculed  their 
petition.  At  last,  a  number  of  the  largest  boys  waited  on  General  Gage.  "  What  1 " 
said  Gage,  "  have  your  fathers  sent  you  here  to  exhibit  the  rebellion  they  have  been 
teaching  you  ? "  "  Nobody  sent  us  ",  answered  the  leader,  with  flashing  eye ;  "  we  have 
never  injured  your  troops,  but  they  have  trampled  down  our  snow-hills  and  broken 
the  ice  of  our  skating-pond.  We  complained,  and  they  called  us  young  rebels,  and 
told  us  to  help  ourselves  if  we  could.  We  told  the  captain,  and  he  laughed  at  us. 
Yesterday  our  works  were  destroyed  for  the  third  time,  and  we  will  bear  it  no 
longer."  The  British  commander  could  not  restrain  his  admiration.  "The  very 
children  ",  said  he,  "  draw  in  a  love  of  liberty  with  the  air  they  breathe.  Go,  my 
brave  boys,  and  be  assured,  if  my  troops  trouble  you  again,  they  shall  be  punished." 

t  Fort  Sullivan,  as  it  was  first  called,  was  christened  Fort  Moultrie,  after  its  gal- 
lant defender.  It  was  built  of  palmetto  logs,  which  are  so  spongy  that  balls  sink  into 
them  without  splitting  the  wood.  Here  floated  the  first  republican  flag  in  the  South. 
Early  in  the  action,  the  staff  was  struck  by  a  ball,  and  the  flag  fell  outside  the  fort. 
Sergeant  Jasper  leaped  over  the  breastwork,  caught  up  the  flag,  tied  it  to  a  sponge- 
staff  (an  instrument  for  cleaning  cannon),  and  hoisted  it  to  its  place.  The  next  day, 


114  EPOCH     III.  [1776. 

Declaration  of  Independence  (July  4).  —  During  the 
session  of  Congress  this  summer,  Richard  Henry  "Lee,  of 
Virginia,  moved  that  "  The  United  Colonies  are,  and  ought 
to  be,  free  and  independent  States";  John  Adams,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, seconded  the  resolution.  This  was  passed  (July 
2).  The  report  of  the  committee*  appointed  to  draw  up  a 
DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  was  adopted,  July  4.f  ^^ 

Campaign  near  New  York. — General  Howe,  after  evacu- 
ating Boston,  went  to  Halifax,  but  soon  set  sail  for  New 
York.  Thither,  also,  came  Admiral  Howe,  J  his  brother,  with 
reinforcements  from  England,  and  General  Clinton  from 
the  defeat  at  Fort  Moultrie.  The  British  army  was  thirty 
thousand  strong.  Washington,  divining  Howe's  plans,  now 
gathered  his  forces  at  New  York  to -protect  that  city.  Ho 
had,  however,  only  about  seven  thousand  men  fit  for  duty. 

Battle  of  Long  Island  (Aug.  27). —  The  British  army 
landed  on  the  south-west  shore  of  Long  Island.  General 

Governor  Rutledge  offered  him  a  lieutenant's  commission.  He  refused,  saying,  "I 
am  not  fit  for  the  company  of  officers ;  I  am  only  a  sergeant." 

*  Thomas  Jefferson,  John  Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Roger  Sherman,  and 
Robert  E,.  Livingston  composed  this  committee.  (See  pp.  334,  337.) 

t  During  the  day,  the  streets  of  Philadelphia  were  crowded  with  people  anxious  to 
learn  the  decision.  In  the  steeple  of  the  old  State  House,  was  a  be|l  on  which,  by  a 
happy  coincidence,  was  inscribed,  "  Proclaim  liberty  throughout  all  the  land  unto  all 
the  inhabitants  thereof."  In  the  morning,  when  Congress  assembled,  the  bell-ringer 
went  to  his  post,  having  placed  his  boy  below  to  announce  when  the  Declaration  was 
adopted,  that  his  bell  might  be  the  first  to  peal  forth  the  glad  tidings.  Long  he 
waited,  while  the  deliberations  went  on.  Impatiently  the  old  man  shook  his  head 
and  repeated,  "  They  will  never  do  it  1  They  will  never  do  it ! "  Suddenly  he  heard 
his  boy  clapping  his  hands  and  shouting,  "Ringl  Ringl"  Grasping  the  iron 
tongue,  he  swung  it  to  and  fro,  proclaiming  the  glad  news  of  liberty  to  all  the  land. 
The  crowded  streets  caught  up  the  sound.  Every  steeple  re-echoed  it.  All  that  night, 
by  shouts,  and  illuminations,  and  booming  of  cannon,  the  people  declared  their  joy. 

$  Parliament  authorized  the  Howes  to  treat  with  the  insurgents.  By  proclamation 
they  offered  pardon  to  all  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance.  This  document  was 
published  by  direction  of  Congress,  that  the  people  might  see  what  England  de- 
manded.—An  officer  was  sent  to  the  American  camp  with  a  letter  addressed  to 
"George  Washington,  Esq."  Washington  refused  to  receive  it.  The  address  was 
then  changed  to  "George  Washington,  &c."  But  Washington  declined  all  commu- 
nications which  did  not  recognize  his  position  as  commander  of  the  American  army. 


1776. 1  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  115 

Putnam,  with  about  eight  thousand  men,  held  a  fort  at 
Brooklyn  and  defenses  on  a  range  of  hills  south  of  the  city. 
The  English  advanced  in  three  divisions.  Two  of  these 
attacked  the  defenses  in  front,  while  Q-eneral  Clinton,  by  a 
circuitous  route,  gained  the  rear.  The  patriots  were  fight- 
ing gallantly,  when,  to  their  dismay,  they  heard  firing  be- 
hind them.  They  attempted  to  escape,  but  it  was  too  late. 
Out  of  about  four  thousand  Americans  engaged,  one  thou- 
sand were  lost.*  (Map  opposite  p.  1 2  0.) 

Had  Howe  attacked  the  fort  at  Brooklyn  immediately, 
the  Americans  would  have  been  destroyed.  Fortunately,  he 
delayed  for  the  fleet  to  arrive.  For  two  days,  the  patriots  lay 
helpless,  awaiting  the  assault.  On  the  second  night  after 
the  battle,  there  was  a  dense  fog  on  the  Brooklyn  side,  while 
in  New  York  the  weather  was  clear.  At  midnight,  the 
Americans  moved  silently  down  to  the  shore  and  crossed 
the  river. f  In  the  morning,  when  the  sun  scattered  the  fog, 
Howe  was  chagrined  to  find  his  prey  escaped. 

Washington,' 8  Retreat.  —  The  British,  crossing  to  New 
York,!  moved  to  attack  Washington,  who  had  taken  post  on 

*  Many  of  the  oaptives  were  consigned  to  the  Siigar  House  on  Liberty  Street,  and 
the  prison-ships  in  Wallabout  Bay.  Their  hard  lot  made  the  fate  of  those  who  per- 
ished in  battle  to  be  envied.  During  the  course  of  the  war,  over  11,000  American 
prisoners  died  in  these  loathsome  hulks.  Their  bodies  were  buried  in  the  beach, 
whence,  for  years  after,  they  were  washed  out  from  the  sand  by  every  tide.  In  1808, 
the  remains  of  these  martyrs  were  interred  with  suitable  ceremonies  near  the  Navy 
Yard,  Brooklyn ;  and,  in  1873,  they  were  finally  placed  in  a  vault  at  Washington  Park. 

t  The  Americans  embarked  at  a  place  near  the  present  Pulton  Ferry.  A  woman 
sent  her  negro  servant  to  the  British  to  inform  them  of  the  movements  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. He  was  captured  by  the  Hessians,  who  were  Overmans  from  Hesse  Cassel,  hired 
to  fight  by  the  British  government.  These,  not  being  able  to  understand  a  word  of 
English,  detained  him  until  the  morning.  His  message  was  then  too  late. 

J  Washington  desiring  to  gain  some  knowledge  of  Howe's  movements,  sent  Cap- 
tain Nathan  Hale  to  visit  the  English  camps  on  Long  Island.  He  passed  the  lines 
safely,  but  on  his  way  back  was  recognized  and  arrested  by  a  tory  relative.  Being 
taken  to  Howe's  head-quarters,  he  was  tried,  and  executed  as  a  spy.  No  clergyman 
was  allowed  to  visit  him ;  even  a  Bible  was  denied  him,  and  his  farewell  letters  to 
his  mother  and  sister  were  destroyed.  His  last  words  were,  "I  regret  only  that  I 
have  but  one  life  to  give  to  my  country." 


116  EPOCH     III.  [1776. 

HARLEM  HEIGHTS.  Finding  the  American  position  too  strong, 
Howe  moved  up  the  Sound  in  order  to  gain  the  rear.  Wash- 
ington then  withdrew  to  WHITE  PLAINS.  Here  Howe  came 
up  and  defeated  a  part  of  his  army.  Washington  next 
retired  into  a  fortified  camp  at  NORTH  CASTLE.  Howe,  not 
daring  to  attack  him,  returned  to  New  York  and  sent  the 
Hessians  to  take  FORT  WASHINGTON,  which  they  captured 
after  a  fierce  resistance  (Nov.  16). 

Flight  through  Neiv  Jersey. — Washington  had  now  re- 
tired into  New  Jersey  in  order  to  prevent  the  British  from 
marching  against  Philadelphia.  Cornwallis,  with  six  thou- 
sand men,  hurried  after  him,  and  for  three  weeks  pursued 
the  flying  Americans.  Many  of  the  patriots  had  no  shoes, 
and  left  their  blood-stained  foot-prints  on  the  frozen  ground. 
Oftentimes,  the  van  of  the  pursuing  army  was  in  sight  of 
the  American  rear-guard  At  last,  Washington  reached  the 
Delaware,  and,  all  the  boats  having  been  secured,  crossed 
into  Pennsylvania.*  Howe  resolved  to  wait  until  the  river 
should  freeze  over,  and  then  capture  Philadelphia,  mean- 
while quartering  his  troops  in  the  neighboring  villages. 

Condition  of  the  Country. — It  was  a  time  of  deep 
despondency.  The  patriot  army  was  a  mere  handful  of 
ragged,  disheartened  fugitives.  Many  people  of  wealth 
and  influence  went  over  to  the  enemy.  New  York  and 
Newport — the  second  city  in  size  in  New  England — were 
already  in  the  hands  of  the  British,  and  they  were  likely 
soon  to  seize  Philadelphia. 
>T  Battle  of  Trenton.  —  Washington  thought  it  time  to 

*  During  this  retreat,  Washington  repeatedly  sent  orders  to  General  Lee,  who  was 
then  at  North  Castle,  to  join  him.  Lee  hesitated,  and  at  last  moved  very  slowly. 
Five  days  after  this,  while  quartered  in  a  small  tavern  at  Baskingridge,  remote  from 
his  troops,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English  cavalry.  His  capture  was  con- 
sidered a  great  misfortune  by  the  Americans,  who  thought  him  the  best  officer 
in  the  army.  The  British  were  rejoiced,  and  declared  they  had  taken  the  "  Amer- 
ican Palladium  ", 


1776.] 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR. 


117 


strike  a  daring  blow.  On  Christmas  night,  in  a  driving 
storm  of  sleet,  amid  drifting  ice,  that  threatened  every 
moment  to  crush  the  boats,  he  crossed  the  Delaware 
with  twenty-four  hundred  picked  men,  fell  upon  the 


SURRENDER 


TRENTON. 


Hessians   at  Trenton,  in   the  midst   of    their  festivities,* 
captured  one  thousand  prisoners,  slew  their  leader,  f  and 

*  Hunt,  a  trader  with  friends  and  foes,  a  neutral,  had  invited  Rail,  the  Hessian 
commander,  to  a  Christmas  supper.  Card-playing  and  wine-drinking  were  kept  up 
all  night  long.  A  messenger  came  in  haste,  at  early  dawn,  with  a  note  to  the  colonel. 
It  was  sent  by  a  tory  to  give  warning  of  the  approach  of  the  American  forces.  The 
negro  servant  refused  admittance  to  the  bearer.  Knowing  its  importance,  he  bade 
the  negro  to  take  the  note  directly  to  the  officer.  The  servant  obeyed,  but  the 
colonel,  excited  by  wine  and  the  play,  thrust  it  unopened  into  his  pocket.  Soon  after 
daylight,  the  roll  of  drums  was  heard,  and  before  the  pleasure-loving  officer  could 
reach  his  quarters  the  Americans  were  in  pursuit  of  his  fleeing  soldiers. 

t  Before  leaving  Trenton,  Washington  and  Greene  visited  the  dying  Hessian.  It 
had  been  a  time  of  splendid  triumph  to  the  American  commander,  but  as  he  stood  by 
the  bedside,  the  soldier  was  lost  in  the  Christian,  and  the  victorious  general  showed 
himsrlt'  in  that  hour  only  ;i  sympathizing  friend. 


118  EPOCH    II  I.  [1777. 

safely  escaped  back  to  camp,  with  the  loss  of  only  four 
men — two  killed  and  two  frozen  to  death.  (Map  opposite 
p.  120.) 

The  effect  of  this  brilliant  feat  was  electrical.  The  fires 
of  patriotism  were  kindled  afresh.  New  recruits  were  re- 
ceived, and  the  troops  whose  term  of  enlistment  was  expir- 
ing, agreed  to  remain.  Howe  was  alarmed,  and  ordered 
Cornwallis,  who  was  just  setting  sail  for  England,  to  return 
and  prepare  for  a  winter's  campaign. 


1777 


Battle  of  Princeton  (Jan.  3). — Washington  soon  crossed 
the  Delaware  again,  and  took  post  at  Trenton.  Just  before 
sunset,  Cornwallis  came  up.  His  first  onset  being  repulsed, 
he  decided  to  wait  till  morning.  Washington's  situation 
was  now  most  critical.  Before  him  was  a  powerful  army  ; 
behind  him,  a  river  full  of  floating  ice.  That  night,*  leaving 
his  camp-fires  burning  to  deceive  the  enemy,  he  swept  by 
country  roads  around  the  British,  fell  upon  the  troops  near 
Princeton,  routed  them,  took  over  two  hundred  prisoners, 
and  by  rapid  marches  reached  Morristown  Heights  in  safety. 
Cornwallis  heard  the  firing  and  hurried  to  the  rescue,  but 
he  was  too  late.  The  victory  was  gained,  and  the  victors 
were  beyond  pursuit. 

*  Washington  had  forty  cannon.  At  night-fall,  the  ground  was  so  soft  that  ho 
could  not  move  them  ;  but,  while  the  council  was  in  session,  the  wind  changed,  and 
in  two  hours  the  roads  were  as  hard  as  pavement.  Erskine  urged  Cornwallis  to 
attack  the  Americans  that  night,  but  he  said  he  could  "  catch  the  fox  in  the  morn- 
ing ".  On  the  morrow,  the  fires  were  still  burning,  but  the  army  was  gone.  None 
knew  whither  the  patriots  had  fled.  But  at  sunrise  there  was  a  sound  of  firing  in  the 
direction  of  Princeton.  The  report  of  the  cannon  through  the  keen  frosty  air  could 
be  distinctly  heard,  but  Cornwallis  believed  it  to  be  distant  thunder.  Erskine,  how- 
ever, exclaimed,  "To  arms,  general  1  Washington  has  outgeneraled  us.  Let  us  fly 
to  the  rescue  at  IMncetou ! " 


1777.] 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY    WAR. 


119 


These  exploits  won  for  Washington  universal  praise,* 
and  he  was  declared  to  be  the  saver  of  his  country. 

Campaign  in  Pennsylvania.  —  Howe,  having  spent  the 
next  summer  at  New  York,  where  he  was  closely  watched  by 
Washington,  finally  took  the  field,  and  maneuvered  to  force 
the  patriot  army  to  a  general 
fight.  Finding  the  "American 
Fabius"  too  wary  for  him,  he 
suddenly  embarked  eighteen 
thousand  men  on  his  brother's 
fleet,  and  set  sail.  Washington 
hurried  south  to  meet  him.  The 
patriot  army  numbered  only 
11,000,  but  when  Washington 
learned  that  the  British  had 
arrived  in  the  Chesapeake,  he 
resolved  to  hazard  a  battle  for 
the  defense  of  Philadelphia. 

Battle  of  Brandywine  (Sept.  11). — The  Americans  took 
position  at  Chad's  Ford,  on  the  Brandywine.  Here  they 
were  attacked  in  front  while  Cornwallis  stole  around  to  the 
rear,  as  Clinton  had  done  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  Sul- 
livan, Stirling,  La  Fayette,f  Wayne,  arid  Count  Pulaski,  in 

*  Frederick  the  Great  of  Prussia  is  said  to  have  declared  that  the  achievements 
of  Washington  and  his  little  band,  during  the  six  weeks  following  Christmas,  were 
the  most  brilliant  recorded  on  the  pages  of  military  history. 

t  La  Fayette's  full  name  was  Marie  Jean  Paul  Boch  Yves  Gilbert  Metier  Marquis 
de  La  Fayette.  At  a  banquet  in  honor  of  the  brother  of  the  English  king,  he  flrsft  heard 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  won  by  its  arguments,  and  from  that  time 
joined  his  hopes  and  sympathies  to  the  American  cause.  Yet,  how  was  he  to  aid  it? 
The  French  nobility,  though  disliking  England,  did  not  indorse  the  action  of  her 
colonies.  He  was  not  yet  twenty  years  of  age ;  he  had  just  married  a  woman  whom 
he  tenderly  loved ;  his  prospects  at  home  for  honor  and  happiness  were  bright ;  to 
join  the  patriot  army  would  take  him  from  his  native  land,  his  wife,  and  all  his  cov- 
eted ambitions,  and  lead  him  into  a  struggle  that  seemed  as  hopeless  as  its  cause  wa* 
just.  Yet,  his  /.c;il  for  America  overcame  all  these  obstacles.  Other  difficulties  now 
arose.  IT  is  family  objected  ;  the  British  minister  protested;  the  French  king  with- 


MARQTTIS  DE  LA  FAYETTE. 


120  EPOCH    III.  [1777. 

vain  performed  prodigies  of  valor.  The  patriots  were 
routed,  Philadelphia  was  taken,  and  the  British  army  went 
into  quarters  there  and  at  Germantown.* 

Battle  of  Germantown  (Oct.  4). — Washington  would  not 
let  the  enemies  of  his  country  rest  in  peace.  A  few  weeks 
after  they  had  settled  down  for  the  winter,  he  made  a  night 
march,  and  at  sunrise  fell  upon  their  troops  at  Germantown. 
At  first,  the  attack  was  successful,  but  a  few  companies  of 
British  desperately  defending  a  stone  house  caused  delay. 
The  co-operation  of  the  different  divisions  was  prevented  by 
a  dense  fog,  which  also  hid  the  confusion  of  the  enemy,  so 
that  the  Americans  retreated  just  at  the  moment  of  victory. 
^Conclusion  of  the  Campaign  in  Pennsylvania. — After 
these  battles,  Howe  turned  his  attention  to  the  forts  on  the 
Delaware,  which  prevented  his  bringing  supplies  up  to 
Philadelphia.  The  gallant  defenders  were  soon  forced  by  a 
severe  bombardment  to  evacuate.  Washington  now  retired 
to  Valley  Forge  for  winter  quarters. 

Campaign  at  the  North." — While  the  British  had  been 
thus  successful  in  Pennsylvania,  their  victories  were  more 
than  counterbalanced  by  defeats  at  the  North.  An  attempt 
to  cut  off  New  England  from  New  York  by  an  expedition 
along  the  old  traveled  French  and  Indian  war  route  up  Lake 
Champlain,  ended  in  disaster,  f 

held  his  permission.  Still  undaunted,  he  purchased  a  vessel,  fitted  it  out  at  his  own 
expense,  and,  escaping  the  officers  sent  to  detain  him,  crossed  the  ocean.  As  soon  as 
he  reached  Charleston,  he  hastened  to  Philadelphia,  and  offering  himself  to  Congress 
asked  permission  to  serve  as  a  volunteer  without  pay.  A  few  days  after,  his  acquaint- 
ance with  Washington  began,  and  it  soon  ripened  into  a  tender  and  intimate  friend- 
ship. His  valor  won  for  him  a  commission  as  major-general  before  he  was  twenty-one. 

*  The  British  army  was  sadly  demoralized  by  the  festivities  of  their  winter  quar- 
ters. Franklin  wittily  said,  "  Howe  has  not  taken  Philadelphia  so  much  as  Philadel- 
phia has  taken  Howe." 

t  Besides  the  capture  of  Burgoyne's  army  (p.  125),  several  minor  events  occurred 
during  the  year,  which  served  to  encourage  the  people. — (1.)  Howe  sent  G/eneral  Tryon 
with  two  thousand  men  to  destroy  the  American  stores  at  Danbury,  Conn.  Having 
accomplished  his  work,  and  set  fire  to  the  town,  he  began  his  retreat,  plundering  the 


k^?3S._«t£  * 

1     A 


LAKE 
CHAMPLAIN 


CAMPAIGNS  IN  THE  NORTH . 

THE 
REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 


1777.]  /TMUB     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  121 

i  i 


Burgoyne's  Invasion.  —  In  June,  Burgoyne  marched  south 
from  Canada  with  an  army  of  over  eight  thousand  British 
and  Indians.  Forts  Crown  Point,  Ticonderoga,  and  Edward, 
and  the  supplies  at  Whitehall,  successively  fell  into  his 
hands.  General  Schuyler,  having  but  a  small  force,  could 
only  obstruct  his  path  through  the  wilderness,  by  felling  trees 
across  the  road  and  breaking  down  bridges.  The  loss  of  so 
many  strongholds  caused  general  alarm.  Lincoln  —  with  the 
Massachusetts  troops,  Arnold  —  noted  for  his  headlong  valor, 
and  Morgan  —  with  his  famous  riflemen,  were  sent  to  check 
Burgoyne's  advance.  Militiamen  gathered  from  the  neighbor- 
ing States,*  and  an  army  was  rapidly  collected  and  drilled. 
So  much  dissatisfaction,  however,  arose  with  Schuyler  that 

people  and  devastating  the  country  on  his  way.  But  the  militiamen  under  Wooster, 
A  mold,  and  Silliman,  handled  his  forces  so  roughly  that  they  were  glad  to  reach  thei  r 
boats.  General  Wooster,  who  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  pursuit,  was  nearly 
seventy  years  of  age,  but  fought  with  the  vigor  of  youth.  Two  horses  were  shot 
under  Arnold,  and  he  received  the  fire  of  a  whole  platoon  at  a  distance  of  thirty  yards, 
yet  escaped  uninjured.—  (2.)  Colonel  Meigs  avenged  the  burning  of  Danbury.  With 
about  two  hundred  men  he  crossed  in  whale-boats  to  Long  Island,  destroyed  a  great 
quantity  of  stores,  including  twelve  ships  at  Sag  Harbor,  took  ninety  prisoners,  and 
escaped  without  losing  a  man.  —  (3.)  The  Americans  were  anxious  to  offset  the 
capture  of  General  Lee.  General  Prescott,  who  then  held  command  in  Ehode  Island, 
finding  himself  surrounded  by  ships  and  a  superior  British  force,  became  very  negli- 
gent. Accordingly,  Colonel  Barton  formed  a  plan  to  capture  him.  Dexterously 
avoiding  the  enemy's  vessels,  he  rowed  ten  miles  in  whale-boats  and  with  about  forty 
militia  landed  near  Prescott  's  quarters.  Seizing  the  astonished  sentinel  who  guarded 
his  door,  they  hurried  off  the  half  -dressed  general.  A  soldier  escaping  from  the 
house  gave  the  alarm,  but  the  laughing  guard  assured  him  he  had  seen  a  ghost. 
They  soon,  however,  found  it  to  be  no  jesting  matter,  and  vainly  pursued  the  exult- 
ant Barton.  This  capture  was  very  annoying  to  Prescott,  as  he  had  just  offered  a 
price  for  Arnold's  head,  and  his  tyrannical  conduct  had  made  him  obnoxious  to  the 
people.  General  Howe  readily  parted  with  Lee  in  exchange  for  Prescott. 

*  The  outrages  of  the  Indians  along  the  route  led  many  to  join  the  army.  None  of 
their  bloody  acts  caused  more  general  execration  than  the  murder  of  Jane  McCroa. 
This  young  lady  was  the  betrothed  of  a  Captain  Jones,  of  the  British  army.  She  lived 
near  Fort  Edward,  in  the  family  of  her  brother,  who,  being  a  whig,  started  for  Albany 
on  Burgoyne's  approach.  But  she,  hoping  to  meet  her  lover,  lingered  at  the  house  of 
a  Mrs.  McNeil,  a  stanch  loyalist,  and  a  cousin  of  the  British  general,  Eraser.  Early 
one  morning,  the  house  was  surprised  by  Indians,  who  dragged  out  the  inmates  and 
hurried  them  away  toward  Burgoyne's  camp.  Mrs.  McNeil  arrived  there  in  safety. 
Soon,  another  party  came  in  with  fresh  scalps,  among  which  she  recognized  the  long 


122  EPOCH     III.  [1777. 

he  was  superseded  by  Gates  just  as  he  was  ready  to  reap  the 
result  of  his  well-laid  schemes.  "With  noble-minded  patriot- 
ism, he  made  known  to  Gates  all  his  plans  and  generously 
assisted  him  in  their  execution.  The  army  was  now  stationed 
at  Bemis'  Heights,  where  fortifications  were  thrown  up 
under  the  direction  of  Kosciusko*  (k6s  si  -as'  ko). 

Burgoyne's  Difficulties.  —  In  the  meantime,  before  Gates 
took  command,  two  events  occurred  which  materially  de- 
ranged the  plans  of  Burgoyne. 

1.  St.  Leger  had  been  sent  to  take  Fort  Schuylor,f  thence 
to  ravage  the  Mohawk  Valley  and  join  Burgoyne's  army  at 
Albany.  General  Arnold  being  dispatched  to  relieve  that 
fort,  accomplished  it  by  stratagem.  A  half-witted  tory  boy 
who  had  been  taken  prisoner,  was  promised  his  freedom,  if 
he  would  spread  the  report  among  St.  Leger's  troops  that  a 
large  body  of  Americans  was  close  at  hand.  The  boy,  having 
cut  holes  in  his  clothes,  ran  breathless  into  the  camp  of  the 
besiegers,  showing  the  bullet-holes  and  describing  his  narrow 
escape  from  the  enemy.  When  asked  their  number,  he  mys- 
teriously pointed  upward  to  the  leaves  on  the  trees.  The 
Indians  and  British  were  so  frightened  that  they  fled  pre- 
cipitately, leaving  their  tents  and  artillery  behind 


glossy  hair  of  her  friend.  The  savages  declared  that  she  had  been  killed  by  a  chance 
shot  from  a  pursuing  party  ;  whereupon  they  had  scalped  her  to  secure  the  bounty. 
The  precise  truth  has  never  been  known.  Captain  Jones  secured  the  sad  memento 
of  his  betrothed,  and  resigned.  The  government  refusing  his  resignation,  he  de- 
serted, and  for  over  fifty  years  lived  remote  from  society,  a  heart-broken  man. 

*  This  general  was  a  Pole  of  noble  birth.  While  in  Prance  he  formed  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Franklin,  who  recommended  him  to  Washington.  He  came  to  America  and 
offered  himself  "  to  fight  as  a  volunteer  for  American  independence  ".  "  What  can 
you  do  ?  "  asked  the  commander.  "  Try  me  ",  was  Kosciusko's  laconic  reply.  Wash- 
ington was  greatly  pleased  with  him,  and  made  him  his  aid.  He  became  a  colonel  in 
the  engineer  corps,  and  superintended  the  construction  of  the  works  at  West  Point. 
After  the  war,  he  returned  home  and  led  the  Poles  in  their  struggles  for  independ- 
ence. At  Cracow,  is  a  mound  of  earth,  150  feet  high,  raised  in  his  memory.  It  is 
composed  of  soil  brought  from  the  battle-fields  on  which  the  Poles  fought  for 
liberty.  In  the  new  world,  his  name  is  perpetuated  by  a  monument  at  West  Point. 

t  Fort  Stanwix,  on  the  site  of  Rome,  N.  Y.,  in  1776  was  named  after  Gten.  Schuyler. 


•• 


1777.1 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WA 


123 


2.  Burgoyne  sent  a  detachment  under  Colonel  Baum 
to  seize  the  supplies  the  Americans  had  collected  at  Ben- 
nington,  Vt.  General  Stark  with  the  militia  met  him 
there.  As  Stark  saw  the  British  lines  forming  for  the 
attack,  he  exclaimed.  "  There  are  the  redcoats :  we  must 


AENOLD  AT  SARATOGA. 


beat  them  to-day,  or  Betty  Stark  is  a  widow."  His  pa- 
triotism and  bravery  so  inspired  his  raw  troops  that 
they  defeated  the  British  regulars  and  took  over  six 
hundred  prisoners.* 

The  Two  Battles  of  Saratoga  (Sept.  19  and  Oct.  7).— Dis- 
appointed in  his  expectation  of  supplies  and  reinforcements 
from  both  these  directions,  Burgoyne  now  moved  south- 

*  One  old  man  had  five  sons  in  the  patriot  army  at  Bennington.  A  neighbor,  just 
from  the  field,  told  him  that  one  had  been  unfortunate.  "  Has  he  proved  a  coward  or 
a  traitor?"  asked  the  Bather.  "Worse  than  that,"  was  the  answer;  "he  has  fallen, 
but  while  bravely  fightinp  "  "  Ah."  said  the  father,  "  then  I  am  satisfied." 


124  EPOCH    III.  [1777. 

ward  and  attacked  Gates'  army  at  Bemis'  Heights  near  Sn  ra- 
toga.  The  armies  surged  to  and  fro  through  the  day,  like 
the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  tide.  The  strife  did  not  cease 
until  darkness  closed  over  the  battle-field.  For  two  weeks 
afterward,  both  armies  lay  in  camp  fortifying  their  positions, 
and  each  watching  for  an  opportunity  to  take  the  other  at  a 
disadvantage.*  Burgoyne,  finding  that  his  provisions  were 
low  and  that  he  must  either  fight  or  fly,  again  moved  out  to 
attack  the  Americans.  Arnold,  who  had  been  unjustly  de- 
prived of  his  command  since  the  last  battle,  maddened  by 
the  sight  of  the  conflict,  rushed  into  the  thickest  of  the  fight. f 
Gates,  fearing  that  he  might  win  fresh  laurels,  ordered  Major 
Armstrong  to  recall  him,  but  he  was  already  out  of  reach. 
He  had  no  authority  to  fight,  much  less  to  direct ;  but,  dash- 
ing to  the  head  of  his  old  command,  where  he  was  received 
with  cheers,  he  ordered  a  charge  on  the  British  line.  Urging 
on  the  fight,  leading  every  onset,  delivering  his  orders  in 
person  where  the  bullets  flew  thickest,  he  forced  the  British  J 
to  their  camp.  Here  the  Hessians,  dismayed  by  these  terrific 
attacks,  fired  one  volley  and  fled.  Arnold,  having  forced  an 
entrance,  was  wounded  in  the  same  leg  as  at  Quebec  (p.  1 1 2), 

*  The  British  camp  was  kept  in  continual  alarm.  Officers  and  soldiers  were  con- 
stantly dressed  and  ready  for  action.  One  night,  twenty  young  farmers  residing  near 
the  camp,  resolved  to  capture  the  enemy's  advance  picket-guard.  Armed  with  fowl- 
ing-pieces, they  marched  silently  through  the  woods  until  they  wore  within  a  few 
yards  of  the  picket.  They  then  rushed  out  from  the  bushes,  tho  captain  blowing  an 
old  horse-trumpet  and  the  men  yelling.  There  was  no  time  for  the  sentinel's  hail. 
"  Ground  your  arms,  or  you  are  all  dead  men  1 "  cried  the  patriot  captain.  Thinking 
that  a  large  force  had  fallen  upon  them,  the  picket  obeyed.  The  young  farmers,  with 
all  tho  parade  of  regulars,  led  to  the  American  camp  over  thirty  British  soldiers. 

t  So  fierce  was  the  battle,  that  a  single  cannon  was  taken  and  retaken  five  times 
Finally,  Colonel  Cilley  leaped  on  it,  waved  his  sword,  and  "dedicating  the  guri  to 
the  American  cause  ",  opened  it  upon  the  enemy  with  their  own  ammunition. 

$  General  Eraser  was  the  mind  and  soul  of  the  British  army.  Morgan  soon  saw 
that  this  brave  man  alone  stood  between  the  Americans  and  victory.  Calling  to  him 
some  of  his  best  men,  he  said,  "  That  gallant  officer  is  General  Fraser.  I  admire  and 
honor  him ;  but  he  must  die.  Stand  among  those  bushes  and  do  your  duty."  In  five 
minutes  Fraser  fell,  mortally  wounded. 


177?.]  THE    REVOLUTIONARY    WAft.  125 

and  borne  from  the  field,  but  not  until  he  had  won  a  victory 
while  Gates  stayed  in  his  tent. 

Effects  of  these  Battles.  —  Burgoyne  now  fell  back  to  Sara- 
toga. Hemmed  in  on  all  sides,  there  was  no  hope  of  escape. 
Indians  and  tories  were  constantly  deserting.  Provisions 
were  low  and  water  was  scarce,  as  no  one,  except  the  women, 
dared  go  to  the  river  for  it.  The  American  batteries 
commanded  the  British  camp.  While  a  council  of  war. 
held  in  Burgoyne  's  tent,  was  considering  the  question  of 
surrender,  an  1  8-lb.  cannon-ball  passed  over  the  table  around 
which  the  officers  sat.  Under  these  circumstances,  the 
decision  was  quickly  made.  The  entire  army,  nearly  six 
thousand  strong,  laid  down  their  arms,  and  an  American 
detachment  marched  into  their  camp,  to  the  tune  of  Yankee 
Doodle.  General  Burgoyne  handed  his  sword  to  General 
Gates,  who  promptly  returned  it. 

A  shout  of  joy  went  up  all  over  the  land  at  the  news  of 
this  victory.  From  the  despair  caused  by  the  defeats  of 
Brandywine  and  Germantown,  the  nation  now  rose  to  the 
highest  pitch  of  confidence. 


1778. 

Winter  in  Valley  Forge  (17  7  7-'  7  8).—  The  winter  passed 
in  Valley  Forge  was  the  gloomiest  period  of  the  war.  The 
continental  paper  money  was  so  depreciated  in  value  that  an 
officer's  pay  would  not  keep  him  in  clothes.  Many,  having 
spent  their  fortune  in  the  war,  were  compelled  to  resign,  in 
order  to  get  a  living.  The  men  were  encamped  in  cold,  com- 
fortless  huts,  with  little  food  or  clothing.  Barefooted,  they 
left  on  the  frozen  ground  their  tracks  in  blood.  Few  had 
blankets,  and  straw  could  not  be  obtained.  Soldiers,  who 
were  enfeebled  by  hunger  and  benumbed  by  cold,  slept  ou 


126 


EPOCH     III. 


[1778. 


the  bare  earth.  Sickness  followed.  With  no  change  of  cloth- 
ing, no  suitable  food,  and  no  medicines,  death  was  the  only 
relief.  Amid  this  terrible  suffering,  the  fires  of  patriotism 
burned  brightly.  Washington  felt  that  his  cause  was  just, 
and  inspired  all  around  him  with  his  sublime  faith.* 


IN  CAMP  AT  VALLEY  FORGE. 

Aid  from  France. — In  the  spring,  the  hearts  of  all  were 
gladdened  by  the  news  that,  through  the  efforts  of  Frank- 

*  During  this  winter,  Washington  was  quartered  at  the  house  of  Isaac  Potts.  One 
day,  while  Potts  was  on  his  way  up  the  creek  near  by,  he  heard  a  voice  of  prayer. 
Softly  following  its  direction,  he  soon  discovered  the  General  upon  his  knees,  his 
cheeks  wet  with  tears.  Narrating  the  incident  to  his  wife,  he  added  with  much 
emotion,  "  If  there  is  any  one  to  whom  the  Lord  will  listen,  it  is  George  Washington, 
and  under  such  a  commander,  our  independence  is  certain." — Besides  all  the  perils 
of  want  and  famine  which  he  shared  with  his  soldiers,  Washington  was  called  upon 
to  suffer  from  envy  and  calumny.  General  Conway,  a  cunning,  restless  intriguer, 
formed  a  cabal  of  officers  against  Washington,  rheir  plan  was  to  wound  his  f  eelings 
BO  that  he  would  resign.  In  that  event,  Gates,  whose  reputation  was  very  high, 
would  succeed  to  the  command.  Pennsylvania  sent  to  Congress  a  remonstrance  cen- 
suring Washington.  The  same  was  done  by  members  from  Massachusetts.  Fort- 
unately, the  army  and  the  best  citizens  knew  the  inspiration  of  the  movement  to  be 
jealousy,  and  their  indignation  was  unbounded.  Neither  Conway  nor  Adams  dared 
show  himself  among  the  soldiers,  and  the  attack  recoiled  on  the  heads  of  its  instiga- 
tors.— Soon  after  this,  England  sent  commissioners  with  liberal  proposals,  which,  bo- 
fore  the  war  commenced,  would  have  been  accepted ;  but  that  day  was  past.  Next, 
bribery  was  tried.  Among  those  approached  was  General  "Reed,  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  offered  ten  thousand  guineas  and  high  honors  if  he  would  exert  his  influence 
to  effect  a  reconciliation.  "I  am  not  worth  purchasing,"  said  the  honest  patriot, 
"but  such  as  I  am,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  is  not  rich  enough  to  buy  me." 


1778.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  127 

lin,*  France  had  acknowledged  the  Independence  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  a  fleet  was  on  its  way  to  help  them 
in  their  struggle. 

Battle  of  Monmouth  (June  28). — Howe  having  returned 
to  England,  Clinton  succeeded  him.  The  British  govern- 
ment, alarmed  by  the  sending  of  the  French  fleet,  ordered 
(Clinton  to  concentrate  his  forces  at  New  York.  Washing- 
ton rapidly  followed  the  English  across  New  Jersey  and 

*  Benjamin  Franklin  was  born  in  Boston,  1706 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  1790.  His 
father  was  a  soap  and  candle  maker,  with  small  means,  and  Benjamin,  being  the 
youngest  boy  among  17  children,  had  little 
opportunity  to  gratify  his  desire  for  knowl- 
edge. By  abstaining  from  meat,  he  man- 
aged to  buy  a  few  books,  which  he  diligently 
studied.  At  seventeen  years  of  age,  he 
landed  in  Philadelphia  with  a  silver  dollar 
and  a  shilling  in  copper.  As,  with  his  extra 
shirts  and  stockings  stuffed  in  his  pockets, 
he  walked  along  the  streets,  eating  the  roll 
of  bread  which  served  for  his  breakfast, 
his  future  wife  stood  at  her  father's  door 
and  smiled  at  his  awkward  appearance, 
little  dreaming  of  his  brilliant  future,  or  of 
its  interest  to  her.  He  soon  obtained  em- 
ployment as  a  printer.  Being  induced  by 

false  representations  to  go  to  England,  he  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 

found  himself  almost  penniless  in  a  strange 

land.  With  his  usual  industry,  he  went  to  work,  and  soon  made  friends  and  a  living. 
Returning  to  Philadelphia,  he  established  a  newspaper,  and  in  1732  commenced  to 
publish  "  Poor  Richard's  Almanac  ",  which  for  twenty  years  was  quite  as  popular  in 
Europe  as  in  America.  Its  common-sense  proverbs  and  useful  hints  are  household 
words  to  this  day.  Retiring  from  business  with  a  fine  fortune,  he  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  science.  His  discoveries  in  electricity  are  world-renowned.  (See  Steele's 
New  Physics,  pp.  228,  251.)  Franklin  was  an  unflinching  patriot.  While  in  England 
he  defended  the  cause  of  liberty  with  great  zeal  and  ability.  He  helped  to  draft  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  was  one  of  its  signers.  Having  been  appointed 
ambassador  to  France,  he  first  invested  all  his  ready  money,  $15,000,  in  the  conti- 
nental loan,  a  practical  proof  of  his  patriotism,  since  its  repayment  was  extremely 
improbable.  His  influence  at  the  French  court  was  unbounded.  He  was  revered  for 
his  wit,  his  genius,  his  dignity,  and  his  charming  conversation.  He  became  to  the 
American  cause  in  the  old  world  what  Washington  was  in  the  new.  On  his  return, 
he  was  elected  president  of  Pennsylvania  for  three  successive  years.  He  gave  the 
whole  of  his  salary,  $30,000,  to  benevolent  objects.  In  his  eighty-second  year,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention.  At  his  death,  twenty  thousand 
persons  assembled  to  do  honor  to  his  memory. 


128  EPOCH     III.  [1778. 

overtook  them  at  Monmouth.  General  Lee,*  who  conducted 
the  attack,  ordered  a  retreat.  The  men,  entangled  in  a 
swamp,  were  becoming  demoralized  as  they  retired  from  the 
field,  when  "Washington,  riding  up,  bitterly  rebuked  Lee,  by 
his  personal  presence  rallied  the  men,  and  sent  them  back 
against  the  enemy.  The  fight  lasted  all  that  long  sultry 
day.f  In  the  darkness  of  night,  Clinton  stole  away  with 
his  men  to  New  York. 

Campaign  in  Rhode  Island. — A  combined  attack  on 
Newport  was  arranged  to  be  made  by  the  French  fleet  under 
D'Estaing  (dSs  t&ng'),  and  the  American  army  under  General 
Sullivan.  Soon  after  the  French  entered  Narragansett  Bay, 
Howe  arrived  off  the  harbor  with  the  English  fleet.  D'Estaing 
went  out  to  meet  him.  A  storm  came  on,  which  so  shattered 
both  fleets  that  they  were  compelled  to  put  back  for  repairs. 
General  Sullivan,  being  thus  deserted,  retreated  just  in  time 
to  escape  Clinton,  who  came  from  New  York  with  rein- 
forcements. The  French  gave  no  further  aid  during  the  year. 

The  Wyoming  Massacre. — In  July,  a  band  of  tories  and 
Indians,  under  Butler,  entered  the  beautiful  valley  of  the 
Wyoming.  Most  of  the  able-bodied  men  had  gone  to  the  war. 
The  old  men  and  the  boys  armed  for  the  defense.  The 
women  and  children  fled  for  refuge  to  a  fort  near  the  present 
site  of  Wilkesbarre.  Taking  counsel  of  their  courage  and 
their  helpless  mothers,  wives,  and  children,  a  handful  of 


*  Charles  Lee,  for  his  conduct  at  Monmouth,  and  disrespectful  letters  to  Washing- 
ton, and  to  Congress,  was  dismissed  the  army.  He  retired  to  his  estate  in  Virginia, 
where  he  lived,  with  his  dogs,  in  a  rude  house  whose  partitions  were  chalk  marks  on 
the  floor — an  improvement  upon  walls  on  which  he  prided  himself. 

t  During  the  day,  an  artilleryman  was  shot  at  his  post.  His  wife,  Mary  Pitcher, 
while  bringing  water  to  her  husband  from  a  spring,  saw  him  fall  and  heard  the  com- 
mander order  the  piece  to  be  removed  from  the  field.  Instantly  dropping  the  pail, 
she  hastened  to  the  cannon,  seized  the  rammer,  and  with  great  skill  and  courage  per- 
formed her  husband's  duty.  The  soldiers  gave  her  the  nickname  of  Major  Molly. 
Congress  voted  her  a  sergeant's  commission  warrant  with  half -pay  through  life. 


1778]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  129 

men  sallied  out  to  meet  the  invaders,  but  were  quickly  de- 
feated. All  that  night,  the  Indians  tortured  their  prisoners  in 
every  way  that  savage  cruelty  could  devise.  The  fort  hav- 
ing been  surrendered  on  promise  of  safety,  Butler  did  his 
best  to  restrain  his  savage  allies,  but  in  vain.  By  night,  the 
whole  valley  was  ablaze  with  burning  dwellings,  while  the 
people  fled  for  their  lives  through  the  wilderness. 

1779. 

Campaign  at  the  South. — At  the  close  of  the  preceding 
autumn,  the  war  was  transferred  to  Georgia,  and  the  South 
became  henceforth  the  principal  seat  of  conflict.  Savannah 
and  Augusta  were  captured,  and  soon  the  entire  state  was 
conquered.  The  English  governor  being  restored,  England 
could  once  more  boast  of  a  royal  province  among  the  colo- 
nies. The  British  general,  Prevost  (preh  v5'),  next  marched 
against  Charleston.  He  had  scarcely  summoned  the  city 
when  he  heard  that  Lincoln,  his  dreaded  foe,  was  after  him 
with  the  militia,  and  he  was  glad  to  escape  back  to  Savannah. 

French--d.rnerican  Mtach  on  Savan^^a7^. — In  September, 
D'Estaing  joined  Lincoln  in  besieging  that  city.  After 
a  severe  bombardment,  an  unsuccessful  assault  was  made, 
in  which  a  thousand  lives  "were  lost.  Count  Pulaski  *  was 
mortally  wounded.  The  simple-hearted  Sergeant  Jasper 
died  grasping  the  banner  presented  to  his  regiment  at  Fort 
Moultrie.  D'Estaing  refused  to  give  further  aid ;  thus  again 
deserting  the  Americans  when  help  was  most  needed. 

*  Count  Pulaski  was  a  Polish  patriot  who,  having  lost  his  father  and  brothers  in 
the  hopeless  defense  of  his  country,  and  being  himself  outlawed,  came  to  fight  for 
the  freedom  of  America.  At  first,  he  served  as  a  volunteer.  He  fought  valiantly  at 
the  battle  of  Brandywine.  During  the  second  year,  he  commanded  an  independent 
corps,  called  "  Pulaski 's  Legion  ".  He  was  buried  in  the  Savannah  River.  The  corner- 
stone of  a  monument  raised  to  his  memory  in  Savannah,  was  laid  by  La  Fayette  while 
visiting  that  city  during  his  triumphal  progress  through  the  United  States. 


130  EPOCH     III.  [1779. 

Campaign  at  the  North. — Clinton  did  little  except  to 
send  out  predatory  parties.  Norwalk,  Fairfield,  and  New 
Haven,  Conn,  were  either  burned  or  plundered.  Tryon, 
who  commanded  the  Connecticut  expedition,*  boasted  of 
his  clemency  in  leaving  a  single  house  standing  on  the 
New  England  coast. 

The  Capture  of  Stony  Point,  by  General  "Wayne,  was 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  exploits  of  the  war.  The 
countersign,  which,  curiously  enough,  was  "The  fort  is 
ours  ",  was  obtained  from  a  negro  who  was  in  the  habit  of 
selling  strawberries  to  the  British.  He  guided  the  troops 
in  the  darkness  to  the  causeway  leading  over  the  flooded 
marsh  around  the  foot  of  the  hill,  on  which  the  fort 
was  situated.  The  unsuspicious  sentinel,  having  received 
the  countersign,  was  chatting  with  the  negro,  when  he  was 
suddenly  seized  and  gagged.  Wayne's  men  passed  over  the 
causeway  and  reached  the  base  of  the  hill  undiscovered. 
Forming  in  two  divisions,  with  unloaded  muskets  and  fixed 
bayonets,  they  commenced  the  ascent  of  the  steep  and  nar- 
row path  which  led  to  the  top.  They  had  nearly  reached 
the  picket  before  they  were  discovered.  Fire  was  at  once 
opened  upon  them.  Wayne  was  wounded,  but  commanded  h  is 
aids  to  carry  him  that  he  might  die  at  the  head  of  the  column. 
The  rush  of  his  men  was  irresistible.  An  instant  more,  and  a 
deafening  shout  told  that  the  fort  was  won.  The  British  lost 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  about  six  hundred  men. 

General  Sullivan's  Expedition. — The  atrocities  of  the 
Indians  had  kept  the  inhabitants  of  the  Wyoming  and 
Mohawk  valloys  in  continued  terror.  In  the  summer,  Gen- 

*  General  Putnam  was  at  Horse  Neck  when  Tryon  was  in  the  vicinity.  Hastily 
gathering  a  few  militia,  he  annoyed  the  British  as  long  as  possible,  and  then,  com- 
pelled to  flee  before  the  enemy's  overwhelming  force,  his  men  hid  themselves  in  the 
adjacent  swamp,  while  he,  spurring  his  spirited  horse  over  a  precipice,  descended  a 
zigzag  path,  where  the  British  dragoons  did  not  dare  to  follow. 


1779.] 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR. 


131 


eral  Sullivan  led  an  expedition  into  the  G-enesee  country. 
Near  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  he  fought  a  fierce  battle  with  the 
Indians  and  their  tory  allies.  The  savages,  being  defeated, 
fled  in  dismay,  while  Sullivan  marched  to  and  fro  through 
that  beautiful  region,  laying  waste  their  corn-fields,  felling 
their  orchards,  and  burning  their  houses.* 


CAPTURE    OF   STONY    POINT    BY    WAYNE. 


Naval  Exploits. — No  American  successes  caused  more 
annoyance  to  the  British  than  those  of  the  navy.  In 
1775,  Washington  fitted  out  several  vessels  to  cruise 
along  the  New  England  coast  as  privateers.  In  the  same 
year,  Congress  established  a  naval  department.  Swift 
sailing  vessels,  manned  by  bold  seamen,  infested  every 
avenue  of  commerce.  Within  three  years  they  captured 

*  The  Indians,  in  the  fertile  country  of  the  Cayugas  and  Senecas,  had  towns  and 
villages  regularly  laid  out ;  framed  houses,  some  of  them  well  finished,  painted  and 
having  chimneys ;  and  broad  and  productive  fields,  with  orchards  of  apple,  pear,  and 
peach  trees.  (See  note,  p.  12.) 


132  EPOCH     III.  [1779. 

five  hundred  ships.  They  even  cruised  among  the  British 
Isles,  and,  entering  harbors,  seized  and  burned  ships 
lying  at  English  wharves. 

Paul  Jones  is  the  most  famous  of  these  naval  heroes. 
While  cruising  with  a  squadron  of  five  vessels  off  the  north- 
east coast  of  England,  he  met  the  Serapis  and  the  Countess 
of  Scarborough  convoying  a  fleet  of  merchantmen.  At  half- 
past  seven  in  the  evening  of  September  23,  he  laid  his  own 
vessel,  the  Bonhomme  Richard,*  alongside  the  Serapis,  and 
a  desperate  struggle  ensued.  In  the  midst  of  the  engage- 
ment, he  lashed  the  ships  together.!  The  crews  then  fought 
hand  to  hand.  The  Richard  was  old  and  rotten.  Water 
poured  into  the  hold.  Three  times  both  vessels  were  on  fire. 
About  ten  o'clock,  the  Serapis  surrendered.  The  Pallas, 
one  of  Jones'  squadron,  captured  the  Countess  of  Scar- 
borough, but  his  other  ships  gave  no  aid.  Instead,  Cap- 
tain Landis,  of  the  Alliance,  treacherously  fired  into  the 
Richard,  hoping  to  force  Jones  to  surrender,  that  he  him- 
self might  have  the  glory  of  taking  the  Serapis  and  recov- 
ering the  Richard.  After  the  battle,  Jones  transferred  his 
crew  from  "the  fast  sinking  vessel  to  the  captured  frigate, 
and  sailed  for  Holland. 

1780. 

Campaign  at  the  South. — Georgia  having  been  subdued, 
the  war  was  now  renewed  in  South  Carolina.  Charleston 
was  attacked  by  land  and  sea.  General  Lincoln,  after 
enduring  a  siege  of  forty  days  and  a  terrible  bombardment, 

*  Jones  had  given  this  name  (Goodman  Richard)  to  his  ship  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  whose  sayings  as  "Poor  Richard"  he  warmly  admired. 

t  At  this  point,  the  contest  had  been  raging  an  hour,  and  the  ships  had 
twice  fallen  foul  of  each  other.  The  first  time,  the  Serapis  hailed  the  Richard, 
asking  if  she  had  "struck  her  colors".  "I  have  not  yet  begun  to  fight",  was  the 
reply  of  Jones. 


1780.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  133 

was  forced  to  surrender.  Marauding  expeditions*  were 
sent  out  which  soon  overran  the  whole  State.  Clinton 
returned  to  New  York,  leaving  Cornwallis  in  command. 

Hattle  of  Camden  (Aug.  16).  —  General  Gates,  "the 
conqueror  of  Burgoyne ",  now  taking  command  of  the 
troops  at  the  South,  f  marched  to  meet  the  enemy  under 
Cornwallis  near  Camden.  Singularly,  both  generals  had 
appointed  the  same  time  to  make  a  night  attack.  While 
marching  for  this  purpose,  the  advance  guards  of  the 
two  armies  unexpectedly  encountered  each  other  in  the 
woods.  After  some  sharp  skirmishing,  the  armies  waited 
for  day.  At  dawn,  Cornwallis  ordered  a  charge.  The 
militia,  demoralized  by  the  fighting  in  the  night,  fled  at 
the  first  fire,  but  De  Kalb,  with  the  continental  regulars, 
stood  firm.  At  last,  he  fell,  pierced  with  eleven  wounds. 
His  brave  comrades  for  a  time  fought  desperately  over 
his  body,  but  were  overwhelmed  by  numbers.  The  army 
was  so  scattered  that  it  could  not  be  collected.  A  few 
of  the  officers  met  Gates  eighty  miles  in  the  rear  with 
no  soldiers.  All  organized  resistance  to  British  rule  now 
ceased  in  the  South. 

Partisan  Corps.  —  The  Carolinas  were  full  of  tories. 
Many  of  them  joined  the  British  army ;  others  organized 
companies  that  mercilessly  robbed  and  murdered  their  whig 
neighbors.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were  patriot  bands 
which  rendezvoused  (ren'da  vood)  in  swamps,  and  sallied 
out  as  occasion  offered.  These  partisan  corps  kept  the 

*  One  of  these,  under  the  command  of  the  brutal  Tarleton,  at  Waxhaw  Creek,  over- 
took a  body  of  four  hundred  Continental  troops  and  a  small  party  of  cavalry,  under 
Colonel  Buford.  The  British  gave  no  quarter,  and  after  the  Americans  surrendered, 
mercilessly  maimed  and  butchered  the  larger  portion  of  them.  "  Tarleton 's  Quarter  " 
became,  henceforth,  a  proverb  at  the  South. 

t  Lee  met  Gates  on  his  way  to  join  the  southern  army.  His  well- worded  caution, 
"  Beware  your  northern  laurels  do  not  turn  to  southern  willows  ",  seems  almost  pro- 
phetic of  the  Camdeu  disaster. 


134 


EPOCH     III. 


[1780. 


country  in   continual  terror.     Marion,*  Sumter,f  Pickens, 
and  Lee  were   noted  patriot  leaders.      Their  bands   were 

strong  enough  to  cut  off  Brit- 
ish detachments,  and  even 
successfully  attack  small  gar- 
risons. The  cruel  treatment 
which  the  whigs  received 
from  the  British  |  drove 
many  to  this  partisan  war- 
fare. The  issue  of  the  con- 
test at  the  South  was  mainly 
decided  by  these  bold  citizen 
soldiers. 

"^Continental  Money  had  now 
been  issued  by  Congress  to  the 


*  A  British  officer  sent  to  negotiate  concerning  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  dined 
with  Marion.  The  dinner  consisted  of  roasted  potatoes,  served  on  pieces  of  bark. 
Surprised  at  this  meager  diet,  he  made  some  inquiries,  when  he  found  that  this 
was  their  customary  fare  ;  that  the  patriot  general  received  no  pay  ;  and  that  this 
"Bayard  of  the  South",  as  Marion  was  called,  had  then  neither  blanket  nor  hat. 
This  devotion  to  liberty  so  affected  the  officer  that  he  resigned  his  commission. 

t  At  Hanging  Bock  (Aug.  6),  Sumter  gained  a  victory  over  a  strong  body  of  British 
and  tories.  He  began  the  action  with  only  two  rounds  of  ammunition,  but  soon  sup- 
plied himself  from  the  fleeing  tories.  Frequently,  in  these  contests,  a  portion  of  the 
bands  would  go  into  a  battle  without  guns,  arming  themselves  with  the  muskets  of 
their  comrades  as  they  fell.  At  King's  Mountain  (Oct.  7),  a  large  body  of  independent 
riflemen,  each  company  under  its  own  leader,  attacked  Ferguson,  who  had  been 
sent  out  to  rally  the  tories  of  the  neighborhood.  Ferguson  and  four  hundred  and 
fifty-six  of  his  men  were  killed  or  severely  wounded,  and  the  rest  taken  prisoners. 

$  An  event  which  occurred  in  Charleston  aroused  the  bitterest  resentment.  When 
that  city  was  captured  by  the  British,  Colonel  Isaac  Hayne,  with  others,  was  paroled, 
but  was  afterward  ordered  into  the  British  ranks.  At  this  time,  his  wife  and  several 
of  his  children  lay  at  the  point  of  death  with  small-pox.  The  choice  was  given  him 
to  become  a  British  subject  or  to  be  placed  in  close  confinement.  Agonized  by 
thoughts  of  his  dying  family,  he  signed  a  pledge  of  allegiance  to  England,  with  the 
assurance  that  he  should  never  be  required  to  fight  against  his  countrymen.  Being 
afterward  summoned  by  Lord  Rawdon  to  join  the  British  army,  he  considered  the 
pledge  annulled,  and  raised  a  partisan  band.  He  was  captured,  and  without  being 
allowed  a  trial,  was  condemned  to  death.  The  citizens  of  Charleston  vainly  implored 
pardon  for  him.  Lord  Rawdon  allowed  him  forty-eight  hours  to  take  leave  of  his 
children,  when  he  was  hanged. 


1780.]  THE     REVOMTTIONA  RY     WAR.  135 

amount  of  $200,000,000.  At  this  time,  it  was  so  much  de- 
preciated that  $40  in  bills  were  worth  only  $1  in  specie.  A 
pair  of  boots  cost  $600  in  continental  currency.  A  soldier's 
pay  for  a  month  would  hardly  buy  him  a  dinner.  To  make 
the  matter  worse,  the  British  flooded  the  country  with 
counterfeits,  which  could  not  be  told  from  the  genuine. 
Many  persons  refused  to  take  continental  money.  The 
siifferings  of  the  soldiers  and  the  difficulty  of  procuring 
supplies  may  readily  be  imagined.*  The  Pennsylvania 
regiments  in  camp  at  Morristown,  claiming  that  their 
time  had  expired,  demanded  their  discharge.  At  last, 
1,300  strong,  they  set  out  for  Princeton  to  secure  redress 
at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  but  a  committee  of  Congress 
succeeded  in  satisfying  them.f 

Arnold's  Treason. — The  English  did  little  at  the  North, 
and  the  condition  of  Washington's  army  prevented  his 
making  any  movement.  Meanwhile,  the  cause  of  liberty 
suffered  a  terrible  blow  from  one  who  had  been  its  gallant 
defender.  General  Arnold,  whose  bravery  at  Quebec  and 
Saratoga  had  awakened  universal  admiration,  was  stationed 
at  Philadelphia  while  his  wound  was  healing.  He  there 
married  a  tory  lady,  and  lived  in  great  extravagance.  By 
various  acts  of  oppression,  he  rendered  himself  so  odious 
that  on  one  occasion  he  was  publicly  mobbed.  Charges 
being  preferred  against  him,  he  was  convicted  and  sen- 
tenced to  be  reprimanded  by  the  commander-in-chief. 
Washington  performed  the  duty  very  gently  and  consider- 
ately ;  but  Arnold,  stung  by  the  disgrace  and  desperate  in 
fortune,  resolved  to  gratify  both  his  revenge  and  love  of 

*  In  this  crisis,  Robert  Morris,  of  Philadelphia,  sent  three  million  rations.  Sol- 
diers' relief  associations  were  organized  by  the  women  of  that  city.  They  made 
twenty-two  hundred  shirts,  each  inscribed  with  the  name  of  the  lady  who  sewed  it. 

t  Clinton's  agents  went  among  the  troops  and  offered  large  rewards  for  desertion. 
The  emissaries  mistook  their  men,  for  the  soldiers  gave  them  up  as  spies. 


136  EPOCH     III.  [1780. 

money  by  betraying  his  country.  He  accordingly  secured 
from  Washington  the  command  of  West  Point,  at  that  time 
the  most  important  post  in  America.  He  then  proposed  to 
Clinton,  with  whom  he  had  previously  corresponded,  to 
surrender  it  to  the  British.  The  offer  was  accepted,  and 
Major  Andre  appointed  to  confer  with  him.  Andre  ascended 
the  Hudson,  and  on  the  night  of  September  2 1 ,  went  ashore 
from  the  English  ship  Vulture  to  meet  the  traitor.  Morn- 
ing dawned  before  they  had  completed  their  plans.  In  the 
meantime,  fire  having  been  opened  on  the  Vulture,  she  had 
dropped  down  the  river.  Andre,  now  left  within  the  Amer- 
ican lines,  was  obliged  to  make  his  way  back  to  New  York 
by  land.  He  had  reached  Tarrytown  in  safety,  when,  at  a 
sudden  turn  in  the  road,  his  horse's  reins  were  seized,  and 
three  men  *  sprung  before  him.  His  manner  awakening  sus- 
picion, they  searched  him,  and,  finding  papers  which  seemed 
to  prove  him  a  spy,  carried  him  to  the  nearest  American 
post.  Arnold  was  at  breakfast,  when  he  received  a  note 
announcing  Andre's  capture.  He  called  aside  his  wife, 
and  told  her  of  his  peril.  Terrified  by  his  words,  she 
fainted.  Kissing  his  boy,  who  lay  asleep  in  the  cradle, 
Arnold  darted  out  of  the  house,  mounted  a  horse,  by  an 
unfrequented  path  reached  the  river,  jumped  into  his  boat, 
and  was  rowed  to  the  Vulture.  He  received,  as  the  reward 
of  his  treachery,  £6,315,  a  colonelcy  in  the  English  army, 
and  the  contempt  of  everybody.  The  very  name,  "Arnold 
the  Traitor",  will  always  declare  his  infamy. f  Andre  was 
tried  and  hanged  as  a  spy.  Every  effort  was  made  to  save 
him,  and  his  fate  awakened  universal  sympathy. 

*  The  names  of  these  men  were  Paulding,  Van  Wart,  and  Williams.  Andre  offered 
them  his  horse,  watch,  purse,  and  any  sum  they  might  name,  if  they  would  release 
him.  The  incorruptible  patriots  declared  that  they  would  not  let  him  go  for  ten  thou- 
sand guineas.  Congress  voted  to  each  of  them  a  silver  medal  and  a  pension  for  life. 

t  Arnold  was  thoroughly  despised  by  the  British  officers,  and  often  insulted.  Many 


1781.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  137 

1781. 

Campaign  at  the  South. — General  Greene,  who  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  General  Gates,  found  the  army  to  consist 
of  only  two  thousand  half-clothed,  half-starved  men.  A  part 
of  his  force,  under  Morgan,  was  attacked  (January  1 7)  at 
COWPENS*  by  Tarleton.  The  militia  fleeing,  the  continentals 
fell  back  to  secure  a  better  position.  The  British  mistook 
this  for  a  retreat,  and  were  rushing  on  in  confusion,  Avhen  the 
continentals  suddenly  faced  about,  poured  in  a  deadly  fire  at 
only  thirty-yards  distance,  and  drove  them  in  utter  rout. 
Tarleton  fled  to  Cornwallis,  who  set  out  in  hot  haste,  eager 
to  punish  the  victors  and  recapture  the  prisoners.  Morgan 
started  for  Virginia,  and  crossed  the  Catawba  just  before 
Cornwallis  appeared  in  sight.  Night  came  on,  and  with  it 
rain,  which  raised  the  river  so  high  as  to  keep  the  impatient 
Cornwallis  waiting  three  days. 

Greene's  Retreat. — General  Greene  now  joined  Morgan, 
and  conducted  the  retreat.  At  the  Yadkin,  Just  as  the  Amer- 
icans had  reached  the  other  side,  it  began  to  rain.  When 
Cornwallis  came  up,  the  river  was  so  swollen  that  he  could 
not  cross.  He,  however,  marched  up  the  stream,  effected  a 

stories  are  told  illustrative  of  English  sentiment  toward  him.  A  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, about  to  address  the  House  of  Commons,  happening,  as  he  rose,  to  see  Arnold 
in  the  gallery,  said,  pointing  to  the  traitor,  "  Mr.  Speaker,  I  will  not  speak  while  that 
man  is  in  the  house."  George  the  Third  introduced  Arnold  to  Earl  Balcarras,  one  of 
Burgoyne's  officers  at  Bemis'  Heights.  "  Sire  ",  said  the  proud  old  Earl  as  he  turned 
from  Arnold,  refusing  his  hand,  "I  know  General  Arnold,  and  abominate  traitors." 
When  Talleyrand  was  about  to  come  to  America,  he  sought  letters  of  introduction 
from  Arnold,  but  received  the  reply,  "  I  was  born  in  America ;  I  lived  there  to  the 
prime  of  my  life ;  but,  alas  !  I  can  call  no  man  in  America  my  friend." 

*  Colonel  William  A.  Washington,  in  a  personal  combat  in  this  battle,  wounded 
Tarleton.  Months  afterward,  the  British  officer,  while  conversing  with  Mrs.  Jones,  a 
witty  American  lady,  sneeringly  said,  "  That  Colonel  Washington  is  very  illiterate. 
I  am  told  that  he  can  not  write  his  name."  "  Ah,  Colonel,"  replied  she,  "  you  bear 
evidence  that  he  can  make  his  mark." — Tarleton  expressing,  at  another  time,  his 
desire  to  see  Colonel  Washington,  the  lady  replied,  "  Had  you  looked  behind  you  at 
Cowpens,  you  might  have  had  that  pleasure." 


138  EPOCH     III.  [1781. 

passage,  and  was  soon  in  full  pursuit  again.  Now  came  a 
race,  on  parallel  roads,  thirty  miles  per  day,  for  the  fords  of 
the  Dan.  Greene  reached  them  first,  and  Cornwallis  gave  up 
the  chase.  This  signal  deliverance  of  Greene's  exhausted 
army  awoke  every  pious  feeling  of  the  American  heart,  and 
was  a  cause  for  general  thanksgiving.* 

Campaign  Closed. — Having  rested  his  men,  Greene  again 
took  the  field,  harassing  the  enemy  by  a  fierce  partisan  war- 
fare. At  GUILFORD  COURT-HOUSE  (March  15),  he  hazarded 
a  battle.  The  militia  fled  at  the  first  fire,  but  the  conti- 
nental regulars  fought  as  in  the  time  of  Be  Kalb.  The 
Americans  at  last  retired,  but  the  British  had  bought  their 
victory  so  dearly  that  Cornwallis  also  retreated.  Greene 
again  pursuing,  Cornwallis  shut  himself  up  in  "Wilmington. 
Thereupon  Greene  turned  into  South  Carolina,  and,  with 
the  aid  of  Marion,  Sumter,  Lee,  and  Pickens,  nearly  deliv- 
ered this  State  and  Georgia  from  the  English. f  In  the  battle 
of  EUTAW  SPRINGS  (Sept.  8),  the  British  were  so  crippled 
that  they  retired  toward  Charleston.  Cornwallis,  refusing 
to  follow  Greene  into  South  Carolina,  had  already  gone 
north  into  Virginia,  and  though  a  fierce  partisan  warfare 

*  During  this  retreat,  General  Greene,  after  a  hard  day's  ride  in  the  rain,  alighted 
at  the  door  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Steele,  in  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  announcing  himself  as 
"  fatigued,  hungry,  cold,  and  penniless  ".  Quickly  providing  the  honored  guest  with 
a  warm  supper  before  a  cheerful  fire,  this  patriotic  woman  brought  forth  two  small 
bags  of  specie,  her  earnings  for  years.  "  Take  these  ",  she  said ;  "  you  will  want 
them,  and  I  can  do  without  them."  "  Never  ",  says  his  biographer,  "  did  relief  come 
at  a  more  needy  moment ;  the  hero  resumed  his  dangerous  journey  that  night  with 
a  lightened  heart." — Another  story  illustrative  of  the  patriotism  of  the  southern 
women  is  told  of  Mrs.  Motte.  The  British  had  taken  possession  of  her  house,  forti- 
fied and  garrisoned  it.  On  Colonel  Lee's  advance,  she  furnished  him  a  bow  and 
arrows,  by  means  of  which  he  threw  fire  upon  the  shingled  roof.  Her  mansion 
was  soon  in  flames,  and  the  occupants,  to  save  their  lives,  surrendered. 

t  Congress  voted  the  highest  honors  to  General  Greene,  who,  by  his  prudence, 
wisdom,  and  valor,  had,  with  such  insignificant  forces  and  miserable  equipments, 
achieved  so  much  for  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  never  gained  a  decided  victory,  yet 
his  defeats  had  all  the  effect  of  successes,  and  his  very  retreats  strengthened  the 
confidence  of  his  men  and  -weakened  that  of  the  enemy. 


___ 


•c.  /'/ 


THE    GROWTH    OF 


1.  COLONIAL  FLAG,  used  chiefly  by  Colonies  of  New  England  previous  to  Revolution 
3.  PINE-TREE   FLAG  OF  THE   NAVY,  used  by  the  American  ships  early  in  Revolutions* 

5.  FIRST  NATIONAL  FLAG,  used  in  1776,  before  the  Declaration  of  l< 

6.  THE  PRESENT  "STAB  SPANGLED  BANNER."    The  stripes  signify  tl •< 


R    NATIONAL    FLAG. 


War.       2.  BUNKEB  HILL  FLAG,  used  by  New  England  troops  at  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
far.          4.  RATTLESNAKE  FLAG,  used  early  in  Revolutionary  War. 
jendence.     The  thirteen  stripes  signified  the  thirteen  colonies, 
ginal  thirteen  colonies;  and  the  stars,  the  present  number  of  States. 


1781.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  139 

still  distracted  the  country,  this  engagement  closed  the 
long  and  fiercely  fought  contest  at  the  South.*.  -) 

Campaign  at  the  North. — The  traitor  Arnold,  burning 
with  hatred,  led  an  expedition  into  Virginia.  He  conducted 
the  war  with  great  brutality,  burning  private  as  well  as  public 
property.  La  Fayette  was  sent  to  check  him,  but  with  his 
small  forcef  could  accomplish  little.  Cornwallis,  arriving 
from  the  South,  now  took  Arnold's  place,  and  continued 
this  marauding  tour.  Clinton,  however,  fearing  "Washing- 
ton, who  seemed  to  threaten  New  York,  directed  Cornwallis 
to  keep  near  the  sea-coast. so  as  to  be  ready  to  help  him. 
Cornwallis,  accordingly,  after  having  destroyed  ten  million 
dollars  worth  of  property,  fortified  himself  at  Yorktown. 

Siege  of  Yorktown. — It  was  arranged  to  attack  Corn- 
wallis at  this  place  by  the  combined  American  J  and  French 
forces.  Washington,  by  a  feint  on  New  York,  kept  Clinton 
in  the  dark  regarding  his  plans  until  he  was  far  on  his  way  § 

*  At  the  battle  of  Eutaw,  Manning,  a  noted  soldier  of  Lee's  legion,  was  in  hot 
pursuit  of  the  flying  British,  when  he  suddenly  found  himself  surrounded  by  the 
enemy,  and  not  an  American  within  forty  rods.  He  did  not  hesitate,  but,  seizing  an 
officer  by  the  collar,  and  wresting  his  sword  from  him  by  main  force,  kept  his  body 
as  a  shield  while,  under  a  heavy  fire,  he  rapidly  backed  off  from  the  perilous  neigh- 
borhood. The  frightened  British  officer  when  thus  summarily  captured,  began  Im- 
mediately to  enumerate  his  titles  :  "  I  am  Sir  Henry  Barry,  deputy  adjutant-general, 
captain  in  52d  regiment,"  etc.,  etc.  "Enough,"  interrupted  his  captor;  "you  are 
just  the  man  I  was  looking  for." 

t  La  Fayette 's  men,  being  chiefly  from  New  England,  dreaded  the  Southern  climate, 
but  when  their  beloved  general  appealed  to  their  honor  and  offered  to  discharge  any 
who  wished,  not  one  would  abandon  him.  At  Baltimore,  he  borrowed  $10,000  to  buy 
hats  and  shoes,  and  linen  from  which  the  Baltimore  women  made  summer  garments 
for  his  troops. — Among  those  who  now  joined  La  Fayette,  was  Baron  Steuben,  who  had 
been  active  in  organizing  the  Virginia  militia  to  beat  back  the  British.  Steuben  was 
a  veteran  from  the  army  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and  tendered  his  services  as  a  volun- 
teer at  Valley  Forge.  With  indefatigable  zeal,  he  sought  to  introduce  thorough  disci- 
pline^  and  European  tactics  among  the  ragged  patriots  (Pop.  Hist.  U.  S.  pp.  256,  329). 

$  During  the  preceding  winter,  Robert  Morris  sent  to  the  starving  army  several 
thousand  barrels  of  flour.  He  now  issued  his  own  notes  for  $1,400,000  to  furnish  sup- 
plies for  this  expedition.  It  is  sad  that  this  patriot,  so  often  the  resource  of  Washing- 
ton, lost  his  fortune  in  his  old  age,  and  was  confined  in  prison  for  debt. 

§  Washington,  while  en  route,  visited  Mount  Vernon,  which  he  had  not  seen  for 
nearly  six  years  and  a  half,  yet  he  remained  only  about  two  days. 


140  EPOCH    III.  [1781. 

south  with  the  continental  army.*  On  the  2  8th  of  Septem- 
ber, the  joint  forces,  sixteen  thousand  strong,  f  took  up  their 
position  before  Yorktown.  Batteries  were  opened;};  upon  the 
city,  and  the  vessels  in  the  harbor  fired  by  red-hot  shells. 
Two  redoubts  were  carried  ;  one  by  the  Americans,  the  other 
by  the  French.  The  most  hearty  good-will  prevailed.  The 
patriots  slept  in  the  open  air  that  their  allies  might  use  their 
tents.  Breaches  having  been  made  in  the  walls,  Cornwallis 
saw  no  hope  of  escape  and  capitulated  (Oct.  19). 

The  Scene  of  the  Surrender  was  imposing.  The  army 
was  drawn  up  in  two  lines,  extending  over  a  mile — the 
Americans  on  one  side  with  General  Washington  at  the 
head,  and  the  French  on  the  other  with  Count  Bochambeau 
(ro  sh6ng  bo').  The  captive  army,  about  7,000  men,  with 
slow  step,  shouldered  arms,  and  cased  colors,  marched  be- 
tween them.  A  prodigious  crowd,  anxious  to  see  Cornwallis, 
had  assembled;  but  the  haughty  general,  mortified  at  his  de- 
feat, feigned  illness,  and  sent  his  sword  §  by  General  O'Hara. 

The  Effect. — Both  parties  felt  that  this  surrender  virtu- 
ally ended  the  war.  Joy  pervaded  every  patriot  heart.  All 
the  hardships  of  the  past  were  forgotten  in  the  thought 

*  Clintcn  sent  Arnold  on  a  pillaging  tour  into  Connecticut  in  order  to  force  Wash- 
ington to  return.  He,  however,  was  not  to  be  diverted  from  his  great  enterprise,  and 
left  New  England  to  take  care  of  herself.  New  London  was  pillaged  and  burned, 
Arnold  watching  the  fire  from  a  church  steeple.  At  Port  Griswold,  the  commander 
and  half  the  garrison  were  butchered.  After  this  fort  had  been  taken,  a  British 
officer  entering  asked,  "Who  commands  here?"  "I  did,"  said  Colonel  Ledyard,  as 
he  advanced  to  surrender  his  sword,  "but  you  do  now."  With  fiendish  malignity, 
the  officer  seized  the  weapon  and  thrust  it  into  the  bosom  of  the  brave  colonel. 

t  There  were  present  about  5,500  continentals,  7,000  French,  and,  in  addition, 
about  3,500  Virginia  militia  under  Governor  Nelson. 

$  Governor  Nelson  commanded  the  battery  that  fired  first  upon  the  British.  Corn- 
wallis occupied  the  governor's  fine  stone  mansion.  The  patriot  pointed  one  of  his 
heaviest  guns  toward  his  house,  and  ordered  the  gunner  to  fire  upon  it  with  vigor. 
The  British  could  not  make  even  the  home  of  the  noble  Nelson  a  shield  against  his 
patriotic  efforts.  The  house  still  bears  the  scars  of  the  bombardment. 

S  With  a  fine  delicacy  of  feeling, Washington  directed  the  sword  to  be  delivered  to 
General  Lincoln,  who,  eighteen  months  before,  had  surrendered  at  Charleston. 


1781.] 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR. 


141 


that  America  was  free.  The  news  reached  Philadelphia 
at  the  dead  of  night.  The  people  were  awakened  by  the 
watchman's  cry,  "  Past  two  o'clock  and  Cornwallis  is 
taken."  Lights  flashed  through  the  houses,  and  soon  the 
streets  were  thronged  with  crowds  eager  to  learn  the  glad 
news.  Some  were  speechless  with  delight.  Many  wept, 


CAPTURE   OF  A   REDOUBT  AT  YORKTOWN. 


and  the  old  door-keeper  of  Congress  died  of  joy.  Con- 
gress met  at  an  early  hour,  and  that  afternoon  marched 
in  solemn  procession  to  the  Lutheran  church  to  return 
thanks  to  Almighty  God. 

All  hope  of  subduing  America  was  now  abandoned  by  the 
people  of  England,  and  they  loudly  demanded  the  removal  of 
the  ministers  who  still  counseled  war.*  The  House  of  Com- 

*  When  ,Lord  North,  prime  minister  of  Great  Britain,  heard  the  news  of  the 
defeat,  he  was  greatly  excited.  With  looks  and  actions  indicating  the  deepest 
distress,  he  again  and  again  exclaimed,  "  O  God  I  it  is  all  over. 


142  EPOCH    III.  [1781. 

mons  voted  that  whoever  advised  the  king  to  continue 
hostilities  should  be  considered  a  public  enemy. 

Difficulties  of  the  Country  and  Army.-  The  situation 
of  the  United  States  at  this  time  was  perilous.  Commerce 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  war.  The  currency  was  worth- 
less. War  had  been  the  main  business  of  the  country  for 
years,  and  all  trade,  manufactures,  and  agriculture  had 
been  neglected.  Villages  had  been  burned,  ships  destroyed, 
and  crops  laid  waste.  The  British  held  Charleston  over  a 
year,  and  Savannah  and  New  York  about  two  years  after 
the  surrender  at  Yorktown.  George  III.  was  obstinate,  ajid 
war  might  be  resumed.  Yet  the  American  army  was  in 
almost  open  rebellion.  The  soldiers,  afraid  they  should  be 
disbanded  and  sent  home  without  pay,  petitioned  Congress, 
but  received  no  satisfaction.  The  treasury  was  empty.  At 
this  crisis,  Washington  was  invited  to  become  king.  The 
noble  patriot  spurned  the  proposal  indignantly.  A  paper 
having  been  circulated  advising  violent  measures,  Washing- 
ton addressed  the  officers,  and  besought  them  not  to  mar 
their  fair  record  of  patriotic  service  by  any  rash  proceed- 
ings.* His  influence  prevailed,  both  with  the  army  and 
with  Congress,  and  the  difficulties  were  amicably  settled. 

Peace. — A  treaty  was  signed  at  Paris  (September  3, 
1783)  acknowledging  the  independence  of  the  United 
States.  Soon  after,  the  army  was  disbanded.  Washington 
bade  his  officers  an  affecting  farewell,  and  retired  to  Mount 
Vernon,  followed  by  the  thanksgiving  of  a  grateful  people. 

Weakness  of  the  Government. — During  the  war,  the 
thirteen  States  had  agreed  upon  Articles  of  Confederation, 
but  they  conferred  little  .power  on  Congress.  It  could  recom- 
mend, but  not  enforce  ;  it  could  only  advise  action,  leaving 

*  As  he  rose,  he  took  off  his  spectacles  to  wipe  them,  saying,  "  My  eyes  have  grown 
dim  in  the  service  of  my  country,  but  I  have  never  doubted  her  justice." 


1783.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  143 

the  States  to  do  as  they  pleased.  Bitter  jealousy  existed 
among  the  several  States,  both  with  regard  to  one  another 
and  to  a  general  government.  The  popular  desire  was  to  let 
each  State  remain  independent,  and  have  no  national  author- 
ity. A  heavy  debt  had  been  incurred  by  the  war.  Congress 
had  no  money,  and  could  not  levy  taxes.  It  asked  the 
States  to  pay,  but  they  were  too  jealous  of  Congress  to  heed 
its  requests.  "  We  are  ",  said  Washington,  "  one  nation  to- 
day, and  thirteen  to-morrow."  In  New  England,  large 
bodies  of  men  assembled,  refusing  to  pay  their  taxes 
and  threatening  to  overturn  the  government.  This  insur- 
rection, known  as  SHAYS'  REBELLION,  from  the  name  of  its 
leader,  was  put  down  by  militia  under  General  Lincoln. 

Constitution  Adopted. — In  these  circumstances,  many 
of  the  best  men  of  the  land  felt  the  need  of  a  stronger  na- 
tional government.  A  convention  was  called  in  Philadel- 
phia to  revise  the  Articles  of  Confederation.  Washington 
was  chosen  president.  After  much  deliberation,*  an  en- 
tirely new  constitution  was  adopted  (September  17,  1787). 
In  the  ensuing  year,  the  government  was  organized,  and 
in  1789  it  went  into  operation. 

During  the  next  Epoch,  we  shall  notice  the  growth  of 
the  country  under  the  wise  provisions  of  this  constitution. 

*  The  new  constitution  met  with  the  most  violent  opposition.  The  people  were 
divided  into  two  parties — the  federalists  and  the  anti-Federalists.  The  former  favored 
the  constitution  and  sought  to  increase  the  powers  of  the  national  government,  and 
thus  strengthen  the  Union  at  home  and  abroad.  The  latter  opposed  the  constitu- 
tion, were  jealous  of  Congress,  and  feared  too  much  national  power,  lest  a  monarchy 
should  be  established.  The  nation  was  agitated  by  the  most  earnest  and  thoughtful 
as  well  as  the  most  virulent  speeches  on  both  sides.  Within  the  year  (1788),  nine 
States  ratified  the  constitution.  This  was  the  number  necessary  to  make  it  binding. 
North  Carolina  ratified  it  in  1789,  and  Rhode  Island  in  1790.  Presidential  elections 
were  held  in  each  of  the  eleven  States  that  had  then  adopted  the  constitution, 
except  New  York,  where  the  Legislature  had  made  no  provision  for  the  election. 
The  ten  States  gave  George  Washington  09  electoral  votes,  and  John  Adams  34. 
At  that  time,  the  electors  voted  for  two  persons,  the  one  who  received  the  highest 
number  being  declared  President,  and  the  next  highest  Vice-President.  (See  p.  350.) 


144  EPOCH     III. 


RURAL    LIFE    ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    AGO. 

New  England  Farm  and  Village  life  in  the  18th.  century  presented  a  strange 
contrast  to  that  with  which  we  are  familiar.  The  house  of  the  settler  was  built 
of  logs,  the  chinks  daubed  with  clay,  and  the  roof  thatched  with  long  grass.  In 
th«  later  and  better  class  of  dwellings,  the  logs  were  hewn  square  so  as  to  need 
no  chinking ;  or  a  frame  was  made  of  heavy  oak  timbers,  some  of  them  eighteen 
inches  in  diameter,  and  all  mortised  and  braced  together  in  a  manner  that  would 
be  bewildering  enough  to  a  carpenter  of  to-day.  The  sides  were  covered  with  split 
oak  clapboards,  and  the  roof  with  split  cedar  shingles,  fastened  by  large  wrought- 
iron  nails.  The  windows  consisted  of  two  small  lead  frames,  set  with  a  few  tiny, 
diamond-shaped  panes  of  glass  (or,  sometimes,  oiled  paper),  and  hinged  so  as  to 
open  outward  against  the  house.  As  the  building  stood  exactly  facing  the  south, 
the  sun  "  shone  square  in "  at  noon,  and  gave  warning  of  the  dinner  hour. 

The  doors  were  of  oak  plank  doubled  and  nailed  together  with  spikes  arranged 
in  the  form  of  diamonds.  They  were  often  hung  on  wooden  hinges,  and  were 
securely  fastened  at  night  by  heavy  wooden  cross-bars.  In  the  center  of  the  house, 
or,  externally  in  the  poorer  dwellings,  rose  a  stone  or  brick  chimney,  about  twelve 
feet  square  at  the  base,*  affording  a  fire-place  large  enough  for  seats  to  be  placed 
at  the  side,  where  the  children  could  sit  in  the  winter  evening  and  look  up  at 
the  stars.  To  "  lay  the  fire  "  was  no  small  matter ;  for  the  back,  a  huge  "  back- 
log ",  perhaps  four  feet  long,  was  rolled  in ;  then  on  the  andirons  was  placed  a 
"  front  log  " ;  between  these  were  piled  enormous  quantities  of  smaller  wood. 

The  kitchen  and  the  "best  room"  were  the  chief  apartments.  In  the  former, 
the  center  of  attraction  was  the  great  fire-place  with  its  roaring  fire,  its  high- 
backed  wooden  settle,  and  its  swinging  crane  with  pot-hooks  to  hold  the  iron  pots 
for  cooking.  The  ceiling  of  the  room  was  rarely  seven  feet  high,  and  the  sturdy 
farmer  often  brushed  against  it  with  his  bear-skin  cap.  Prom  the  bare  joists 
overhead,  hung  bunches  of  herbs,  seed-corn,  and  long  strings  of  drying  apples. 
The  walls  of  the  room,  in  the  better  buildings,  were  plastered  and  whitewashed. 
The  furniture  was  plain ;  a  tall  wooden  clock ;  a  dresser  set  out  with  the  cher- 
ished pewter  dishes  brought  over  from  England  ;  a  spinning-wheel;  and,  perhaps, 
a  loom  for  weaving.  (See  pages  93,  94.) 

The  "  best  room  "  was  used  only  on  state  occasions.  Ordinarily,  it  was  carefully 
closed  and  locked  to  keep  out  the  flies  and  preserve  its  sacred  precincts  from, 
unlawful  intruders.  The  andirons  were  of  brass  that  shone  like  gold,  and  the  fire- 
place in  summer  was  garnished  with  asparagus  branches.  On  the  mantel-shelf, 
stood  the  high  brass  candlesticks,  and  the  accompanying  tray-and-snuffers.  There 
was  no  carpet,  but  the  floor  was  sanded  and  marked  off  by  the  housewife  in  many 
a  quaint  design.  Against  the  walls,  hung  the  family  paintings,  fondly  cherished 
not  only  as  mementos  of  the  departed,  but,  also,  of  the  life  beyond  the  seas. 
Here,  too,  was  the  library  containing  a  few  well-read  books, — for  books  were  scarce 
and  costly,  and  reading  was  a  serious  matter,  taken  up  for  improvement  and  not 

*  In  the  better  houses,  a  brick  oven  was  built  in  the  chimney.  This  was  heated  by  a  fire  of 
fine  "  kindlings "  ;  then  swept  clean,  and  the  bread  or  beans  set  in  to  bake.  The  bricks 
retained  the  high  temperature  for  a  long  time,  and  the  "  rye-and-Indian  "  bread,  for  which  our 
New  England  grandmothers  were  noted,  was  left  in  the  oven  all  night. 


THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  145 

for  pastime.  Among  those  few  books  were  sure  to  be  found  the  family  Bible, 
Young's  Night  Thoughts,  Watts'  Improvement  of  the  Mind,  Fox's  Laves  of  the 
Martyrs,  Addison's  Spectator,  and  Milton's  Paradise  Lost. 

As  the  tiny  windows  gave  little  light  by  day,  so  by  night  the  home-made  tallow 
candles,  or  the  pine-knot  on  the  hearth,  shed  but  a  faint  or  nickering  illumination. 
In  cold  weather,  the  fire  was  heaped  high — for  wood  was  abundant — but  through 
numerous  chinks  and  crevices,  the  winter  air  poured  in,  so  that,  as  an  old  writer 
remarks,  "while  one  side  of  the  inmate  was  toasting,  the  other  was  freezing." 
To  make  matters  still  worse,  the  smoke  escaping  into  the  room  by  no  means  favored 
study,  or  any  employment  requiring  the  use  of  the  eyes. 

The  food  was  served  generally  on  wooden  platters.  It  was  plentiful  but  coarse. 
Fresh  meat  was  rarely  seen,  except  when  game  was  taken.  Salt  pork  or  beef,  salt 
fish,  vegetables,  and  "  rye-and-Indian  "  bread  or  "  bannocks  "  *  composed  the  staple 
diet.  The  farmer's  breakfast  often  consisted  mainly  of  "  bean  porridge  "  seasoned 
with  savory  herbs.  Tea  and  coffee  were  unknown  during  the  17th  century.  The 
minister,  we  are  told,  had  white  bread  provided  for  him  as  a  special  favor. 

Friction  matches  had  not  been  invented,  and  the  fire  was  carefully  kept  over 
night  in  the  ashes.  If  it  unfortunately  "  went  out ",  it  was  relighted  by  sparks 
from  the  flint-and-steel,  or  by  live  coals  brought  from  a  neighbor's  hearth. 

Several  vegetables  and  fruits  now  common  were  then  unknown,  or  were  unused 
as  food.  Tomatoes,  or,  as  they  were  called,  "  love  apples  ",  were  thought  to  be  poi- 
sonous, and  were  cultivated  only  in  the  flower-garden  for  the  beauty  of  the  bright 
red  fruit.  Rhubarb,  sweet  corn,  cantaloupes,  head-lettuce,  and  all  the  newer  and 
finer  varieties  of  pears,  grapes,  peaches,  etc.,  have  enriched  the  diet  of  a  later 
generation.  The  fox-grape,  which  we  consider  a  sour,  ill-flavored  fruit,  was  then 
a  luxury  to  be  attained  only  by  the  well-to-do.  Ice  in  summer  was  unheard  of, 
and  the  careful  housekeeper  cooled  her  butter  for  use  by  hanging  it  in  a  pail 
down  the  well. 

Geraniums  and  verbenas  were  not  seen  in  the  flower-gardens  of  our  great-grand- 
mothers, who  delighted  their  eyes  with  hollyhocks,  sunflowers,  lilacs,  pinks,  sweet- 
williams,  peonies,  etc.  Narrow  beds  of  these  "  posies  "  bordered  the  path  leading 
from  the  front  door,  through  the  little  front  yard,  which  was  carefully  fenced  off 
from  the  portion  of  the  premises  to  which  ordinary  people  had  access.  The  front 
yard,  the  front  door,  and  the  best  room  were  all  considered  too  good  for  every- 
day use. 

There  were  no  wheeled  carriages  or  wagons  until  the  middle  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  few  until  after  the  Revolution.  Everybody  went  on  foot  or  rode  on 
horseback,  as  his  means  permitted ;  and  the  bridegroom,  gentleman  or  workman 
alike,  who  sought  a  wife  in  a  distant  town,  rode  on  horseback  and  brought  home 
his  bride  on  a  pillion  behind  him.  So  little  travel  was  there  in  those  days,  that 
a  journey  that  now  attracts  no  attention,  then  made  one  an  object  of  public 
curiosity.  So  late  as  1795,  it  is  stated  that  a  person  who  had  been  across  the 
ocean  was  pointed  out  in  the  streets  as  a  "  man  who  had  been  to  Europe  ". 

*  Bannocks  were  somewhat  like  the  present  "  hoe-cake  "  of  the  South— merely  flat  cakes  of 
Indian  meal,  or  rye,  wet  with  water  and  baked  over  the  hot  coals  on  the  hearth. 


146  EPOCH    III.  [1765. 


CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1765.  The  Stamp  Act  passed,  March  8 102 

1766.  The  Stamp  Act  repealed  by  Parliament,  March  18 103 

1767.  A  tax  imposed  on  tea,  etc.,  June  29 103 

1768.  The  British  troops  arrived  at  Boston,  September  27 104 

1770.    Boston  Massacre,  March  5 104 

All  duties  except  on  tea  repealed,  April  12 105 

1773.  The  tea  thrown  overboard  in  Boston  harbor,  December  1C .       .       .       .  105 

1774.  "Boston  Port  Bill  "passed,  March  31 105 

First  Continental  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia,  September  5    .       .       .  106 

1775.  Battle  of  Lexington,  April  19 "...  106 

Ticonderoga  taken  by  Allen  and  Arnold,  May  10 110 

Crown  Point  taken,  May  12 Ill 

Washington  elected  commander-in-chief,  Juno  15 Ill 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  Juno  17 108 

"Washington  took  command  before  Boston,  July  2-3 Ill 

Montreal  surrendered  to  Montgomery,  November  13 112 

Battle  of  Quebec — Montgomery  lolled,  December  31 112 

1776.  Boston  evacuated  by  the  British  troops,  March  17 .       .       .       .       .       .  112 

Attack  on  Port  Moultrie,  June  28 113 

Declaration  of  Independence,  July  4 114 

Battle  of  Long  Island,  August  27 114 

Battle  of  White  Plains,  October  28 110 

Fort  Washington  taken,  November  16 116 

Washington's  retreat  through  New  Jersey 116 

Battle  of  Trenton,  December  26 '   .       .       .       .116 

1777.  Battle  of  Princeton,  January  3 118 

Murder  of  Miss  McCrea,  July  27 121 

Battle  of  Bennington,  August  16 123 

Battle  of  Brandywine,  September  11 119 

First  battle  of  Saratoga,  September  19 124 

Philadelphia  captured  by  the  British,  September  26 120 

Battle  of  Germantown,  October  4 120 

Second  battle  of  Saratoga,  October  7 124 

Surrender  of  Burgoyne,  October  17 125 

1778.  American  Independence  acknowledged  by  France,  February  6        .       .  127 

Battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28 127 

Massacre  of  Wyoming,  July  3 128 

French  fleet  arrived  in  Narragansett  Bay,  July  20 128 

British  captured  Savannah,  G-a.,  December  29 129 

1779.  Stony  Point  captured  by  General  Wayne,  July  15 130 

Sullivan  defeated  the  Indians  near  Elmira,  August  29 131 

Paul  Jones'  victory,  September  23 132 

D'Estaing  and  Lincoln  repulsed  at  Savannah,  October  9    ....  129 

1780.  Charleston  surrendered  to  the  British,  May  12 133 

Battle  of  Hanging  Hock,  S.  C.,  August  6 134 

Battle  of  Camden,  August  16 133 


1780.]  THE     REVOLUTIONARY     WAR.  147 

PAGE 

1780.  Andre  executed,  October  2 136 

Battle  of  King's  Mountain,  October  7 134 

1781.  Kichmond  burned  by  Arnold,  January  5 

Battle  of  the  Cowpens,  January  17 137 

Greene's  celebrated  retreat,  January  and  February 137 

Battle  of  Ghiilford  Court-House,  March  15 138 

Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  September  8 138 

Surrender  of  Cornwallis,  October  19 140 

1782.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  evacuated,  December  14       .......  142 

1783.  Savannah  evacuated  by  the  British,  July  11 142 

Treaty  of  Peace  signed  at  Paris,  September  3 142 

New  York  evacuated  by  the  British,  November  25 142 

Washington  resigned  his  commission,  December  23      .  •    .       .       .       .  142 

1787.  Shays'  Rebellion  in  Massachusetts 143 

Constitution  of  the  United  States  adopted,  September  17    .       .       .       :  143 

1788.  Constitution  adopted  by  nine  States 143 


REFERENCES    FOR    READING. 

Lossing's  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution.— Garden's  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolution.— Grace 
Greenwood's  Forest  Tragedy. — Campbell's  Gertrude  of  Wyoming  (Poem). — Halleck's  Wyoming 
(Poem).—Simms'  Life  of  Marion ;  also  his  Series  of  Historical  Tales. — Bryant's  Song  of  Mar- 
ion's Men,  and  Seventy-six  (Poems).— Magoon's  Orators  of  American  Revolution.— Headley's 
Washington  and  his  Generals.— Wirt's  Life  of  Patrick  Henry.— G.  W.  Greene's  Historical  View 
of  American  Revolution,  and  Life  of  General  Greene. — Parton's  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin. — 
Longfelloiv's  Paul  Revere's  Ride,  and  Pulaski's  Banner  (Poems). — Headley's  Life  of  La  Fayette. 
—Hawthorne's  Ticonderoga  (Twice  Told  Tales).— Mrs.  Ellet's  Women  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion.—Watson's  Camp  Fires  of  the  Revolution. — Raymond's  Women  of  the  South. — Sabine's 
Loyalists  of  the  American  Revolution. — Lee's  War  in  tJie  Southern  Department. — Drake's  Amer- 
ican Flag  (Poem). — Street's  Concord,  Bennington,  and  American  Independence  (Poems). — 
Dwight's  Columbia  (Poem). — Washington's  Farewell  Address.— Sears'  History  of  the  American 
Revolution.— Freneau's  Poems.— Life  of  General  Joseph  Reed,  by  Win.  B.  Reed.— Cooper's  novels 
(The  Spy,  The  Pilot,  and  Lionel  Lincoln).— Motley's  Morton's  Hope,  and  Paulding's  Old  Conti- 
nental (novel). — Winthrop  Sargent's  Life  of  Andre,  and  Loyalist  Poetry  of  the  Revolution. — 
Moore's  Songs  and  Battads,  and  Diary  of  the  Revolution.— Whittier's  Rangers  (Poem).— Haw- 
thorne's Septimius  Felton  (Fiction).— Winthrop' s  Edwin  Brothertoft  (Fiction).— Barnes'  Brief 
History  of  France.— Barnes'  Popular  History  of  United  States.— Harper's  Magazine,  Vol.  50, 
The  Concord  Fight;  Vol.  51,  Echoes  of  Bunker  Hill;  Vol.  53,  Virginia  in  the  Revolution; 
Vol.  55, 'Battle  of  Bennington;  Vol.  67,  The  Swamp  Fox.— Atlantic  Monthly,  Vol.  37,  Siege 
of  Boston. — Martin's  Civil  Government. — Carrington's  Battles  of  the  Revolution. — Carrington's 
Battle  Maps  and  Charts.— Lamb's  His  wry  of  the  City  of  New  Tork.—Lossing's  Our  Country.— 
Doyle's  History  of  United  States. — McMaster's  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States. — 
Bryant  and  Gay's  Popular  History  of  United  States, 


148 


BARNES'     BRIEF     HISTORY 


BLACKBOARD     ANALYSIS. 


1.  Causes  of 
American 
Revolution. 


the 


1.  Remote  Causes. 


Direct  Causes. 


English  Treatment. 

Navigation  Acts. 

Laws  of  Trade  and  Manufacture. 

Taxation. 

Writs  of  Assistance. 

Stamp  Act. 

Mutiny  Act. 

Boston  Massacre. 

Boston  Tea  Party. 

Climax  Reached. 


2.  First  Continental  Congress  (1774). 


3.  Events  of  1775. 
(1st  Year  of  War.) 


4.   Events  of  1776. 
(2d  Year  of  War.) 


5.  Events  of  1777. 
(3d  Year  of  War.) 


6.  Events  of  1778. 
(4th  Year  of  War.) 


7.  Events  of  1779. 
(5th  Year  of  War.) 


i  on  Quebec. 


1.  Battle  of  Lexington.          \   4;  Effects? 

2.  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

3.  Capture  of  Ticonderoga. 

4.  Second  Continental  Congress. 

5.  Condition  of  Washington's  Army. 

f   a.  Montgomery. 

6.  Expedition  against  Can.  •{   b.  Arnold. 

L  c.  Attack  o 

1.  Evacuation  of  Boston. 

2.  Attack  on  Fort  Moultrie. 

3.  Declaration  of  Independence. 

(  a.  Battle  of  Long  Island. 
-T   -rr  I    b.  The  Escape. 

4.  Campaign  near  N.  Y.          -j    c.  Washington's  Retreat. 

I  d.  Flight  through  New  Jersey. 

5.  Condition  of  the  Country. 

6.  Battle  of  Trenton.  f  £  Effect"0' 

1.  Battle  of  Princeton. 

2.  Campaign  in  Penn. 


8.  Campaign  at  the  North. 


a.  Howe  and  the  "American 
6.  Battle  of  Brandy  wine. 

c.  Battle  of  Germantown. 

d.  Conclusion. 

a.  Condition  of  Affairs. 

b.  Burgoyne's  Invasion. 

c.  Burgoyne's  Difficulties. 

d.  Battle  of  Saratoga.  { £  jj 


1.  Winter  at  Valley  Forge. 

2.  Aid  from  France. 

3.  Battle  of  Monmouth. 

4.  Campaign  in  Rhode  Island. 

5.  Wyoming  Massacre. 


f  a.  Conquest  of  Georgia. 

1.  Campaign  at  the  South.     \    b.  Attack  on  Charleston 

L  c.  Death  of  Pulaski  and 

2.  Campaign  at  the  North,    j 
8.  Naval  Exploits.  J 


d  Jasper. 


a.  In  Connecticut. 

b.  Capture  of  Stony  Point. 

c.  Sullivan's  Expedition. 


.1.  Campaign  at  the  South. 
2.  Continental  Money. 
3.  Arnold's  Treason. 

>I.  Campaign  at  the  South.  •< 
2.  Campaign  at  the  North.  • 
3.  Siege  of  Yorktown. 

10.  Difficulties  of  the  Army  and  Country. 

11.  Peace  (1783). 

12.  Weakness  of  the  Government. 


8.   Events  of  1780. 
(6th  Year  of  War.) 


9.   Events  of  1781. 
(7th  Year  of  War.) 


a.  Capture  of  Charleston. 

b.  Clinton  and  Cornwallis. 
c   Battle  of  Camden. 

d.  Partisan  Warfare— Marion, Sumter, 
Pickens,  Lee,  etc. 


a.  Battle  of  the  Cowpens. 

b.  Greene's  Retreat. 

c.  Campaign  Closed. 

Arnold,  La  Fayette,  Cornwallis,  and 

Clinton, 
a.  Description. 
6.  Surrender, 
c.  Effects. 


13.  Constitution 
Adopted. 


1.  The  Convention. 

2.  Federalists  and  Anti-Federalists. 

3.  Ratification. 

4.  First  Presidential  Election. 


WAR  WITH  MEXICO 


ROUTE  OF  GEN. SCOTJT  BETWEEN  VERA  CRUZ  AND  MEXICO  I     AVest  Longitude  from  Greenwich      97 


Copyright  1885  Oy  A. 


MAP, TO  ILLUSTRATE 

THE  WAR  OF  1812 


SOUTHERN  REGION 
OF  THE  WAR  1812-14 

100Mllci 


'   ' 


£  liws 


C'L  - 


DEVELOPMENT 


Washington's      Inauguration 

(April  30,  1789).— In  the  choice 
of  the  first  President  of  the  ' 
United  States,  all  hearts  turned 
instinctively  to  Washington. 
With  deep  regret,  he  left  his 
quiet  home  at  Mount  Vernon  for 

the  tumults  of  political,  life.      His  journey  to  New  York 

-yvtfA^K^r-^^i 
was  a  continual  ovation.    Crowds  of  gayly-dressed  people 

bearing  baskets  and  garlands  of  flowers,  and  hailing  his 
appearance  with  shouts  of  joy,  met  him  at  every  village. 

Questions  on  the  Geography  of  the  Fourth  _Epoc/i.— Locate  New  York.  Phila- 
delphia. Baltimore.  Detroit.  York.  St.  John's.  Montreal.  Plattsburg.  Sackett's 
Harbor.  Frenchtown.  Chippewa.  New  Orleans.  Sacramento.  San  Francisco. 
Santa  Fe.  Queenstown  Heights.  Chrysler's  Field.  Horseshoe  Bend.  Lundy's  Lane. 

Locate  Fort  Maiden.  Fort  Erie.  Fort  Meigs.  Fort  Stephenson.  Fort  Minims. 
(Minis).  Fort  McHenry.  Fort  Brown.  Fort  Schlosser. 

Describe  the  Maumee  River.  Hudson  River.  Tippecanoe  River.  Niagara  River. 
St.  Lawrence  River.  Raisin  River.  Thames  River.  Rio  Grande  River.  Nueces 
River.  Locate  Sandusky  Bay.  Lake  Champlain. 

Locate  Palo  Alto.  Point  Isabel.  Resaca  de  la  Palma.  Matamoras.  Monterey. 
Buena  Vista.  Vera  Cruz.  Puebla.  Cerro  Gordo.  The  Cordilleras.  Mexico. 

The  following  names  of  places  can  be  found  on  map,  Epoch  VI.  Locate  Ston- 
ington,  Conn.  Palmyra,  N.  Y.  .Nauvoo,  HI.  Mount  Verrion.  Fort  King.  Columbia 
River.  Tampa  Bay.  Cuba.  Havana. 


150  EPOCH    IV.  [1789. 

On  the  balcony  of  old  Federal  Hall,  New  York  City,*  he 
took  the  oath  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.f 

*  New  York  was  only  temporarily  the  capital.  At  the  second  session  of  Congress, 
the  seat  of  government  was  transferred  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  was  to  remain  for 
ten  years,  and  then  (1800)  be  removed  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  a  tract  of  land  ten 
miles  square  ceded  for  this  purpose  by  Alary  land  and  Virginia.  Here  a  city  was  laid 
out  in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness,  containing  ouly  here  and  there  a  small  cottage. 
The  "  Father  of  his  Country"  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  capitol  (1793).  The  part  of 
this  District  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the  Potomac  was  ceded  back  to  that  State  (1846). 

t  George  Washington  was  born  February  22, 1732 ;  died  December  14, 1799.  Left 
fatherless  at  eleven  years  of  age,  his  education  was  directed  by  his  mother,  a  woman 
of  strong  character,  who  kindly,  but  firmly,  exacted  implicit  obedience.  Of  her, 
Washington  learned  his  first  lessons  in  self-command.  Although  bashful  and  hesi- 
tating in  his  speech,  his  language  was  clear  and  manly.  Having  compiled  a  code  of 
morals  and  good  manners  for  his  own  use,  he  rigidly  observed  all  its  quaint  and 
formal  rules.  Before  his  thirteenth  year  he  had  copied  forms  for  all  kinds  of  legal 
and  mercantile  papers.  Hia  manuscript  school-books,  which  still  exist,  are  models  of 
neatness  and  accuracy.  TTia  favorite  amusements  were  of  a  military  character ;  he 
made  soldiers  of  his  playmates,  and  officered  all  the  mock  parades.  He  inherited 
great  wealth,  and  the  antiquity  of  his  family  gave  him  high  social  rank.  On  his 
»  Potomac  farms  he  had  hundreds  of  slaves,  and  at  his  Mount  Vernon  home  he 
was  like  the  prince  of  a  wide  domain,  free  from  dependence  or  restraint.  He  was 
fond  of  equipage  and  the  appurtenamces  of  high  life,  and  although  he  always  rode  on 
horseback,  his  family  had  a  "  chariot  and  four  ",  with  "  black  postilions  in  scarlet  and 
white  livery  ".  This  generous  style  of  living,  added  perhaps  to  his  native  reserve, 
exposed  him  to  the  charge  of  aristocratic  feeling.  While  at  home,  he  spent  much 
of  his  time  in  riding  and  hunting.  He  rose  early,  ate  his  breakf  asc  of  corn-cake, 
honey,  and  tea,  and  then  rode  about  his  estates ;  his  evenings  he  passed  with  his 
family  around  the  blazing  hearth,  retiring  between  nine  and  ten.  He  loved  to  linger 
at  the  table,  cracking  nuts,  and  relating  his  adventures.  In  personal  appearance, 
Washington  was  over  six  feet  in  height,  robust,  graceful,  and  perfectly  erect.  His 
manner  was  formal  and  dignified.  He  was  more  solid  than  brilliant,  and  had  more 
judgment  than  genius.  He  had  great  dread  of  public  life,  cared  little  for  books,  and 
possessed  no  library.  A  consistent  Christian,  he  was  a  vestryman  and  regular 
attendant  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  A  firm  advocate  of  free  institutions,  he  still 
believed  in  a  strong  government  and  strictly  enforced  laws.  As  President,  he  care- 
fully weighed  his  decisions ;  but,  his  policy  once  settled,  pursued  it  with  steadiness 
and  dignity,  however  great  the  opposition.  As  an  officer,  he  was  brave,  enterprising, 
and  cautious.  Hia  campaigns  were  rarely  startling,  but  always  judicious.  He  was 
capable  of  great  endurance.  Calm  in  defeat,  sober  in  victory,  commanding  at  all 
times,  and  irresistible  when  aroused,  he  exercised  equal  authority  over  himself  and 
his  army.  His  last  illness  was  brief,  and  his  closing  hours  were  marked  by  his  usual 
calmness  and  dignity.  "  I  die  hard  ",  said  he,"  "  but  I  am  not  afraid  to  go."  Europe 
and  America  vied  in  tributes  to  his  memory.  Said  Lord  Brougham,  "  Until  time  shall 
be  no  more,  a  test  of  the  progress  which  our  race  has  made  in  wisdom  and  virtue  will 
be  derived  from  the  veneration  paid  to  the  Immortal  name  of  Washington."  Wash- 


1780.] 


WASHINGTON'S     ADMINISTRATION. 


151 


Difficulties  beset  the  new  government  on  every  hand. 
The  treasury  was  empty,  and  the  United  States  had  no 
credit.  The  Indians  were  hostile.  Pirates  from  the  Bar- 
bary  States  attacked  our  ships,  and  American  citizens  were 
languishing  in  Algerine  dungeons.  Spain  refused  us  the 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi.  England  had  not  yet  con- 


HAMILTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


JEFFEUSON. 


descended  to  send  a  minister  to  our  government,  and  had 
made  no  treaty  of  commerce  with  us.  We  shall  see  how 
wisely  Washington  and  his  cabinet*  met  these  difficulties. 
Domestic  Affairs. — Finances. — By  the  advice  of  Alexan- 
der Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Congress  agreed  to 
assume  the  debts  contracted  by  the  States  during  the  Revolu- 

ington  left  no  children.    It  has  been  beautifully  said,  "  Providence  left  him  childless 
that  his  country  might  call  him  Father." 

*  Three  executive  departments  were  now  established— the  Department  of  Foreign 
Affairs  (now  the  Department  of  State),  the  Department  of  War,  and  the  Department 
of  the  Treasury.  The  heads  of  these  departments  were  called  Secretaries,  and,  with 
the  Attorney-General,  formed  the  President's  cabinet. 


152  EPOCH     IV.  [1790. 

tion,  and  to  pay  the  national  debt  in  full,  including  the  Con- 
tinental money.  To  provide  funds,  taxes  were  levied  on 
imported  goods  and  the  distillation  of  spirits.  A  mint  and 
a  national  bank  were  established  at  Philadelphia.  By  these 
measures,  the  credit  of  the  United  States  was  put  upon  a 
firm  basis.* 

Whiskey  Rebellion  (1 794). — Great  opposition  was  made  to 
raising  money  by  taxation.  In  western  Pennsylvania,  it  was 
agreed  that  no  tax  should  be  paid  on  whiskey.  The  rioters 
were  so  numerous  and  so  thoroughly  organized  that  fifteen 
thousand  of  tjie  militia  were  ordered  out  to  subdue  them. 
Finding  the  government  in  earnest,  the  malcontents  laid 
down  their  arms. 

Indian  Wars. — Two  armies  sent  against  the  Indians 
of  the  north-west  were  defeated.  At  last,  General  Wayne 
— "Mad  Anthony" — was  put  in  command.  Little  Turtle, 
the  Indian  chief,  now  advised  peace,  declaring  that  the 
Americans  had  "a  leader  who  never  slepV'.  But  his  coun- 
sel was  rejected,  and  a  desperate  battle  was  fought  on 
the  Maumee  (Aug.  20,  1794).  Wayne  routed  the  Indians, 
chased  them  a  great  distance,  laid  waste  their  towns  for 
fifty  miles,  and  compelled  them  to  make  a  treaty  f  giving 
up  about  25,000  square  miles  of  land  north  of  the  Ohio. 

Foreign  Affairs. — England. — Hardly  had  the  war  closed 
when  complaints  were  made  in  England  that  debts  could  not 
be  collected  in  America.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Americans 
charged  that  the  British  armies  had  carried  off  their  negroes, 
that  posts  were  still  held  on  the  frontier,  and  that  our  seamen 

*  The  credit  of  these  plans  belongs  to  Hamilton.  Daniel  Webster  has  eloquently 
said  of  him,  "  He  smote  the  rock  of  the  national  resources,  and  abundant  streams  of 
revenue  burst  forth.  He  touched  the  dead. corpse  of  public  credit,  and  it  sprung 
upon  its  feet." 

t  He  told  them,  it  is  said,  that  if  they  ever  violated  this  agreement  he  would  rise 
from  his  grave  to  fight  them.  He  was  long  remembered  by  the  western  Indians. 


1794.]  WASHING-TON'S     ADMINISTRATION.  153 

were  impressed.  Chief  Justice  Jay  was  sent  as  envoy  ex- 
traordinary to  England.  He  negotiated  a  treaty,  which  was 
ratified  by  the  Senate  (1795),  after  a  violent  opposition.* 

Spain  and  Algiers. — The  same  year,  a  treaty  was  made 
with  Spain,  securing  to  the  United  States  the  free  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississippi,  and  fixing  the  boundary  of  Florida, 
still  held  by  that  nation. ',  Just  before  this,  a  treaty  had 
been  concluded  with  Algiers,  by  which  our  captives  were 
released  and  the  Mediterranean  commerce  was  opened  to 
American  vessels. 

France.  —  The  Americans  warmly  sympathized  with 
France,  and  when  war  broke  out  between  that  country  and 
England,  Washington  had  great  difficulty  in  preserving 
neutrality.  He  saw  that  the  true  American  policy  was 
to  keep  free  from  European  alliances.  Genet  (zhgh  na')> 
the  French  minister,  relying  on  the  popular  feeling,  went 
so  far  as  to  fit  out,  in  the  ports  of  the  United  States, 
privateers  to  prey  on  British  commerce.  He  also  tried  to 
arouse  the  people  against  the  government.  At  length,  at 
Washington's  request,  Genet  was  recalled.  But,  as  we 
shall  see,  the  difficulty  did  not  end. 

Political  Parties. — During  the  discussion  of  these  vari- 
ous questions,  two  parties  had  arisen.  Jefferson,  Madison, 
and  Randolph  f  became  leaders  of  the  republican  party, 
which  opposed  the  United  States  Bank,  the  English  treaty, 
and  the  assumption  of  the  State  debts.  Hamilton  and 
Adams  were  the  leaders  of  the  federalist  party,  which  sup- 

*  This  treaty  enforced  the  payment  of  the  English  debts,  but  did  not  in  turn  forbid 
the  impressment  of  American  seamen.  Its  advocates  were  threatened  with  violence 
by  angry  mobs.  Hamilton  was  stoned  at  a  public  meeting.  Insults  were  offered  to 
the  British  minister,  and  Jay  was  burned  in  effigy. 

t  John  Randolph  of  Eoanoke  was  not  prominent  in  the  republican  (or  demo- 
cratic-republican, as  it  was  often  called)  party  until  a  later  administration,  being 
( .,. ,-tc<i  v<-"vo(SpT!tative  in  1799.  Abou*,  1806,  however,  he  became  estranged  from 
Jefferson,  and  opposed  the  election  of  Madison.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Poca- 


154  EPOCH    IV.  [1796. 

ported  the  administration.*  Washington  having  declined  to 
serve  a  third  term,  issued  his  famous  Farewell  Address.  So 
close  was  the  contest  between  the  rival  parties  that  Adams, 
the  federalist  candidate,  was  elected  President  by  a  major- 
ity of  only  two  electoral  votes  over  Jefferson,  the  repub- 
lican nominee,  who  became  Vice-President. 


ADAMS'     ADMINISTRATION.! 

(SECOND  PRESIDENT:    1797-1801.) 

Domestic.  Affairs. — Alien  and  Sedition  Laws. — Owing  to 
the  violent  denunciations  of  the  government  by  the  friends 
and  emissaries  of  France,  the  ALIEN  AND  SEDITION  LAWS  were 

hontas,  of  which,  fact  he  often  boasted,  and  was  noted  for  his  keen  retorts,  reck- 
less wit,  and  skill  in  debate.  His  tall,  slender,  and  cadaverous  form,  his  shrill  and 
piping  voice,  and  his  long  skinny  fingers — pointing  toward  the  object  of  his 
invective — made  him  a  conspicuous  speaker.  For  thirty  years,  says  Benton,  he  was 
the  "  political  meteor  "  of  Congress. 

*  The  federalists  favored  the  granting  of  power  to  the  general  government,  which 
they  thought  should  be  made  strong.  The  republicans,  fearing  lest  the  republic 
should  become  a  monarchy,  and  the  President,  a  king,  opposed  this  idea  and  advo- 
cated State  rights.  In  this  election,  the  republicans  were  accused  of  being  friends 
of  France,  and  the  f  ederalists  of  being  attached  to  Great  Britain  and  its  institutions. 
The  republicans  declared  themselves  to  be  the  only  true  friends  of  the  people,  and 
stigmatized  all  others  as  aristocrats  and  monarchists. 

t  John  Adams  was  born  1735 ;  died  1826.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  and  the 
second  Congress,  and  nominated  Washington  as  commander-in-chief.  Jefferson 
wrote  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  but  Adams  secured  its  adoption  in  a  three- 
days  debate.  He  was  a  tireless  worker,  and  had  the  reputation  of  having  the  clear- 
est head  and  firmest  heart  of  any  man  in  Congress.  As  President,  he  lost  the  reputa- 
tion he  had  gained  as  Congressman.  His  enemies  accused  him  of  being  a  bad 
judge  of  men,  of  clinging  to  old  unpopular  notions,  and  of  having  little  control  over 
his  temper.  They  also  ridiculed  his  egotism,  which  they  declared  to  be  inordinate. 
He  lived,  however,  to  see  the  prejudice  against  his  administration  give  place  to  a 
juster  estimate  of  his  great  worth  and  exalted  integrity.  As  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention,  he  was  honored  as  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  republic. 
Adams  and  Jefferson  were  firm  friends  during  the  Revolution,  but  political  strife 
alienated  them.  On  their  return  to  private  life  they  became  reconciled.  They  died 
on  the  same  day— the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  American  independence.  Adams'  last 
words  were,  "Thomas  Jefferson  still  survives."  Jefferson  was,  however,  already 
lying  dead  in  his  Virginia  home.  Thus,  by  the  passing  a,  .ray  of  these  tw;  re 
men,  was  made  memorable  the  4th  of  July,  1826. 


j 


1798.]  JEFFERSON'S     ADMINISTRATION.  155 

passed.  Under  the  former,  the  President  could  expel  from 
the  country  any  foreigner  whom  he  deemed  injurious  to  the 
United  States ;  under  the  latter,  any  one  libeling  Congress; 
the  President,  or  the  government,  could  be  fined  or  impris- 
oned. This  was  a  most  unpopular  measure,  and  excited 
the  bitterest  feeling. 

Foreign  Affairs. — France. — French  affairs  early  assumed 
a  serious  aspect.  Our  flag  was  insulted,  our  vessels  were  capt- 
ured, and  our  envoys  were  refused  audience  by  the  French 
Directory  unless  a  bribe  should  be  paid.*  The  news  of  this 
insult  aroused  the  nation,  and  the  friends  of  France  were 
silenced.  Orders  were  issued  to  raise  an  army,  of  which 
Washington  was  appointed  commander-in-chief.  Hostilities 
had  commenced  on  the  sea,  when  Napoleon  became  the  First 
Consul  of  France,  and  the  war  was  happily  arrested. 

Political  Parties. — An  intense  party  feeling  prevailed 
during  the  entire  administration.  The  unpopularity  of  the 
alien  and  sedition  laws  reduced  the  vote  for  Adams  and 
Pinckney,  the  federal  candidates.  The  republican  nominees, 
Jefferson  and  Burr,  received  the  majority  of  votes  ;  but,  as 
each  had  the  same  number,  the  election  went  to  the  House 
of  Representatives,  which  chose  Jefferson  for  President, 
and  Burr  for  Vice-President. 


JEFFERSON'S    ADMINISTRATION.! 

(THIRD  PRESIDENT— TWO  TERMS:   1801-1809.) 

Domestic  Affairs. — Purchase  of  Louisiana  (1803). — The 
most  important  event  of  Jefferson's  administration  was  the 

*  Charles  C.  Pinckney — our  minister  to  France — is  reported  to  have  replied  to 
this  insulting  demand',  "  Millions  for  defense,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute." 

t  Thomas  Jefferson  was  born  1743 ;  died  1826.  "  Of  all  the  public  men  who  have 
figured  in  the  "United  States,"  says  Parton,  "he  was  incomparably  the  best  scholar 


156  EPOCH    IV.  [1803. 

purchase  of  Louisiana  from  Napoleon.  Over  one  million 
square  miles  of  land  and  the  full  possession  of  the  Mississippi 
were  obtained  for  $15, 000, 000  (see  Map,  Vlth  Epoch). 

Aaron  Burr,  the  Vice-President,  was  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton's bitter  rival,  both  in  law  and  in  politics,  and  at  last  chal- 
lenged him  to  a  duel.  Hamilton  accepted.  The  affair  took 
place  at  Weehawken  (July  11, 1804).  Hamilton  fell  at  the 
first  fire,  on  the  very  spot  where  his  eldest  son  had  been  killed 
shortly  before  in  the  same  manner.  His  death  produced  the 
most  profound  sensation.  Burr  afterward  went  west  and  or- 
ganized an  expedition  with  the  avowed  object  of  forming  a 
settlement  in  northern  Mexico.  Being  suspected,  however, 
of  a  design  to  break  up  the  Union  and  found  a  separate  con- 
federacy beyond  the  Alleghanies,  he  was  arrested  and  tried 

and  the  most  variously  accomplished  man."  He  was  a  bold  horseman,  a  skillful 
hunter,  an  elegant  penman,  a  fine  violinist,  a  brilliant  talker,  a  superior  classical 
scholar,  and  a  proficient  in  the  modern  languages.  On  account  of  his  talents  he  was 
styled  "The  Sage  of  Monticello".  That  immortal  document,  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, was,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  words,  entirely  his  work.  He  was  an 
ardent  supporter  of  the  doctrine  of  State  rights,  and  led  the  opposition  to  the  feder- 
alists. After  he  became  President,  however,  he  found  the  difficulty  of  administering 
the  government  upon  that  theory.  "  The  executive  authority  had  to  be  stretched 
until  it  cracked,  to  cover  the  purchase  of  Louisiana ; "  and  he  became  convinced  on 
other  occasions  that  the  federal  government,  to  use  his  own  expression,  must  "  show 
its  teeth  ".  Lake  Washington,  he  was  of  aristocratic  birth,  but  his  principles  were  in- 
tensely democratic.  He  hated  ceremonies  and  titles ;  even  "  Mr."  was  distasteful  to 
him.  These  traits  were  the  more  remarkable  in  one  of  his  superior  birth  and  educa- 
tion, and  peculiarly  endeared  him  to  the  common  people.  Coming  into  power  on  a 
wave  of  popularity,  he  studiously  sought  to  retain  this  favor.  There  were  no  more 
brilliant  levees  or  courtly  ceremonies  as  in  the  days  of  Washington  and  Adams.  On 
his  inauguration  day,  he  dressed  in  plain  clothes,  rode  unattended  down  to  Congress, 
dismounted,  hitched  his  horse,  and  went  into  the  chamber  to  read  his  fifteen-minutes 
inaugural.  Some  of  the  sentences  of  that  short  but  memorable  address  have  passed 
into  proverbs.  The  unostentatious  example  thus  set  by  the  nation's  President  was 
wise  in  its  effects.  Soon,  the  public  debt  was  diminished,  the  treasury  was  replen- 
ished, and  the  army  and  navy  were  reduced.  A  man  of  such  marked  character  neces- 
sarily made  bitter  enemies,  but  Jefferson  commanded  the  respect  of  even  his  oppo- 
nents, while  the  admiration  of  his  friends  was  unbounded.  The  last  seventeen  years 
of  his  life  were  passed  at  Monticello,  near  the  place  of  his  birth.  By  his  profuse  hos- 
pitality, he  had,  long  before  his  death,  spent  his  vast  estates.  He  died  poor  in  money, 
but  rich  in  honor.  His  last  words  were,  "  This  is  the  fourth  day  of  July." 


1807.]  JEFFERSON'S   ADMINISTHATIOK.  157 

(1807)  on  a  charge  of  treason.*  Although  acquitted  for 
want  of  proof,  he  yet  remained  an  outcast.! 

Fulton's  Steam-boat. — The  year  1807  was  made  memo- 
rable by  the  voyage  from  New  York  to  Albany  of  Robert 
Fulton's  steam-boat,  the  Clermont.  For  years,  the  Hudson 
could  boast  of  having  the  only  steam-boat  in  the  world. 

Foreign  Affairs. —  War  with  Tripoli.  —  The  Barbary 
States,  of  which  Tripoli  is  one,  for  many  years  sent  out 
cruisers  which  captured  vessels  of  all  Christian  nations, 
and  held  their  crews  as  slaves  until  ransomed.  The  United 
States,  like  the  European  nations,  was  accustomed  to  pay 
annual  tribute  to  these  pirates  to  secure  exemption  from 
their  attacks.  The  Bashaw  (ba  shaw')  of  Tripoli  became  so 
haughty  that  he  declared  war  (1801)  against  the  United 
States.  Jefferson  sent  a  fleet  which  blockaded  J  the  port 
and  repeatedly  bombarded  the  city  of  Tripoli.  The  fright- 
j-iH'd  Bashaw  was  at  last  glad  to  make  peace. 

Kn-tildiul  and  France. — During  this  time,  England  and 
France  were  engaged  in  a  desperate  struggle.  England  tried 
to  pi-event  trade  with  France,  and,  in  turn,  Napoleon  forbade 
all  commerce  with  England.  As  the  United  States  was 
neutral,  \VH  <H<1  most  of  the  carrying  trade  of  Europe.  Our 

*  While  awaiting  his  trial,  Burr  was  committed  to  the  common  jail.  There, 
among  its  wretched  inmates,  stripped  of  all  his  honors,  lay  the  man  who  once  lacked 
but  a  single  vote  to  make  him  President  of  the  United  States. 

t  Closely  connected  with  Burr's  conspiracy  is  the  romantic  story  of  Blennerhassett 
and  his  beautifiil  wife.  Having  settled  on  an  island  in  the  Ohio  River,  they  had 
transformed  the  wilderness  into  a  garden  of  beauty,  and  had  clustered  about  their 
home  every  luxury  which  wealth  could  procure.  Into  this  paradise,  Burr  came,  win- 
ning their  confidence,  and  engaging  them  in  his  plans.  On  Burr's  downfall,  Blenner- 
hassett was  arrested,  and,  before  his  release,  every  thing  had  been  sold  by  his  creditors, 
the  grounds  turned  into  a  hemp-field,  and  the  mansion  converted  into  a  store-house. 

t  During  this  blockade,  a  valiant  exploit  was  performed  by  Lieutenant  Decatur. 
The  frigate  Philadelphia  had  unfortunately  grounded  and  fallen  into  the  enemy's 
hands.  Concealing  his  men  below,  he  entered  the  harbor  with  a  small  vessel,  which 
he  warped  alongside  the  Philadelphia,  in  the  character  of  a  ship  in  distress.  As  the 
two  vessels  struck,  the  pirates  first  suspected  his  design.  Instantly  he  leaped  aboard, 


158 


EPOCH     IV. 


[1807. 


vessels  thus  became  the  prey  of  both  the  hostile  nations.  Be- 
sides, England  claimed  the  right  of  stopping  American  ves- 
sels on  the  high  seas,  to  search  for  seamen  of  English  birth,* 
and  press  them  into  the  British  navy.  The  feeling,  already 
deep,  was  intensified  when  the  British  frigate  Leopard  fired 
into  the  American  frigate  Chesapeake,  off  the  coast  of  Vir- 


•RATTLE  OF  TIPPEnAXOE. 

ginia.  The  American  vessel,  being  wholly  unprepared  for 
battle,  soon  struck  her  colors.  Four  of  the  crew,  three  being 
Americans  by  birth,  were  taken,  on  the  pretense  that  they 
were  deserters.  Jefferson  immediately  ordered  all  British 
vessels  of  war  to  quit  the  waters  of  the  United  States. 
Though  England  disavowed  the  act,  no  reparation  was  made. 
Congress  then  passed  an  EMBARGO  ACT  forbidding  American 
vessels  to  leave  port.  This  was  so  injurious  to  our  com- 
merce that  it  was  removed,  but  all  intercourse  with  England 
or  France  was  forbidden. 

with  his  men,  swept  the  affrighted  crew  Into  the  sea,  set  the  ship  on  fire,  and,  amid  a 
tremendous  cannonade  from  the  shore,  escaped  without  losing  a  man. 

*  The  American  doctrine  was  that  a  foreigner  naturalized  became  an  American 
citizen ;  the  British,  "  Once  an  Englishman,  always  an  Englishman." 


1809.]  MADISON'S   ADMINISTRATION.  150 

Political  Parties. — While  the  country  was  in  this  feverish 
state,  Jefferson's  second  term  expired.  James  Madison,  the 
republican  candidate,  who  was  in  sympathy  with  his  views, 
was  elected  as  his  successor  by  a  large  majority.  The  repub- 
licans generally  favored  a  war  with  England.*  The  feder- 
alists were  a  strong  minority,  and  throughout  this  adminis- 
tration bitterly  opposed  the  war  policy. 

V 

MADISON'S     ADMINISTRATION.! 

(FOURTH    PRESIDENT— TWO    TERMS:    1809-1817.) 

Domestic  Affairs. — Battle  of  Tippecanoe  (November  7, 
1811). — British  emissaries  had  been  busy  arousing  the  In- 
dians to  war.  Te  cum'seh,  a  famous  chief,  seized  the  opportu- 
nity to  form  a  confederacy  of  the  north-western  tribes.  Gen- 
eral Harrison,  who  was  sent  against  them  with  a  strong  force, 
was  treacherously  attacked  by  night  near  the  Tippecanoe. 
The  Indians,  however,  were  routed  with  great  slaughter. 

*  Madison  and  Monroe  both  followed  Jefferson's  policy ;  Josiah  Quincy  once 
called  them  James  I.  and  James  H. 

t  James  Madison  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1751;  died  1836.  In  the  Convention 
of  1787,  he  was  0110  of  the  strongi'st  ail  voratcs  <>f  the  Constitution,  and  did  much  to 
secure  its  adoption.  TVom  his  political  principles  he  was  obliged,  though  reluctantly, 
to  oppose  Washington's  administration,  which  he  did  in  a  courteous  and  temperate 
manner.  He  led  his  party  in  Congress,  where  he  remained  till  1797.  The  next  year 
he  drafted  the  famous  "  1798-'99  Resolutions ",  enunciating  the  doctrine  of  State 
rights,  which,  with  the  accompanying  "  Report "  in  their  defense,  have  been  the 
great  text-book  of  the  democratic  party.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  to  Jefferson. 
After  his  Presidential  services,  he  retired  from  public  station.  Madison's  success 
was  not  so  much  the  result  of  a  great  natural  ability  as  of  intense  application  and 
severe  accuracy.  His  mind  was  strong,  clear,  and  well-balanced,  and  his  memory 
was  wonderful.  Like  John  Quincy  Adams,  he  had  laid  up  a  great  store  of  learning, 
which  he  used  in  the  most  skillful  manner.  He  always  exhausted  the  subject  upon 
which  he  spoke.  "  When  he  had  finished,  nothing  remained  to  be  said."  His  private 
character  was  spotless.  His  manner  was  simple,  modest,  and  uniformly  courteous 
to  his  opponents.  He  enjoyed  wit  and  humor,  and  told  a  story  admirably.  His 
sunny  temper  remained  with  him  to  the  last.  Some  friends  coming  to  visit  Mm 
during  his  final  illness,  he  sunk  smilingly  back  on  his  couch,  saying :  "I  always  talk 
better  when  I  lie.'1'1  It  has  been  said  of  him :  "  It  was  his  rare  good  fortune  to  have  a 
whole  nation  for  his  friends." 


160  EPOCH     IV.  [1812. 

Foreign  Affairs. — England. — This  war  aroused  the  people 
of  the  West  against  England.  The  impressment  of  our  sea- 
men and  the  capture  of  our  ships  continued.  The  British 
government  went  so  far  as  to  send  war  vessels  into  our  waters 
to  seize  our  ships  as  prizes.  The  American  frigate  President 
having  hailed  the  British  sloop-of-war  Little  Belt,  received  a 
cannon-shot  in  reply.  The  fire  was  returned,  and  the  sloop 
soon  disabled ;  a  civil  answer  was  then  returned.  The  British 
government  refusing  to  relinquish  its  offensive  course,  all 
hope  of  peace  was  abandoned.*  Finally  (June  19,  1812), 
war  was  formally  declared  against  Great  Britain. 


SECOND     WAR     WITH     GREAT     BRITAIN    (1812-'14). 

Surrender  of  Detroit  (August  16, 1812). — As  in  the  pre- 
vious wars,  it  was  determined  to  invade  Canada.  General 
William  Hull  accordingly  crossed  over  from  Detroit  and  en- 
camped on  Canadian  soil.  While  preparing  to  attack  Fort 
Maiden  (mawPden),  he  learned  that  the  enemy  were  gather- 
ing in  force,  and  had  already  captured  Fort  Mackinaw.  He, 
therefore,  retreated  to  Detroit.  The  British  under  General 
Brock  and  the  Indians  under  Tecumseh  followed  thither, 
and,  landing,  advanced  at  once  to  assault  the  fort  at  that 
place.  The  garrison  was  in  line,  and  the  gunners  were 
standing  with  lighted  .matches  awaiting  the  order  to  fire, 
when  Hull,  apparently  unnerved  by  the  fear  of  bloodshed, 
ordered  the  white  flag — a  table-cloth — to  be  raised.  Amid 
the  tears  of  his  men,  it  is  said,  and  without  even  stipulating 
for  the  honors  of  war,  he  surrendered  not  only  Detroit,  with 
its  garrison  and  stores,  but  the  whole  of  Michigan.  ^__ 

*  Madison,  whose  disposition  was  very  pacific,  hesitated  so  long,  that  one  of  the 
federalists  declared  In  Congress  that  "  he  could  not  oe  kicked  into  a  fight ".  This 
expression  passed  into  a  proverb. 


ORANEY 

BRITISH  ATTACK  ON 
BAI.TIBOKK  ,WASHIK(iTON  .ETC. 


1812.]  WAR     OF     1812-'14.  161 

Battle  of  Queenstown  Heights  (October  13). — Late  in 
summer,  another  attempt  was  made  to  invade  Canada.  Gen- 
eral Van  Rensselaer  (ren'se  ler),  finding  that  his  men  wero 
eager  for  a  fight,  sent  a  small  body  across  the  Niagara  River 
to  attack  the  British  at  Queenstown  Heights.  The  English 
were  driven  from  their  position,  and  General  Brock  was 
killed.  General  Van  Rensselaer  then  returned  to  the  Ameri- 
can shore  to  bring  over  the  rest  of  the  army ;  but  the  militia, 
denying  the  constitutional  right  of  their  commander  to  take 
them  out  of  the  State,  refused  to  embark.  Meantime,  their 
comrades  on  the  Canadian  shore,  thus  basely  abandoned, 
after  a  desperate  struggle,  were  compelled  to  surrender. 

Naval  Victories. — These  signal  disgraces  by  land  were 
in  striking  contrast  to  the  successes  on  the  sea. 

Constitution  and  Guerriere  (August  1 9). — The  fight  off  the 
coast  of  Massachusetts,  between  the  American  frigate  Con- 
stitution (popularly  called  Old  Ironsides)  and  the  Guerriere 
(gare  e  are')  is  memorable.  The  latter  vessel  opened  fire  first. 
Captain  Isaac  Hull*  refused  to  answer  until  he  had  brought 
his  ship  into  the  exact  position  he  desired,  when  he  poured 
broadside  after  broadside  into  his  antagonist,  sweeping  her 
deck,  shattering  her  hull,  and  cutting  her  masts  and  rigging 
to  pieces.  The  Guerriere  soon  became  unmanageable,  and 
was  forced  to  surrender.!  She  was  so  badly  injured  that  she 

*  Nephew  of  General  Hull.    His  bravery  retrieved  the  name  from  its  disgrace. 

t  "Captain  Hull  sent  an  officer  to  take  possession  of  the  Querriero.  When  he 
arrived  alongside,  he  demanded  of  the  commander  of  the  English  frigate  if  he  had 
struck.  Dacres  was  extremely  reluctant  to  make  this  concession  in  plain  terms ; 
but,  with  a  shrewdness  which  would  have  done  honor  to  a  Yankee,  endeavored  to 
evade  the  question.  '  I  do  not  know  that  it  would  be  prudent  to  continue  the  en- 
gagement any  longer ',  said  he.  '  Do  I  understand  you  to  say  that  you  have  struck? ' 
inquired  the  American  lieutenant.  '  Not  precisely ',  returned  Dacres ;  '  but  I  don't 
know  that  it  will  be  worth  while  to  fight  any  longer.'  'If  you  can  not  decide,  I  will 
return  aboard',  replied  the  Yankee,  'and  we  will  resume  the  engagement.'  'Why, 
I  am  pretty  much  fiors  de  combat  already ',  said  Dacres ;  '  I  have  hardly  men  enough 
left  to  work  a  gun,  and  my  ship  ia  in  a  sinking  condition,'  'I  wish  to  know,  sir', 


162 


EPOCH     IV. 


[1812. 


could  not  be  brought  into  port ;  while  the  Old  Ironsides,  in 
a  few  hours,  was  ready  for  another  fight. 

Frolic  and  Wasp  (October  13).  — The  next  noted 
achievement  was  the  defeat  of  the  English  brig  Frolic 
by  the  sloop-of-war  Wasp,  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina. 
When  the  former  was  boarded  by  her  captors,  her  colors 


CAPTTTBE  OF  THE  GUERRIERE  BY  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

were  still  flying,  there  being  no  one  to  haul  them  down. 
The  man  at  the  helm  was  the  only  sailor  left  on  deck 
unharmed. 

Other  victories  followed.  Privateers  scoured  every  sea, 
inflicting  untold  injury  on  the  British  commerce.  During 
the  year,  over  three  hundred  prizes  were  captured. 

peremptorily  demanded  the  American  officer,  '  whether  I  am  to  consider  you  as  a 
prisoner  of  war  or  an  enemy.  I  have  no  time  for  further  parley.'  '  I  believe  there  is 
now  no  alternative.  If  I  could  fight  longer,  I  would  with  pleasure ;  hut  I— must — 
surrender— myself— a  prisoner  of  war!'1 " 


1813.J  WAR     OF     1812-'14.  163 

The*  Effect  of  these  Naval  Victories  was  to  arouse  enthu- 
siasm and  inspire  confidence.  Volunteer  corps  were  rapidly 
formed.  Madison  was  re-elected,  thus  stamping  his  war 
policy  with  the  popular  approval. 

1813. 

Plan  of  the  Campaign. — Three  armies  were  raised:  (1) 
the  ARMY  OF  THE  CENTER,  under  General  Dearborn,  on  the 
Niagara  River  ;  (2)  the  ARMY  OF  THE  NORTH,  under  General 
Hampton,  along  Lake  Champlain  ;  and  (3)  the  ARMY  OF  THE 
WEST,  under  General  Harrison,  of  Tippecanoe  fame.  All  three 
were  ultimately  to  invade  Canada.  Proctor  was  the  British 
general,  and  Tecumseh  had  command  of  his  Indian  allies. 

The  Armies  of  the  Center  and  North  did  but  little.  Gen- 
eral Dearborn  *  attacked  York,  General  Pike  gallantly  lead- 
ing the  assault.  Unfortunately,  in  the  moment  of  success 
the  magaxirie  blew  up,  making  fearful  havoc.  Pike  was 
mortally  wounded,  but  lived  to  hear  the  shouts  of  his  men  as 
they  hauled  down  the  British  ensign.  At  a  sign  from  him, 
the  captured  flag  was  placed  under  his  head,  when  he  died, 
as  he  had  wished,  "  like  Wolfe,  in  the  arms  of  victory  ".  Dear- 
born soon  after  resigned.  Wilkinson,  his  successor,  tried  to 
descend  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  join  General  Hampton  in  an 
attack  on  Montreal.  A  sharp  action  occurred  at  CHRYSLER'S 
FIELD,  but  news  coming  that  Hampton  had  gone  back  to 
Plattsburg,  the  expedition  was  abandoned.  (Mapopp.  p.  160.) 
Thus  ingloriously  ended  the  campaign  of  these  two  armies. 

Army  of  the  West. — A  detachment  of  General  Harrison's 
men  was  captured  f  at  Frenchtown,  on  the  River  Raisin,  by 

*  When  the  British  heard  that  Dearborn  had  sailed  away  from  Sackett's  Harbor 
with  the  fleet,  they  immediately  made  an  attack  on  that  place.  They  were  bravely 
repulsed  by  General  Brown  and  a  few  regulars. 

t  This  party  was  stationed  on  the  Maumee,  under  General  Winchester.    Having 


164  EPOCH     IV.  [1813. 

Proctor,  who  then  besieged  Harrison  himself  at  Fort  Meigs 
(mSgz).  Repulsed  here,  Proctor  stormed  Fort  Stephenson, 
garrisoned  by  only  one  hundred  and  sixty  men,  under  Major 
Croghan,  a  young  man  of  twenty-one.  Beaten  again,  he 
returned  to  Maiden.  As  yet,  however,  the  British  held 
Michigan  and  threatened  Ohio,  and  the  Americans  had 
been  as  unsuccessful  this  year  as  they  were  the  preceding, 
when  a  glorious  triumph  on  Lake  Erie  gave  a  new  aspect 
to  the  campaign. 

Perry's  Victory  (September  10). — When  Captain  Perry, 
then  only  twenty-seven  years  old,  was  assigned  the  command 
of  theT  flotilla^inLake  Erie,  the  British  were  undisputed 
mastersof  the  Take;  while  his  fleet  was  to  be,  in  part,  made 
out  of  the  trees  in  the  forest.  By  indefatigable  exertion  he 
got  nine  vessels,  carrying  fifty-four  guns,  ready  for  action, 
when  the  British  fleet  of  six  vessels  and  sixty-three  guns 
bore  down  upon  his  little  squadron.*  Perry's  flag-ship,  the 
Lawrence,f  engaged  two  of  the  heaviest  vessels  of  the  enemy, 
and  fought  them  till  but  eight  of  his  men  were  left.  He 

learned  that  the  people  of  Frenchtown  feared  an  attack  from  the  Indians,  he  allowed 
his  military  judgment  to  yield  to  his  humanity,  and  marched  to  their  relief.  He  de- 
feated the  enemy,  but  was  soon  attacked  by  a  body  of  fifteen  hundred  British  and 
Indians  under  Proctor.  Winchester,  being  captured  in  the  course  of  the  battle,  agreed 
to  the  surrender  of  his  men  under  the  solemn  promise  that  their  lives  and  property 
should  be  safe.  Proctor,  however,  immediately  returned  to  Maiden  with  the  British, 
leaving  no  guard  over  the  American  wounded.  Thereupon,  the  Indians,  maddened 
by  liquor  and  the  desire  for  revenge,  mercilessly  tomahawked  many,  sot  fire  to  the 
houses  in  which  others  lay,  and  carried  the  survivors  to  Detroit,  where  they  were 
dragged  through  the  streets  and  offered  for  sale  at  the  doors  of  the  inhabitants. 
Many  of  the  women  of  that  place  gave  for  their  ransom  every  article  of  value  which 
they  possessed.  The  troops  were  Kentuckians,  and  the  war-cry  of  their  sons  was 
henceforth  "  Remember  the  Raisin".— The  great  object  of  the  Indians  in  battle  was 
to  get  scalps,  Proctor  paying  a  regular  bounty  for  every  one.  They  were  therefore 
loth  to  take  prisoners.  Proctor,  brutal  and  haughty,  was  a  fit  leader  under  a  govern- 
ment that  would  employ  savages  in  a  civilized  warfare. 

*  Perry  had  never  seen  a  naval  battle,  while  Captain  Barclay,  the  British  com- 
mander, was  one  of  Nelson's  veterans,  and  had  lost  an  arm  in  the  service. 

t  From  its  mast-head  floated  a  blue  pennant,  bearing  the  words  of  the  dying  Law- 
rence, "  Don't  give  up  the  snip  ".  (See  p.  166.) 


1813.]  WAR     OF     1812-'14.  165 

helped  these  to  fire  the  last  gun,  and  then  leaping  into  a  boat 
bore  his  flag  to  the  Niagara.  He  had  to  pass  within  pistol- 
shot  of  the  British,  who  turned  their  guns  directly  upon  him ; 
and  though  he  was  a  fair  mark  for  every  shot,  he  escaped 
without  injury.  Breaking  through  the  enemy's  line,  and 
firing  right  and  left,  within  fifteen  minutes  after  he  mounted 
the  deck  of  the  Niagara  the  victory  was  won.  Perry  at  once 
wrote  to  General  Harrison,  "  WE  HAVE  MET  THE  ENEMY,  AND 
THEY  ARE  OURS."  This  laconic  dispatch  produced  intense  ex- 
citement throughout  the  country.  Upon  the  result  of  this 
battle  depended,  as  we  shall  see,  important  issues. 

Battle  of  the  Thames. — Proctor  and  Tecumseh  were  at 
Maiden  with  their  motley  array  of  British  and  Indians,  two 
thousand  strong,  waiting  to  lay  waste  the  frontier.  Harrison, 
at  Sandusky  Bay,  was  nearly  ready  to  invade  Canada,  and  at 
the  news  of  this  victory  pushed  across  the  lake.  Landing  at 
Maiden,  which  he  found  deserted,  Harrison  hotly  pursued  the 
flying  enemy  and  overtook  them  on  the  RIVER  THAMES  (tsmz). 
Having  drawn  up  his  troops,  he  ordered  Colonel  Johnson, 
with  his  Kentucky  horsemen,  to  charge  the  English  in  front. 
Dashing  through  the  forest,  they  broke  the  enemy's  line,  and 
forming  in  their  rear,  prepared  to  pour  in  a  deadly  fire.  The 
British  surrendered,  but  Proctor  escaped  by  the  swiftness 
of  his  horse.  Johnson  then  pushed  forward  to  attack  the 
Indians.  In  the  heat  of  the  action,  a  bullet,  fired  by 
Johnson  himself,  struck  Tecumseh.  With  his  death,  the 
savages  lost  all  hope,  and  fled  in  confusion. 

Effect. — This  victory,  with  Perry's,  relieved  Michigan, 
gave  control  of  Lake  Erie,  and  virtually  decided  the  war. 
General  Harrison  returned  amid  the  plaudits  of  the  nation. 

Naval  Battles. — The  American  navy  achieved  some 
brilliant  successes,  but  was  not  uniformly  victorious. 

Chesapeake  and  Shannon. — Captain  Lawrence,  of  the 


166  EPOCH     IV.  [1813. 

Hornet,  having  captured  the  British  brig  Peacock,  on  his 
return  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Chesapeake,  the  ill- 
starred  frigate  which  struck  her  flag  to  the  Leopard  off  the 
coast  of  Virginia.  While  refitting  his  vessel  at  Boston,  a 
challenge  was  sent  him  to  fight  the  Shannon,  then  lying  off 
the  harbor.  Lawrence,  although  part  of  his  crew  were  dis- 
charged, and  the  unpaid  remainder  were  almost  mutinous, 
consulted  only  his  own  heroic  spirit,  and  put  to  sea.  The 
action  was  brief.  A  hand-grenade  bursting  in  the  Chesa- 
peake's  arm-chest,  the  enemy  took  advantage  of  the  confu- 
sion, and  boarded  the  vessel.  A  scene  of  carnage  ensued. 
Lawrence,  mortally  wounded,  was  carried  below.  As  he  left 
the  deck  he  exclaimed,  "  DON'T  GIVE  UP  THE  SHIP  ".  But  the 
feeble  crew  were  soon  overpowered,  and  the  colors  hauled 
down. 

War  with  the  Creeks. — Tecumseh  had  been  (1811) 
among  the  Alabama  Indians,  and  had  aroused  them  to  take 
up  arms  against  the  Americans.  They  accordingly  formed  a 
league  (1813),  and  fell  upon  FORT  MIMMS,  massacring  the  gar- 
rison and  the  defenseless  women  and  children.  (Map  opp.  p. 
160.)  Volunteers  flocked  in  from  all  sides  to  avenge  this 
horrid  deed.  Under  General  Jackson,  they  drove  the  Indians 
from  one  place  to  another,  until  they  took  refuge  on  the 
HORSESHOE  BEND,  where  they  fortified  themselves  for  the  last 
battle*  (March  27,1814).  The  soldiers,  with  fixed  bayonets, 
scaled  their  breastwork.  The  Creeks  fought  with  the  energy 
of  despair,  but  six  hundred  of  their  number  were  killed,  and 
those  who  escaped  were  glad  to  make  peace  on  any  terms. 


*  An  event  occurred  on  Jackson's  march,  which  illustrates  his  iron  will.  For  a 
long  time  his  soldiers  suffered  extremely  from  famine,  and  at  last  they  mutinied. 
Gteneral  Jackson  rode  before  the  ranks.  His  left  arm,  shattered  by  a  ball,  was  dis- 
abled, but  in  his  right  he  held  a  musket.  Sternly  ordering  the  men  back  to  their 
places,  he  declared  he  would  shoot  the  first  who  advanced.  No  one  stirred,  and  soon 
all  returned  to  their  duty. 


1814.J 


WAR     OF     1 8 1 2  - '  1 4  . 


167 


Ravages  on  the  Atlantic  Coast. — Early  in  the  spring  the 
British  commenced  devastating  the  Southern  coast.*  Ad- 
miral Cockburn,  especially,  disgraced  the  British  navy  by 
conduct  worse  than  that  of  Cornwallis  in  the  Revolution. 
Along  the  Virginia  and  Carolina  coast,  he  burned  bridges, 
farm-houses,  and  villages ;  robbed  the  inhabitants  of  their 
crops,  stock,  and  slaves  ;  plundered  churches  of  their  com- 
munion serviceSj  and  murdered  the  sick  in  their  beds. 


•DON'T  GIVE   UP  THE   SH11-. 


1814. 

Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  (July  25). — The  American  army, 
under  General  Brown,  crossed  the  Niagara  River  once  more, 
and  for  the  last  time  invaded  Canada.  Fort  Erie  having 

*  New  England  was  spared  because  of  a  belief  that  the  Northern  States  were  un- 
friendly to  the  war,  and  would  yet  return  to  their  allegiance  to  Great  Britain. 


168  EPOCH     IV.  [1814. 

been  taken,  General  Winfield  Scott,  leading  the  advance,  at- 
tacked the  British  at  CHIP'PE  WA  (July  5),  and  gained  a  brill- 
iant victory.  A  second  engagement  was  fought  at  LUNDY'S 
LANE,  opposite  Niagara  Falls.  (Map  opp.  p.  160.)  Here, 
within  sound  of  that  mighty  cataract,  occurred  one  of  the 
bloodiest  battles  of  the  war.  General  Scott  had  only  one 
thousand  men,  but  he  maintained  the  unequal  contest  until 
dark.  A  battery,  located  on  a  height,  was  the  key  to  the 
British  position.  Calling  Colonel  Miller  to  his  side,  General 
Brown,  who  had  now  arrived,  asked  him  if  he  could  take  it. 
"  I'll  try,  sir  ",  was  the  fearless  reply.  Heading  his  regiment, 
he  steadily  marched  up  the  height  and  secured  the  coveted 
position.  Three  times  the  British  rallied  for  its  re-capture, 
but  as  many  times  were  hurled  back.  At  midnight  they 
retired  from  the  field.  This  victory,  though  glorious  to 
the  American  army,  was  barren  of  direct  results. 

Battle  of  Lake  Champlain  (September  11). — All  but  fif- 
teen hundred  of  the  troops  at  Plattsburg  had  gone  to  rein- 
force General  Brown.  Prevost  (pr£  vo'),  the  commander  of 
the  British  army  in  Canada,  learning  this  fact,  took  twelve 
thousand  veteran  soldiers,  who  had  served  under  Welling- 
ton, and  marched  against  that  place.  As  he  advanced  to 
the  attack,  the  British  fleet  on  Lake  Champlain  assailed 
the  American  squadron  under  Commodore  MacDonough 
(d6n'o).*  The  attacking  squadron  was  nearly  annihilated. 
The  little  army  in  Plattsburg,  by  their  vigorous  defense,  pre- 
vented Prevost  from  crossing  the  Saranac  River.  When  he 
found  that  his  ships  were  lost,  he  fled  precipitately,  leaving 
his  sick  and  wounded,  and  large  quantities  of  military  stores. 

Ravages  on  the  Atlantic  Coast. — The  British  blockade 
extended  this  year  to  the  north.  Commerce  was  so  com- 

*  One  of  his  vessels  he  had  built  in  twenty  days,  from  trees  growing  on  the  bank 
of  the  lake. 


1814.]  WAR    OF    1812-'14.  169 

pletely  destroyed  that  the  lamps  in  the  light-houses  were 
extinguished  as  being  of  use  only  to  the  English.  Several 
towns  in  Maine  were  captured.  Stonington,  Conn.,  was 
bombarded.  Cockburn  continued  his  depredations  along  the 
Chesapeake.  General  Ross  marched  to  Washington  (Aug.  24) 
and  burned  the  capitol,  the  Congressional  library,  and  other 
public  buildings  and  records,  with  private  dwellings  and 
store-houses.  He  then  sailed  around  by  sea,  to  attack  Balti- 
more. The  army  having  disembarked  below  the  city  (Sept. 
12),  moved  against  it  by  land,*  while  the  fleet  bombarded 
Fort  McHenry  from  the  river.  The  troops,  however,  met 
with  a  determined  resistance;  and,  as  the  fleet  had  made  no 
impression  on  the  fort,f  soon  retired  to  their  ships. 

Great  excitement  was  produced  by  these  events.  Every 
sea-port  was  fortified  ;•  the  militia  were  organized,  and  citi- 
zens of  all  ranks  labored  with  their  own  hands  to  throw  up 
defenses.  Bitter  reproaches  were  cast  upon  the  adminis- 
tration because  of  its  mode  of  conducting  the  war.  Delegates 
from  New  England  States  met  at  Hartford  (December  1 5)  to 
discuss  this  subject.  The  meeting  was  branded  with  odium 
by  friends  of  the  administration,  and  to  be  called  a  "  Hartford 
Convention  Federalist "  was  long  a  term  of  reproach. 

Peace,  as  afterward  appeared,  was  made  even  before  the 
convention  adjourned.  The  treaty  was  signed  at  Ghent, 
December  24.  Before,  however,  the  news  reached  this 
country,  a  terrible  and,  as  it  proved,  unnecessary  battle 
had  been  fought  in  the  South. 

Battle  of  New  Orleans  (January  8,  1815). — A  powerful 
fleet  and  a  force  of  twelve  thousand  men,  under  General  Pak- 

*  While  the  British  troops  were  marching  toward  Baltimore,  Gteneral  Ross  rode 
forward  to  reconnoiter.  Two  mechanics,  who  were  in  a  tree  watching  the  advance, 
flred,  and  Ross  fell  mortally  wounded.  The  two  patriots  were  instantly  shot. 

t  During  the  bombardment  of  Fort  McHenry,  Francis  S.  Key,  an  American  de- 
tained on  board  an  English  vessel,  wrote  the  song,  "  The  Star  Spangled  Banner ". 


170 


EPOCH    IV. 


[1815. 


enham,  undertook  the  capture  of  New  Orleans.  General 
Jackson,  anticipating  this  attempt,  had  thrown  up  intrench- 
ments*  several  miles  below  the  city.  The  British  advanced 
steadily,  in  solid  columns,  heedless  of  the  artillery  fire 


BATTLE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 

which  swept  their  ranks,  until  they  came  within  range  of 
the  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  riflemen,  when  they  wavered. 
Their  officers  rallied  them  again  and  again.  General  Pak- 
enham  fell  in  the  arms  of  the  same  officer  who  had  caught 
General  Ross  as  he  fell  at  Baltimore.  Neither  discipline  nor 

*  Jackson  at  first  made  his  intrenchments,  in  part,  of  cotton-bales,  but  a  red-hot 
cannon-ball  having  fired  the  cotton  and  scattered  the  burning  fragments  among  the 
barrels  of  gunpowder,  it  was  found  necessary  to  remove  the  cotton  entirely.  The 
only  defense  of  the  Americans  during  the  battle  was  a  bank  of  earth,  five  feet  high, 
and  a  ditch  in  front.  The  British  were  tried  and  disciplined  troops,  while  very  few 
of  the  Americans  had  ever  seen  fighting.  Besides,  the  British  were  nearly  double 
their  number.  But  our  men  were  accustomed  to  the  use  of  the  rifle,  and  were  the 
Usat  marksmen  in  the  world. 


1815.J  MADISON'S     ADMINISTRATION..  171 

bravery  could  prevail.  General  Lambert,  who  succeeded  to 
the  command,  drew  off  his  men  in  the  night,  hopelessly 
defeated,  after  a  loss  of  over  two  thousand;  while  the 
American  loss  was  but  seven  killed  and  six  wounded. 

Results  of  the  War. — The  treaty  left  the  question  of  im- 
pressment unsettled,  yet  it  was  tacitly  understood,  and  was 
never  revived.  The  national  debt  was  $127,000,000,  but 
within  twenty  years  it  was  paid  from  the  ordinary  revenue. 
The  United  States  had  secured  the  respect  of  European 
nations,*  since  our  navy  had  dared  to  meet,  and  often  suc- 
cessfully, the  greatest  maritime  power  in  the  world.  The 
impossibility  of  any  foreign  ruler  gaining  a  permanent  foot- 
hold on  our  territory  was  shown.  The  fruitless  invasion 
of  Canada  by  the  militia,  compared  with  the  brave  defense 
of  their  own  territory  by  the  same  men,  proved  that  the 
strength  of  the  United  States  lay  in  defensive  warfare.  Ex- 
tensive manufactories  were  established  to  supply  the  place 
of  the  English  goods  cut  off  by  the  blockade.  This  branch 
of  industry  continued  to  thrive  after  peace,  though  for  a 
time  depressed  by  the  quantity  of  English  goods  thrown  on 
the  market.  The  immediate  evils  of  the  war  were  apparent : 
trade  ruined,  commerce  gone,  no  specie  to  be  seen,  and  a 
general  depression.  Yet  the  wonderful  resources  of  the 
country  were  shown  by  the  rapidity  with  which  it  entered 
upon  a  new  career  of  prosperity.  During  the  next  six  years, 
a  new  State  was  added  each  year  (p.  202). 

Political  Parties. — When  Madison's  term  of  office  ex- 
pired, the  federalist  party  had  been  broken  up  by  its  opposi- 
tion to  the  war.  James  Monroe,  the  Presidential  candidate  of 

*  The  Algerin.es  had  taken  advantage  of  the  war  with  England  to  renew  their 
depredations  on  American  commerce.  Decatur  (1815)  was  sent  with  a  squadron  to 
Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli.  He  obtained  the  liberation  of  the  American  prisoners, 
and  full  indemnity  for  all  losses,  with  pledges  for  the  future.  The  United  States  was 
the  first  nation  effectually  to  resist  the  demands  of  the  Barbary  pirates  for  tribute. 


172  EPOCH     IV.  [1816. 

the  republican  party,  was  almost  unanimously  elected.    He 
was  generally  beloved,  and  all  parties  united  in  his  support. 


MONROE'S     ADMINISTRATION.* 

PRESIDENT—  TWO  TKRMS:    1817-1825.) 


Monroe's  administration  was  one  of  general  prosperity. 
It  is  known  as  "  The  era  of  good  feeling  ".  After  the  ravages 
of  war,  the  attention  of  all  was  turned  to  the  development 
of  the  internal  resources  of  the  country  and  to  the  build- 
ing up  of  its  industries. 

Domestic  Affairs.  —  The  Missouri  Compromise.  —  When 
the  admission  of  Missouri  as  a  State  was  proposed,  a  violent 
discussion  arose  as  to  whether  it  should  be  free  or  slave.  \ 

*  James  Monroe  was  born  1758  ;  died  1831.  As  a  soldier  under  Gteneral  Washing- 
ton, he  distinguished  himself  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  G/ermantown,  and  Mon- 
mouth.  Afterward,  he  studied  law,  and  entered  political  life.  Having  been  sent 
by  Washington  as  Minister  to  France,  he  showed  such  marked  sympathy  with  that 
country  as  to  displease  the  President  and  his  cabinet,  who  were  just  concluding  a 
treaty  with  England,  and  wished  to  preserve  a  strictly  neutral  policy  ;  he  was  there- 
fore recalled.  Under  Jeff  erson,  who  was  his  warm  friend,  he  was  again  sent  to  France 
(1803),  when  he  secured  the  purchase  of  Louisiana.  He  is  said  to  have  always  taken 
particular  pride  in  this  transaction,  regarding  his  part  in  it  as  among  the  most  im- 
portant of  his  public  services.  Soon  after  his  inauguration  as  President,  he  visited 
all  the  military  posts  in  the  north  and  east,  with  a  view  to  a  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  capabilities  of  the  country  in  the  event  of  future  hostilities.  He  wore  a  blue 
military  coat  of  homespun,  light-colored  breeches,  and  a  cocked  hat,  being  the  un- 
dress uniform  of  a  Revolutionary  officer.  The  nation  was  thus  reminded  of  his  for- 
mer military  services.  This,  with  his  plain  and  unassuming  manners,  completely  won 
the  hearts  of  the  people,  and  brought  an  overwhelming  majority  to  the  support  of  the 
administration.  Monroe  was  a  man  more  prudent  than  brilliant,  who  acted  with  a  sin- 
gle eye  to  the  welfare  of  his  country.  Jefferson  said  of  him  :  "  If  his  soul  were  turned 
inside  out,  not  a  spot  would  be  found  on  it."  Ijke  that  loved  friend,  he  died  "  poor  in 
money,  but  rich  in  honor  "  ;  and  like  him  also,  he  passed  away  on  the  anniversary  of 
the  independence  of  the  country  he  had  served  so  faithfully. 

t  The  question  of  slavery  was  already  one  of  vast  importance.  At  first,  slaves 
were  owned  in  the  Northern  as  well  as  the  Southern  States.  But  at  the  North,  slave 
labor  was  unprofitable,  and  it  had  gradually  died  out  ;  while  at  the  South,  it  was  a 
success,  and  hence  had  steadily  increased.  In  1793,  Eli  Whitney,  of  Massachusetts, 
invented  the  cotton-gin,  a  machine  for  cleaning  cotton  from  the  seed,  an  operation 


1821.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES.  175 

Through  the  efforts  of  Henry  Clay,  it  was  admitted  as  a  slave 
State  (1821),  under  the  compromise  that  slavery  should  be 
prohibited  in  all  other  territories  west  of  the  Mississippi  and 
north  of  parallel  3  6°  30',  the  southern  boundary  of  Missouri. 

La  Fayette's  Visit  to  this  country  (1824)  as  "the  nation's 
guest "  was  a  joyous  event.  He  traveled  through  each  of  the 
twenty-four  States,  and  was  every-where  welcomed  with  de- 
light. His  visit  to  the  tomb  of  Washington  was  full  of  affec- 
tionate remembrance.  He  was  carried  home  in  a  national 
vessel,  the  Brandy  wine,  named  in  honor  of  the  battle  in  which 
La  Fayette  first  drew  his  sword  in  behalf  of  the  colonies. 

Foreign  Affairs. — Florida. — By  a  treaty  (1819),  Spain 
no  weeded  Florida  to  the  United  States.  (See  p.  302.) 

Monroe  Doctrine. — In  one  of  President  Monroe's  messages 
he  advocated  a  principle  since  famous  as  the  MONROE  DOC- 
TRINE. He  declared  that  any  attempt  by  a  European  nation 
to  gain  dominion  in  America  would  be  considered  by  the 
United  States  as  an  unfriendly  act. 

Political  Parties. — Divisions  now  became  apparent  in  the 
great  party  which  had  twice  so  triumphantly  elected  Monroe 
as  President.  The  whig  party,  as  it  came  to  be  called  in  Jack- 
son's time,  was  forming  in  opposition  to  the  republican— 
thenceforth  known  as  the  democratic  party.*  The  whigs 
were  in  favor  of  a  protective  tariff,  and  a  general  system  of 
internal  improvements ;  f  the  democrats  opposed  these  meas- 

before  performed  by  band,  and  very  expensive.  (Bead  Barnes'  Pop.  Hist,  of  the 
U.  S.,  p.  348.)  Tbis  gave  a  new  impulse  to  cotton-raising.  Sugar  and  tobacco,  also 
great  staples  of  the  South,  were  cultivated  exclusively  by  slave  labor. 

*  John  Quincy  Adams  and  Henry  Clay  were  the  champions  of  the  whigs ;  Andrew 
Jackson  and  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  the  democrats.  In  1835,  the  democrats  began  to  be 
dalled  "  Xiocof ocos  ",  because,  at  a  meeting  In  Tammany  Hall  (Oct.  29),  the  llgnts  Hav- 
ing been  put  out,  were  relighted  with  locofoco  matches,  which  several  persons, 
expecting  such  an  event,  had  carried  in  their  pockets. 

t  A  protective  tariff  is  a  duty  on  imported  goods  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging 
home  manufactures.  By  the  term  internal  improvements  is  meant  the  improving  of 
the  navigation  of  rivers,  the  building  of  railroads,  the  dredging  of  harbors,  etc. 


174  EPOCH     IV.  [1825 

ures.  No  one  of  the  four  candidates  obtaining  a  majority 
the  election  went  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  where 
John  Quincy  Adams,  son  of  John  Adams,  was  chosen. 


J.    Q.    ADAMS'     ADMINISTRATION.* 

(SIXTH    PRESIDENT:   1825-1820.) 

This  was  a  period  of  great  national  prosperity.  During 
this  term,  the  Erie  Canal  was  opened  (1825),  and  the  first 
railroad  in  the  United  States  was  completed  (1826).  The 
debt  was  diminishing  at  the  rate  of  over  $6,000,000  a 
year.  A  protective  tariff,  known  as  the  "American  Sys- 
tem ",  reached  its  height.  It  was  popular  at  the  East,  but 
distasteful  to  the  South.t  Adams  was  a  candidate  for  re- 
election, but  Andrew  Jackson — the  hero  of  New  Orleans, 
and  the  democratic  nominee — was  chosen.  The  principle 
of  a  protective  tariff  was  thus  rejected  by  the  people. 

*  John  Quincy  Adams  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  1767;  died  1848.  Hewasaman 
of  learning,  blameless  reputation,  and  unquestioned  patriotism,  yet  as  President  he 
was  hardly  more  successful  than  his  father.  This  was,  doubtless,  owing  greatly  to 
the  fierce  opposition  which  assailed  him  from  the  friends  of  disappointed  candidates, 
who  at  once  combined  to  weaken  his  measures  and  prevent  his  re-election.  Their 
candidate  was  Andrew  Jackson,  a  man  whose  dashing  boldness,  energy,  and  decision 
attracted  the  common  people,  and  hid  the  more  quiet  virtues  of  Adams.  To  add  to 
his  perplexities,  a  majority  of  the  House,  and  nearly  one  half  of  the  Senate,  favored 
the  new  party,  his  own  Vice-President,  John  C.  Calhoun,  being  most  active  in  the 
opposition.  To  stem  such  a  tide  was  a  hopeless  effort.  In  two  years,  Adams  was  re- 
turned to  Congress,  where  he  remained  until  his  death,  over  sixteen  years  afterward. 
Ten  years  of  public  service  were  thus  rendered  after  he  had  passed  his  "  three-score 
years  and  ten  ",  and  so  great  was  his  ability  in  debate  at  this  extreme  age,  that  he 
was  called  "  the  old  man  eloquent ".  Like  his  father,  he  was  a  wonderful  worker, 
and  his  mind  was  a  store-house  of  facts.  He  lived  economically,  and  left  a  large  estate. 
He  was  the  congressional  advocate  of  anti-slavery,  and  a  bitter  opponent  of  secret 
societies.  His  fame  increased  with  his  age,  and  he  died  a  trusted  and  revered  cham- 
pion of  popular  rights.  He  was  seized  with  paralysis  while  occupying  his  seat  in 
Congress,  after  which  he  lingered  two  days  in  partial  unconsciousness.  His  last 
words  were—"  This  is  the  last  of  earth ;  I  am  content." 

t  The  Southern  States,  devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits,  desired  to  have  foreign 
goods  brought  to  them  as  cheaply  as  possible ;  while  the  eastern  States,  engaged  in 
manufactures,  wished  to  have  foreign  competition  shut  off  by  heavy  duties. 


1829.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES.  175 

JACKSON'S     ADMINISTRATION.* 

(SEVENTH   PBESIDENT  — TWO   TEEMS:     1829-1837.) 

President  Jackson  commenced  his  administration  with 
an  inflexible  honesty  that  delighted  all,  but  with  a  sturdi- 
ness  of  purpose  that  amazed  both  friends  and  foes.  He  sur- 
rounded himself  at  once  by  his  political  friends,  thus  estab- 
lishing the  principle  of  "rotation  in  office  ".f 

Domestic  Affairs. — Nullification  (1832). — South  Caro- 
lina passed  a  Nullification  ordinance  declaring  the  tariff 
law  "null  and  void",  and  that  the  State  would  secede  from 
the  Union  if  force  should  be  employed  to  collect  any  revenue 
at  Charleston.  President  Jackson  acted  with  his  accustomed 

*  Andrew  Jackson  was  born  1767 ;  died  1845.  He  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent. 
His  father  died  before  he  was  born,  leaving  his  mother  very  poor.  As  a  boy,  Andrew 
was  brave  and  impetuous,  passionately  fond  of  athletic  sports,  but  not  at  all  addicted 
to  books.  His  life  was  crowded  with  excitement  and  adventure.  At  fourteen,  being 
captured  by  the  British,  he  was  ordered  to  clean  the  commander's  boots.  Showing 
the  true  American  spirit  in  his  refusal,  he  was  sent  to  prison  with  a  wound  on  head 
and  arm.  Here  he  contracted  the  small-pox,  which  kept  him  ill  for  several  months. 
Soon  after  his  mother  had  effected  his  exchange,  she  died  of  ship-fever  while  caring 
for  the  imprisoned  Americans  at  Charleston.  Left  destitute,  young  Jackson  tried 
various  employments,  but  finally  settled  down  to  the  law,  and  in  1796  was  elected  to 
Congress.  His  imperious  temper  and  inflexible  will  supplied  him  with  frequent 
quarrels.  He  first  distinguished  himself  as  a  military  officer  in  the  war  against  the 
Creek  Indians.  His  dashing  successes  in  the  war  of  1812  completed  his  reputation, 
and  ultimately  won  him  the  Presidency.  His  nomination  was  at  first  received  in 
many  States  with  ridicule,  as,  whatever  might  be  his  military  prowess,  neither  hia 
temper  nor  his  ability  recommended  him  as  a  statesman.  TTia  re-election,  however, 
proved  his  popular  success  as  President.  His  chief  intellectual  gifts  were  energy  and 
intuitive  judgment.  He  was  thoroughly  honest,  intensely  warm-hearted,  and  had  an 
instinctive  horror  of  debt.  His  moral  courage  was  as  great  as  his  physical,  and  his 
patriotism  was  undoubted.  He  died  at  the  "  Hermitage  ",  his  home  near  Nashville, 
Tennessee. — Jackson  and  Adams  were  born  the  same  year,  yet  how  different  was 
their  childhood  1  One  born  to  luxury  and  travel,  a  student  from  his  earliest  years, 
and  brilliantly  educated ;  the  other  born  in  poverty,  of  limited  education,  and  forced 
to  provide  for  himself.  Yet  they  were  destined  twice  to  compete  for  the  highest  place 
in  the  nation.  Adams,  the  first  time  barely  successful,  was  unfortunate  in  his  admin- 
istration ;  Jackson,  triumphing  the  second,  was  brilliant  in  his  Presidential  career. 

t  "  During  the  first  year  of  his  administration,  there  were  nearly  seven  hundred 
removals  from  office,  not  including  subordinate  clerks.  During  the  forty  years  pre- 
ceding, there  had  been  but  seventy-four." 


176  EPOCH    IV.  [1832. 

promptness.  He  issued  a  proclamation  announcing  his  de- 
termination to  execute  the  laws,  and  ordered  troops,  under 
General  Scott,  to  Charleston.*  In  the  meantime,  Henry 
Clay's  celebrated  "Compromise  Bill"  was  adopted  by  the 
Senate.  This  measure,  offering  a  gradual  reduction  of  the 
tariff,  was  accepted  by  both  sides  and  quiet  restored,  f 

Bank  of  the  United  States.— 
During  his  first  term,  Jackson  ve- 
toed a  bill  renewing  the  charter  of 
the  United  States  Bank.  After  his 
re-election  by  an  overwhelming  ma- 
jority, considering  his  policy  sus- 
tained by  the  people,  he  ordered 
(1833)  the  public  money  to  be  re- 
moved from  its  vaults.  The  bank 
thereupon  contracted  its  loans, 

money  became  scarce,  and,  people  being  unable  to  pay 
their  debts,  commercial  distress  ensued.  Jackson's  meas- 
ure excited  violent  clamor,  but  he  was  sustained  by  the 
democratic  majority  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Speculations. — "When  the  public  money,  which  had  been 

*  John  C.  Calhoun  and  Robert  Y.  Hayne  were  the  prominent  advocates  of  the 
doctrine  of  "  State  rights  ",  which  declared  that  a  State  could  set  aside  an  act  of  Con- 
gress. During  this  struggle,  occurred  the  memorable  debate  between  Webster  and 
Hayne,  in  which  the  former,  opposing  secession,  pronounced  those  words  familiar 
to  every  school-boy,  "  Liberty  and  Union,  now  and  forever,  one  and  inseparable." 
Calhoun's  public  life  extended  over  forty  years.  He  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
statesmen  of  his  time.  As  a  speaker,  he  was  noted  for  forcible  logic,  clear  demon- 
stration, and  earnest  manner.  He  rejected  ornament,  and  rarely  used  illustration. 
Webster,  his  political  antagonist,  said  of  him,  "  He  had  the  indisputable  basis  of  all 
high  character — unspotted  integrity  and  honor  unimpeached.  Nothing  groveling, 
low,  or  meanly  selfish  came  near  his  head  or  his  heart." 

t  Alexander  H.  Stephens  says :  "  To  do  this,  Clay  had  to  break  from  his  old  polit- 
ical friends,  while  he  was  offering  up  the  darling  system  of  his  heart  on  the  altar  of 
his  country.  No  one  can  deny  that  he  was  a  patriot — every  inch  of  him.  When  he 
was  importuned  not  to  take  the  course  he  did,  and  assured  that  it  would  lessen  his 
chances  for  the  Presidency,  he  nobly  replied, '  I  would  rather  be  right  than  Presi- 
dent '—a  sentiment  worthy  to  be  the  motto  of  every  young  patriot  in  our  land," 


183:1] 


JACKSON8     A  D  M  I  N  I  S  T  i:  A  T  I  O  N . 


177 


withdrawn  from  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  was  deposited 
in  the  local  banks,  it  became  easy  to  borrow  money.  Specu- 
lation extended  to  every  branch  of  trade,  but  especially  to 
western  lands.  New  cities  were 
laid  out  in  the  wilderness.  Fabu- 
lous prices  were  charged  for 
building  lots,  which  existed  only 
on  paper.  Scarcely  a  man  could 
be  found  who  had  not  his  pet 
project  for  realizing  a  fortune. 
The  bitter  fruits  of  these  hot- 
house schemes  were  gathered  in 
Van  Buren's  time. 

Indian  Troubles.  —  1.  THE 
BLACK  HAWK  WAR  broke  out  in 
the  North-west  Territory  (1832). 
The  Sacs  and  Foxes  had  some  time  before  sold 
lands  to  the  United  States,  but  when  the  settlers  came  to 
take  possession,  the  Indians  refused  to  leave.  After  some 
skirmishes,  they  were  driven  off,  and  their  leader,  the 
famous  Black  Hawk,  was  captured.  2.  THE  FLORIDA  WAR 
(1835)  with  the  Sem'inoles  grew  out  of  an  attempt  to 
remove  them,  in  accordance  with  a  treaty,  to  lands  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  Os  ce  o'  la,  the  chief  of  the  Seminoles, 
was  so  defiant,  that  General  Thompson,  the  government 
agent,  put  him  in  irons.  Dissembling  his  wrath,  Osceola 
consented  to  the  treaty.  But  no  sooner  was  he  released 
than,  burning  with  indignation,  he  plotted  a  general 
massacre  of  the  whites.  General  Thompson  was  shot 
and  scalped  while  sitting  at  dinner,  under  the  very  guns 
of  Fort  King.  The  same  day,  Major  Dade,  with  over  one 
hundred  men,  was  waylaid  near  the  Wa'hoo  Swamp. 
All  but  four  were  killed,  and  these  subsequently  died  of 


their 


178  EPOCH     IV.  [1837. 

their  wounds.*  After  several  battles,  the  Indians  retreated 
to  the  everglades  of  southern  Florida,  in  whose  tangled 
swamps  they  hoped  to  find  a  safe  retreat.  They  were, 
however,  pursued  into  their  hiding-places  by  Colonel 
Taylor,  and  beaten  in  a  hard-fought  battle  (O  ke  cho'  bee, 
Dec.  25,  1837),  but  were  not  fully  subdued  until  1842. 

Foreign  Affairs. — France. — The  French  government  had 
promised  to  pay  $5,000,000  for  damages  to  our  commerce 
during  Napoleon's  wars.  This  agreement  not  being  kept, 
Jackson  urged  Congress  to  make  reprisals  on  French  ships. 
The  mediation  of  England  secured  the  payment  of  the  debt 
by  France,  and  thus  averted  the  threatened  war. 

Political  Parties.  —  The  democratic  candidate,  Martin 
Van  Bu'ren,  was  chosen  President,  f  The  people  thus 
supported  the  policy  of  Jackson, — no  United  States  Bank 
and  no  Protective  Tariff.  General  Harrison  was  the  whig 
candidate. 

VAN     BUREN'S    ADMINISTRATION.  J 

(EIGHTH   PRESIDENT:    1837-1841.) 

Domestic  Affairs.— Crisis  of  1837. — The  financial  storm, 
which  had  been  gathering  through  the  preceding  administra- 

*  Osceola,  in  October,  1837,  visited  the  camp  of  General  Jessup,  under  a  flag  of 
truce.  He  was  there  seized  and  sent  to  iFort  Moultrie,  where  he  died  the  following  year. 

t  No  Vice-President  being  chosen  by  the  people,  Colonel  R.  M.  Johnson  (p.  165) 
was  selected  by  the  Senate. 

$  Martin  "Van  Buren  was  born  1782 ;  died  1862.  He  early  took  an  interest  in 
politics,  and  in  1818  started  a  new  organization  of  the  democratic  party  of  New 
York,  his  native  State,  which  had  the  power  for  over  twenty  years.  In  1831,  he  was 
appointed  minister  to  England,  whither  he  went  in  September,  but  when  the  nomi- 
nation came  before  the  Senate  in  December,  it  was  rejected,  on.  the  ground  that  he 
had  sided  with  England  against  the  United  States,  on  certain  matters,  and  had  carried 
party  contests  and  their  results  into  foreign  negotiations.  His  party  regarded  this  as 
extreme  political  persecution,  and  the  next  year  elected  him  to  the  Vice-Presidency. 
He  thus  became  the  head  of  the  Senate  which  a  few  months  before  condemned  him, 
and  where  he  now  performed  his  duties  with  "  dignity,  courtesy,  and  impartiality  ". 


1837.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES.  179 

tion,  now  burst  with  terrible  fury.  The  banks  contracted 
their  circulation.*  Business  men  could  not  pay  their  debts. 
Failures  were  every-day  occurrences,  and  the  losses  in 
New  York  city  alone,  during  March  and  April,  exceeded 
$100,000,000.  Property  of  all  kinds  declined  in  value. 
Eight  of  the  States  failed,  wholly  or  in  part.  Even  the 
United  States  government  could  not  pay  its  debts. f 
Consternation  seized  upon  all  classes.  Confidence  was 
destroyed,  and  trade  stood  still. 

Foreign  Affairs.— TJie  " Patriot  War "(183 7-' 3 8).— The 
Canadian  rebellion  against  England,  at  this  time,  stirred  the 
sympathies  of  the  American  people.  Meetings  were  held, 
volunteers  offered,  and  arms  contributed.  The  President 
issued  a  proclamation  refusing  the  protection  of  the  United 
States  government  to  any  who  should  aid  the  Canadians, 
and  sent  General  Scott  to  the  frontier  to  preserve  the 
peace.J 

As  a  President,  Van  Buren  was  the  subject  of  much  partisan  censure.  The  country 
was  passing  through  a  peculiar  crisis,  and  his  was  a  difficult  position  to  nil  with  satis- 
faction to  all.  That  he  pleased  his  own  party,  is  proved  from  the  fact  of  his  re-nomi- 
nation in  1840  against  Harrison.  In  1848,  he  became  the  candidate  of  the  "  free  de- 
mocracy ",  a  new  party  advocating  anti-slavery  principles.  After  this,  he  retired  to 
his  estate  in  Kinderhook,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died. 

*  The  direct  causes  of  this  were  (1)  the  specie  circular,  which  was  issued  by  Jack- 
son in  1836,  just  at  the  close  of  his  last  term,  directing  that  payments  for  public  lands 
should  be  made  in  gold  and  silver.  The  gold  and  silver  was  soon  gathered  into  the 
United  States  treasury.  (2)  The  surplus  public  money,  amounting  to  about  $28,- 
000,000,  which  was  ordered  by  Congress  to  be  withdrawn  from  the  local  banks  and 
distributed  among  the  States.  The  banks  could  not  meet  the  demand.  (3)  During 
the  season  of  high  prices  and  speculation,  when  fortunes  were  easily  made,  there  had 
been  heavy  Importations  of  European  goods,  which  had  to  be  paid  for  in  gold  and 
silver.  Thus  the  country  was  drained  of  its  specie.  (4)  A  terrible  fire  in  the  city  of 
New  York  on  the  night  of  Dec.  16,  1835,  which  had  burned  600  valuable  stores,  and 
property  to  the  amount  of  $20,000,000. 

t  At  the  present  time,  the  public  money  is  kept  in  the  United  States  treasury  at 
Washington,  and  in  sub-treasuries.  This  was  Van  Buren's  favorite  idea,  and 
adopted  by  Congress  only  at  the  close  of  his  term.  It  was  called  the  Sub-Treasury 
Bill,  and  was  used  as  a  great  argument  against  Van  Buren's  re-election.  It  was 
repealed  during  Tyler's  administration,  but  re-enacted  under  Polk. 

%  A  body  of  American  sympathizers  having  taken  possession  of  Navy  Island,  in 


180  EPOCH     IV.  [1838. 

The  North-east  Boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Bruns- 
wick had  never  been  settled.  The  people  of  that  region 
threatened  to  take  up  arms  to  support  their  respective  claims. 
For  some  time,  there  was  great  peril  of  a  war  with  England. 
During  Tyler's  administration,  the  difficulty  was  adjusted 
by  what  is  known  as  the  Ash'burton  treaty  (1842),  which 
was  negotiated  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain;  Daniel  Webster  and  Lord  Ashburton  acting  as 
commissioners. 

Political  Parties. — The  financial  difficulties  caused  a 
change  in  political  feeling,  and  for  the  time  weakened  the 
confidence  of  the  people  in  the  wisdom  of  the  democratic 
policy.  Van  Buren  failed  of  a  re-election,  and  General  Har- 
rison, the  hero  of  Tippecanoe,  the  whig  nominee,  was  chosen 
President  by  an  immense  majority. 


HARRISON    AND    TYLER'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(NINTH  AND    TENTH    PRESIDENTS:    1841-1845.) 

General  Harrison  had  scarcely  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  his  office  and  selected  his  cabinet,  when  he  died.  John 
Tyler,  the  Vice-President,  in  accordance  with  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  became  President.  He  was 
elected  as  a  whig,  but  did  not  carry  out  the  favorite  meas- 
ures of  his  party. 

Niagara  River,  had  hired  a  steamer,  called  the  Caroline,  to  convey  their  provisions 
and  war  materials.  On  the  night  of  December  29, 1837,  a  party  of  British  troops 
attempted  to  seize  this  vessel  at  Schlosser.  A  desperate  fight  ensued ;  but  the  ship 
was,  at  last,  set  on  fire  and  left  to  drift  over  the  Falls.  This  event  caused  great 
excitement  at  the  time. 

*  William  Henry  Harrison  was  born  in  1773 ;  died  1841.  He  distinguished  himself 
during  the  war  of  1812,  especially  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  His  military  reputa- 
tion made  him  available  as  a  Presidential  candidate.  His  character  was  unimpeach- 
able, and  the  chief  slur  cast  upon  him  by  his  opponents  was  that  he  had  lived  in  a  "  log 
cabin  "  with  nothing  to  drink  but "  hard  cider  ".  TfiH  friends  turned  this  to  good 


1841.]  TYLER'S     ADMINISTRATION.  181 

Domestic  Affairs. — United  States  Bank. — The  whigs,  im- 
mediately upon  coming  into  power,  passed  a  bill  to  establish 
a  United  States  Bank,  but  it  was  vetoed  by  Tyler,  to  the 
great  disgust  of  the  men  who  had  elected  him. 

The  Suffrage  Difficulties,  commonly  known  as  "Dorr's 
Rebellion  ",  grew  out  of  efforts  to  secure  a  more  liberal  con- 
stitution in  the  State  of  Rhode  Island.  The  charter  granted 
by  Charles  II.  was  still  in  force.  It  limited  the  right  of  suf- 
frage to  those  holding  a  certain  amount  of  property,  and 
fixed  very  unequally  the  number  of  deputies  in  the  Assem- 
bly from  the  different  towns.  In  1841,  a  new  constitution 
was  adopted,  the  vote  being  taken  in  mass  conventions,  and 
not  by  the  legal  voters,  according  to  the  charter.  Under 
this  constitution,  T.  W.  Dorr  was  elected  governor.  The 


account.  The  campaign  was  noted  for  immense  mass-meetings,  long  processions, 
song-singing,  and  great  enthusiasm.  "  Hard  cider  "  became  a  party  watch-word,  and 
"  log  cabins  "  a  regular  feature  in  the  popular  parades.  Harrison  was  elected  by  a 
large  majority,  and  great  hopes  were  entertained  of  his  administration.  Though  ad- 
vanced in  years,  he  gave  promise  of  endurance.  But "  he  was  beset  by  office-seekers ; 
he  was  anxious  to  gratify  the  numerous  friends  and  supporters  who  flocked  about 
him  ;  he  gave  himself  incessantly  to  public  business ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  month 
he  was  on  a  sick-bed."  The  illness  soon  proved  to  be  fatal.  His  last  words 
were,  "  The  principles  of  the  government ;  I  wish  them  carried  out.  I  ask  nothing 
more." 

John  Tyler  was  born  in  1790 ;  died  1862.  He  was  in  early  life  a  great  admirer  of 
Henry  Clay,  and  is  said,  to  have  wept  with  sorrow  when  the  whigs  in  convention 
rejected  his  favorite  candidate  for  the  Presidency,  and  selected  Harrison.  He  was 
nominated  Vice-President  by  a  unanimous  vote,  and  was  a  favorite  with  his  party. 
In  the  popular  refrain,  "  Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too  ",  the  people  sung  praises  to  him 
as  heartily  as  to  Harrison  himself.  The  death  of  Harrison  and  the  succession  of 
Tyler,  was  the  first  instance  of  the  kind  in  our  history. 

Tyler's  administration  was  not  successful.  He  opposed  the  measures  of  his  party, 
and  made  free  use  of  the  veto  power.  His  former  political  friends  denounced  him  as 
a  renegade,  to  which  he  replied  that  he  had  never  professed  to  indorse  the  measures 
which  he  opposed.  The  feeling  increased  in  bitterness,  and  all  his  cabinet  finally 
resigned.  He  was,  however,  nominated  for  the  next  Presidency  by  a  convention 
composed  chiefly  of  office-holders  ;  he  accepted,  but  finding  no  popular  support,  soon 
withdrew.  In  1861,  he  became  the  presiding  officer  of  the  peace  convention  in  Wash- 
ington. All  efforts  at  reconciliation  proving  futile,  he  renounced  his  allegiance  to 
the  United  States,  and  followed  the  Confederate  fortunes.  He  died  in  Richmond, 
where  he  was  in  attendance  as  a  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress. 


X* 

182  EPOCH    IV.  [1842. 

old  government  still  went  on,  treating  his  election  as  illegal. 
He  attempted  to  seize  the  State  arsenal,  but,  finding  it  held 
by  the  militia,  gave  up  the  attempt.  Dorr  was  afterward 
arrested,  convicted  of  treason,  and  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life ;  but  was  finally  pardoned.  Meanwhile,  a 
liberal  constitution,  which  had  been  legally  adopted,  went 
into  operation  (1843). 

-^"Anti- Rent  Difficulties  (1 844). — The  tenants  on  some  of  the 
old  "patroon  estates"  in  New  York  refused  to  pay  the  rent. 


VIEW   OF  SALT  LAKE   CITY. 


It  was  very  ligfct,*  but  was  considered  illegal.  The  anti- 
renters,  as  they  were  called,  assumed  the  disguise  of  Indians, 
tarred  and  feathered  those  tenants  who  paid  their  rents,  and 
even  killed  officers  who  served  warrants  upon  them.  The 
disturbances  were  suppressed  only  by  a  military  force  (1846). 
The  Mormons.— A  religious  sect  called  Mor'mons  had 
settled  at  Nauvoo',  111.  (1840).  Here  they  built  a  city  of 
several  thousand  inhabitants,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a 

*  The  rent  consisted  of  only  "  a  few  bushels  of  wheat,  three  or  four  fat  fowls,  and 
a  day's  work  with  horses  and  wagon,  per  year  ". 


J* 


1844.]  TYLER'S   ADMINISTRATION,//"  183 

Vtf' 

costly  temple.    Having  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  people 

about  them,  their  leader,  Joseph  Smith,  was  taken  from  the 
custody  of  the  authorities,  to  whom  he  had  intrusted  him- 
self, and  killed  (1844).*  The  city  was  bombarded  for  three 
days,  and  finally  the  inhabitants  fled  to  Iowa  (1846). 

The  Magnetic  Telegraph  was  invented  by  Samuel  P.  B. 
Morsel  The  first  line  was  built  between  Baltimore  and 
Washington  (1844),  with  $30,000  appropriated  by  Con- 
gress ;  and  the  first  public  news  sent  was  that  concerning 
Folk's  nomination  (p.  184).f 

Foreign  Affairs. — .Annexation  of  Texas. — The  Texans, 
under  General  Sam  Houston  (ha'ston),  having  won  their 
independence  from  Mexico,  applied  (April,  1844)  for 
admission  into  the  Union.  Their  petition  was  at  first 
rejected  by  Congress,  J  but,  being  indorsed  by  the  people 
in  the  fall  elections,  was  accepted  before  the  close  of 
Tyler's  administration. 

North-west  Boundary. — The  north-east  boundary  ques- 


*  Joseph  Smith,  while  living  at  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  claimed  to  have  had  a  supernatural 
revelation,  by  which  he  was  directed  to  a  spot  where  he  found  buried  a  series  of 
golden  plates  covered  with  inscriptions,  which  he  translated  by  means  of  two  trans- 
parent stones  (Urim  and  Thummim)  found  with  them.  The  result  was  the  Book  of 
Mormon,  said  to  be  the  history  of  a  race  favored  by  God,  who  occupied  this  continent 
at  a  remote  period  of  antiquity.  The  Mormons  accept  the  Holy  Bible  as  received  by 
all  Christian  people,  but  believe  the  Book  of  Mormon  to  be  an  additional  revelation, 
and  also  that  their  chief  or  prophet  receives  direct  inspiration  from  God.  They  prac- 
tice plural  marriage,  or  polygamy,  claiming  that  the  Scriptures  justify,  while  one  of 
their  revelations  directly  commands  it.  After  the  death  of  Smith  and  their  expulsion 
from  Nauvod,  a  company  under  the  leadership  of  Brigham  Young  crossed  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  settled  near  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah.  They  were  followed  by  others 
of  their  sect,  and,  after  great  sufferings,  succeeded  in  subduing  the  barren  soil,  and 
establishing  a  prosperous  colony.  They  founded  Salt  Lake  City,  where  they  erected 
a  large  temple  for  worship.  Their  prophet,  Brigham  Young,  who  died  August  19, 
1877,  is  still  remembered  by  his  followers  with  the  greatest  reverence. 

t  This  was  the  grandest  event  of  this  administration,  and  it  has  largely  influenced 
the  civilization  and  prosperity  of  the  country.  Thus  the  steamboat  and  the  mag- 
netic telegraph  were  the  early  fruits  of  American  liberty  and  industry.  (Read 
Barnes1  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  pp.  365  and  442.) 

t  There  were  two  reasons  why  this  measure  was  warmly  discussed.     1     Mexico 


184  EPOCH    IV.  [1846. 

tion  had  scarcely  been  settled,  when  the  north-west  bound- 
ary came  into  dispute.  It  was  settled,  during  Folk's  admin- 
istration, by  a  compromise  fixing  the  boundary  line  at  49° 
instead  of  54°  40'  as  claimed  by  the  United  States. 

Political  Parties. — The  question  of  the  annexation  of 
Texas  went  before  the  people  for  their  decision.  The  whigs, 
who  opposed  its  admission,  nominated  Henry  Clay*  for 
President.  The  democrats,  who  favored  its  admission,  nom- 
inated James  K.  Polk,  who,  after  a  close  contest,  was  elected. 

claimed  Texas,  although  that  country  had.  maintained  its  independence  for  nine 
years,  and  had  been  recognized  by  several  European  nations  as  well  as  by  the 
United  States.  Besides,  Texas  claimed  the  Rio  Grande  (re'o  gran  da),  while 
Mexico  insisted  upon  the  Nueces  (nwa'ses)  River  as  the  boundary  line  between 
Texas  and  Mexico.  The  section  of  country  between  these  rivers  was  therefore 
disputed  territory.  Thus  the  annexation  of  Texas  would  bring  on  a  war  with 
Mexico.  2.  Texas  held  slaves.  Consequently,  while  the  South  urged  its  admis- 
sion, the  North  as  strongly  opposed  it. 

*  Henry  Clay  was  a  man  whom  the  nation  loved,  but  signally  failed  to  honor.  Yet 
his  fame  and  reputation  remain  far  above  any  distinction  which  mere  office  can  give, 
and  unite  with  them  an  affection  which  stands  the  test  of  time.  Respected  by 
his  opponents,  he  was  almost  idolized  by  his  friends.  In  this  he  somewhat 
resembled  Jefferson,  but,  unlike  him,  he  had  not  in  his  early  years  the  advantages 
of  a  liberal  education.  His  father,  a  Baptist  minister  of  very  limited  means, 
died  when  Henry  was  five  years  old,  and  at  fifteen  he  was  left  to  support  himself. 
Meantime,  he  had  received  what  little  tuition  he  had,  in  a  log-cabin  school-house, 
from  very  indifferent  teachers.  With  a  rare  tact  for  making  friends,  ready  talent 
waiting  to  be  instructed,  and  a  strong  determination  seeking  opportunities,  he  soon 
began  to  show  the  dawnings  of  the  power  which  afterward  distinguished  him.  He 
said  :  "I  owe  my  success  in  life  to  a  single  fact,  namely,  that  at  an  early  age  I  com- 
menced, and  continued  for  some  years,  the  practice  of  daily  reading  and  speaking 
the  contents  of  some  historical  or  scientific  book.  These  off-hand  efforts  were  some- 
times made  in  a  corn-field ;  at  others,  in  the  forest ;  and  not  unfrequently  in  some 
distant  barn,  with  the  horse  and  ox  for  my  only  auditors.  It  is  to  this  that  I  am 
indebted  for  the  impulses  that  have  shaped  and  molded  my  entire  destiny."  Rising 
rapidly  by  the  force  of  his  genius,  he  soon  made  himself  felt  in  his  State  and  in  the 
nation.  He  was  peculiarly  winning  in  his  manners.  An  eminent  and  stern  political 
antagonist  once  refused  an  introduction  to  him  expressly  on  the  ground  of  a  determi- 
nation not  to  be  magnetized  by  personal  contact,  as  he  "had  known  other  good 
haters  "  of  Clay  to  be.  United  with  this  suavity  was  a  wonderful  will  and  an  inflex- 
ible honor.  His  political  adversary,  but  personal  admirer,  John  C.  Breckinridge, 
in  an  oration  pronounced  at  his  death,  uttered  these  words — "  If  I  were  to  write  his 
epitaph,  I  would  inscribe  as  the  highest  eulogy  on  the  stone  which  shall  mark  his 
resting-place :  '  Here  lies  a  man  who  was  in  the  public  service  for  fifty  years,  and 
never  attempted  to  deceive  his  countrymen'." 


Homes   of  Eminent  Americans. 

1.  BIRTHPLACE  OF  WASHINGTON,  AND  MT.  VERNON,  HIS  LAST  RESIDENCE.  2.  MONTICELLO,  THE  HOME  OF 
JEFFERSON.  3.  BIRTHPLACE  OF  WEBSTER.  4.  BIRTHPLACE  OF  OARFIELD.  5.  THE  "HERMITAGE",  RESIDENCE  Ot 
JACKSON.  6.  BIRTHPLACE  OF  LINCOLN,  AND  HIS  LAST  RESIDENCE. 


1845.]  THE     MEXICAN     WAR.  185 

JAMES    K.    FOLK'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(ELEVENTH   PRESIDENT:    1845-1849.) 

WAR    WITH    MEXICO    (1846-47). 

1.     GENERAL     TAYLOR'S     ARMY. 

Campaign  on  the  Rio  Grande. — General  Taylor  having 
been  ordered  with  his  troops  into  the  disputed  territory,  ad- 
vanced to  the  Rio  Grande  and  built  Fort  Brown.  Returning 
from  Point  Isabel,  whither  he  had  gone  for  supplies,  on  the 
plains  of  PALO  ALTO(pah'i6  ahi'to)  he  met  six  thousand  Mexi- 
cans, under  General  Arista  (ah  rees'tah),  drawn  up  across  the 
road.  (Map  opp.  p.  161.)  Though  they  outnumbered  his 
little  army  three  to  one,  he  routed  them  with  a  loss  of  but 
nine  men  killed.  The  next  afternoon,  he  met  them  again 
at  RESACA  BE  LA  PALMA  (ra  sah'kah  da  lah  pahl'mah), 
posted  in  a  deep  ravine  through  which  the  road  ran, 
flanked  by  thickets.  Their  artillery  held  Taylor's  men 
in  check  for  a  time,  when  Captain  May,  charging  with 
his  cavalry  in  the  face  of  a  murderous  fire,  captured  the 
guns,  and  with  them  their  commander,  General  La  Vega 
(lah  va'gah),  just  in  the  act  of  firing  a  gun.  The  infantry 
now  rushed  forward  and  drove  the  enemy,  who  fled  across 
the  Rio  Grande  in  utter  rout. 

*  James  K.  Polk  was  born  1795  ;  died  1849.  He  was  a  conspicuous  opposer  of 
the  administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  a  warm  supporter  of  Jackson. 
In  1839,  having  served  fourteen  years  in  Congress,  he  declined  a  re-election  and  was 
c-hosen  governor  of  Tennessee.  His  Presidential  nomination,  in  connection  with 
that  of  George  M.  Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania,  as  Vice-President,  had  the  effect  of  uniting 
the  democratic  party,  which  had  been  disturbed  by  dissensions  between  the  friends 
and  opponents  of  Martin  Van  Buren.  The  Mexican  war,  which  was  strongly  opposed 
in  many  States,  the  enactment  of  a  tariff  based  on  a  revenue  principle  instead  of  a 
protective  one,  and  the  agitation  caused  by  the  "  Wilmot  proviso  "  (p.  190),  conspired 
to  affect  his  popularity  before  the  end  of  his  term.  He  had,  however,  previously 
pledged  himself  not  to  be  a  candidate  for  re-election.  He  died  about  three  months 
after  his  retirement  from  office. 


186 


EPOCH     IV. 


[1846. 


Invasion  of  Mexico. — Capture  of  Monterey  (Sept.  24).— 
General  Taylor,  with  about  six  thousand  men,  advanced  upon 
Monterey  (m6n  ta  ra').  This  city,  surrounded  by  mountains 
and  almost  impassable  ravines,  was  strongly  fortified,  and  its 
streets  were  barricaded  ami  defended  by  a  garrison  of  ten 
thousand  men.-  A  grand  assault  was  made  on  the  city.  To 


GENERAL  TAYLOR  AT  BUENA  VISTA. 


avoid  the  deadly  fire  from  the  windows,  roofs,  and  barricades, 
the  troops  entered  the  buildings  and  dug  their  way  through 
the  stone  walls  from  house  to  house,  or  passed  from  roof  to 
roof.  They  came  at  last  within  one  square  of  the  Grand 
Plaza,  when  the  city  was  surrendered.  The  garrison  was 
allowed  to  march  out  with  the  honors  of  war. 

Battle  of  Ttuena  Vista  (bwa'nah  vees'tah)  (February  23, 
1 847).— Santa  Anna,  the  Mexican  general,  learning  that  the 
flower  of  Taylor's  command  had  been  withdrawn  to  aid 


1847.]  THE     MEXICAN     WAK.  187 

General  Scott,  determined  to  crush  the  remainder.  The  little 
American  army  took  post  at  Buena  Vista,  a  narrow  mount- 
ain pass  with  hills  on  one  side  and  a  ravine  on  the  other.* 
Here  it  was  attacked  by  Santa  Anna  with  twenty  thousand 
of  the  best  troops  of  Mexico.  The  battle  lasted  from  early 
morning  till  dark.  In  the  final  desperate  encounter,  our 
infantry  being  overwhelmed  by  numbers,  Bragg's  artillery 
was  ordered  to  the  rescue.  Without  any  infantry  support, 
they  dashed  up  to  within  a  few  yards  of  the  crowded  masses 
of  the  enemy.  A  single  discharge  made  them  waver.  "  A 
little  more  grape,  Captain  Bragg  !  "  shouted  Taylor.  A  sec- 
ond and  a  third  discharge  followed,  and  the  Mexicans  broke 
and  fled  in  disorder.  During  the  night,  Santa  Anna  drew 
off  his  defeated  army. 

General  Taylor's  work  was  now  done.  His  army  was 
intended  only  to  hold  the  country  already  gained,  while 
General  Scott  penetrated  to  the  capital  from  Vera  Cruz 
(va  rah.  krobs). 


2.     GENERAL     KEARNEY'S     ARMY. 

Conquest  of  New  Mexico  and  California.  —  General  Kear- 
ney (kar'  ae)  was  directed  to  take  the  Mexican  provinces  of 
New  Mexico  and  California.  Starting  from  Fort  Leaven- 

*  Several  anecdotes  are  told  of  General  Taylor  in  connection  -with  this  battle.  The 
day  before  the  principal  attack,  the  Mexicans  fired  heavily  on  our  line.  A  Mexican 
officer,  coming  with  a  message  from  Santa  Anna,  found  Taylor  sitting  on  his  white 
horse,  with  one  leg  over  the  pommel  of  his  saddle.  The  officer  asked  him  "  what  he 
was  waiting  for  "  f  He  answered,  "  For  Santa  Anna  to  surrender."  After  the  officer's 
return,  a  battery  opened  on  Taylor's  position,  but  he  remained  coolly  surveying  the 
enemy  with  his  spy-glass.  Some  one  suggesting  that  "  Whitey  "  was  too  conspicu- 
ous a  horse  for  the  battle,  he  replied  that  the  "old  fellow  had  missed  the  fun  at 
Monterey,  and  he  should  have  his  share  this  time  ".  Mr.  Crittenden  having  gone  to 
Santa  Anna's  head  -quarters,  was  told  if  General  Taylor  would  surrender,  he  should 
be  protected.  Mr.  Crittenden  replied,  "  Q-eneral  Taylor  never  surrenders."  This 
became  a  favorite  motto  during  the  election  of  1848.  The  anecdote  told  concerning 
Capt.  Bragg  is  disputed,  but  has  become  historical  (Barnes'  Pop.  Hist.  TJ.  S.,  p.  456). 


188  EPOCH    iv. 

worth  (Juno,  1846),  a  journey  of  about  a  thousand  miles 
brought  him  to  Santa  Fe.*  Unfurling  there  the  United  States 
flag,  he  continued  his  march  toward  California  (map  opp. 
p.  161).  On  his  way,  however,  he  learned  from  Kit  Carson, 
the  noted  hunter,  that  he  was  too  late.  The  winter  before, 
Captain  John  C.  Fremont,  with  a  company  of  sixty  men, 
had  been  engaged  in  surveying  a  new  route  to  Oregon. 
Hearing  that  the  Mexican  commandant  intended  to  expel 
the  American  settlers,  he  went  to  their  rescue,  although  ho 
was  not  aware  that  war  had  broken  out  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico.  With  greatly  inferior  numbers,  he  was 
victor  over  the  Mexicans  in  every  conflict.  By  the  help  of 
Commodores  Sloat  and  Stockton,  and  also  General  Kear- 
ney, who  came  in  time  to  aid  in  the  last  battle,  the  entire 
country  was  conquered. 

3.     GENERAL     SCOTT'S     ARMY. 

Capture  of  Vera  Cruz  (March  29,  1847).— General  Win- 
field  Scott  landed  an  army  twelve  thousand  strong,  without. 
opposition,  and  forthwith  drew  his  siege-lines  among  the 
shifting  sand-hills  and  chaparral  thickets  about  Vera  Cruz 
(map  opp.  p.  161).  After  a  fierce  bombardment  of  four 
days,  the  city  and  the  strong  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa 
(sahn  hoo  ahn'da  ool  yO'ah)  were  surrendered. 

March  to  Mexico. — Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  (April  18). — In 
about  a  week,  the  army  took  up  its  march  for  the  capital. 
At  the  mountain  pass  of  Cer'ro  Gor'do,  the  enemy  were 
strongly  fortified.  Our  men  cut  a  road  around  the  base  of 

*  Colonel  Doniphan,  with  one  thousand  men,  the  main  body  of  General  Kearney's 
command,  marched  over  a  thousand  miles  through  a  hostile  country,  from  Santa  Fe 
to  Saltillo,  having  on  the  way  fought  two  battles  and  conquered  the  province  and 
city  of  Chihuahua  (che  wan'  wah).  At  the  end  of  their  term  of  service,  he  marched 
his  men  back  to  New  Orleans  and  discharged  them.  They  had  been  enlisted,  taken 
five  thousand  miles,  and  disbanded,  all  in  a  year. 


1847.]  THE     MEXICAN     WAR.  189 

the  mountain  through  the  forest,  and  dragged  cannon  up 
the  precipice  by  ropes,  to  the  rear  of  the  position.  Thence  a 
plunging  fire  was  opened  simultaneously  with  an  assault  in 
front.  The  Mexicans  fled  in  such  haste  that  Santa  Anna 
with  difficulty  escaped  on  his  wheel-mule,  leaving  behind 
him  his  wooden  leg. 

The  city  of  Puebla  (pw5b'  lah),  next  to  Mexico  in  impor- 
tance, surrendered  without  resistance.  Here  Scott  waited 
nearly  three  months  for  re-inforcements. 

Battles  before  Mexico. — With  eleven  thousand  men,  the 
march  was  resumed  (August  7),  and  in  three  days  the  army 
reached  the  crest  of  the  Cor  dil'le  ras,  where  the  magnificent 
valley  of  Mexico  lay  stretched  before  them.  In  the  midst, 
was  the  city,  surrounded  by  fertile  plains  and  cloud-capped 
mountains.  But  the  way  thither  was  guarded  by  thirty 
thousand  men  and  strong  fortifications.  Turning  to  the 
south  to  avoid  the  strongest  points,  by  a  route  considered 
impassable,  the  army  came  before  the  intrenched  camp  of 
CONTRERAS  (kon  tra'ras),  within  fourteen  miles  of  Mexico 
(Aug.  19).  The  next  morning,  this  was  taken,  the  troops 
having  moved  to  their  positions  in  darkness  so  intense  that, 
to  avoid  being  separated,  they  had  to  touch  each  other  as 
they  marched.  The  same  day,  the  height  of  CHURUBUSCO 
(choo  roo  boo'sko)  was  stormed,  numerous  batteries  were 
captured,  and  the  defenses  laid  bare  to  the  causeways  leading 
to  the  very  gates  of  the  city.  An  armistice  and  fruitless  nego- 
tiations for  peace  delayed  the  advance  until  General  Scott 
found  that  the  Mexicans  were  only  improving  the  time  in 
strengthening  their  works.  Once  more  (September  8),  our 
army  moved  to  the  assault.  The  attack  was  irresistible.  The 
formidable  outworks  were  taken  one  by  one.  At  last,  the 
castle  of  CHAPULTEPEC  (chapooitepek'),  situated  on  a  high 
rock  commanding  the  city,  was  stormed.  The  next  day  (Sep- 


190  EPOCH     IV.  [1848. 

tember  14),  the  army  entered  the  city,  and  the  stars  and 
stripes  waved  in  triumph  over  the  palace  of  the  Mon  te  zu'mas. 
Peace. — The  fall  of  the  capital  virtually  closed  the  war. 
A  treaty  was  concluded,  February  2,  1848.  The  United 
States  gained  the  vast  territory  reaching  south  to  the  Gila 
(hs'lah)  and  west  to  the  Pacific  (see  maps  of  IVth  and 
Vlth  Epochs)^  ^ 

Domestic  Affairs. — The  Wilmot  Proviso. — Texas,  the  prize 
of  the  war,  became  at  once  the  bone  of  contention.  David 
Wilmot  offered  in  Congress  (August,  1846)  a  bill  forbidding 
slavery  in  any  territory  which  should  be  acquired.  This 
measure,  though  lost,  excited  violent  debate  in  and  out  of 
Congress,  and  became  the  great  feature  of  the  fall  election. 

Discover]/  of  Gold  in  California. — A  workman  in  digging 
a  mill-race  in  the  Sacramento  valley  (February  >  1848)  dis- 
covered shining  particles  of  gold.  A  further  search  proved 
that  the  soil  for  miles  around  contained  the  precious  metal. 
The  news  flew  in  every  direction.  Emigration  began  from 
all  parts  of  America,  and  even  from  Europe  and  Asia.  In 
eighteen  months,  one  hundred  thousand  persons  went  from 
the  United  States  to  this  El  Do  ra'do,  where  a  fortune  was  to 
be  picked  up  in  a  few  days.  Thousands  made  their  way 
across  the  desert,  amid  privations  which  strewed  the  route 
with  skeletons.  The  bay  of  San  Francisco  was  quickly  sur- 
rounded by  an  extemporized  city  of  shanties  and  booths. 
All  ordinary  employments  were  laid  aside.  Ships  were  de- 
serted by  their  crews,  who  ran  to  the  mines,  sometimes,  it  is 
said,  headed  by  their  officers.  Soon,  streets  were  laid  out, 
houses  erected,  and  from  this  Babel,  as  if  by  magic,  grew  up 
a  beautiful  city.  For  a  time,  lawlessness  reigned  supreme. 
But,  driven  by  the  necessity  of  events,  the  most  respectable 
citizens  took  the  law  into  their  own  hands,  organized  vigi- 


1848.] 


DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES. 


191 


lance   committees,  and  administered  a  rude  but  prompt 
justice  which  presently 
restored  order. 

Political  Parties.  — 
Three  parties  now  di- 
vided the  suffrages  of  the 
people.  The  whigs  nomi- 
nated General  Taylor  for 
President ;  the  demo- 
crats, Lewis  Cass ;  and 
the  f  ree-soilers,  who  were 
opposed  to  the  extension 
of  slavery,  Martin  Van 
Buren.  The  personal 
popularity  of  General 
Taylor,  on  account  of  his 
many  sterling  qualities  || 
and  his  brilliant  victo- 
ries in  the  Mexican 
war,  made  him  the  favorite  candidate,  and  he  was  elected. 


WASHING   OUT   GOLD. 


TAYLOR  AND   FILLMOBE'S  ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWEHFTH   AND   THIRTEENTH    PRESIDENTS:    1849-1853.) 

General  Taylor,  like  General  Harrison,  died  soon  after  his 
elevation  to  the  Presidency.  Millard  Fillmore,  Vice-Presi- 
dent,  succeeded  him. 

*  Zachary  Taylor  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1784.  Soon  after  his  birth,  his  parents 
removed  to  Kentucky.  His  means  of  education  were  extremely  scanty,  and  until 
he  was  twenty-four  years  of  age  he  worked  on  his  father's  plantation.  Madison,  who 
was  a  relative  and  at  that  time  Secretary  of  State,  then  secured  for  him  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  army  as  lieutenant.  From  this,  he  rose  by  regular  and  rapid  degrees  to 
a  major-generalship.  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  and  Buena  Vista 
won  him  great  applause.  He  was  the  hero  of  a  successful  war,  and  the  soldiers  ad- 
miringly called  him  "  Old  Rough  aud  Ready  ".  Many  whig  leaders  violently  opposed 


192 


EPOCH     IV. 


[1850. 


Domestic  Affairs. — Slavery  questions  were  the  great  po- 
litical topic  of  this  administration.  When  California  applied 
for  admission  to  the  Union  as  a  free  State,  all  these  sub- 
jects were  brought  to  a  focus.  A  hot  debate  ensued,  and  for 


JOHN   O.   OALHOITN. 


\NIEL  WEBSTER. 


awhile  it  seemed  as  if  the  Union  would  be  rent  asunder. 
At  this  terrible  crisis,  Henry  Clay,  the  "  Great  Pacificator  ", 
came  forward,  and,  with  his  wonderful  eloquence,  urged  the 

his  nomination.  Daniel  Web'ster  called  him  "  an  ignorant  frontier  colonel ".  The 
fact  that  he  was  a  slave-holder  was  warmly  urged  against  him.  He  knew  nothing  of 
civil  affairs,  and  had  taken  so  little  interest  in  politics  that  he  had  not  voted  in  forty 
years.  His  nomination  caused  a  secession  from  the  whigs,  resulting  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  free-soil  party ;  yet  he  maintained  his  popularity  as  President,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  esteemed  who  have  filled  that  office.  He  died  July  0, 1850,  at  the 
Presidential  mansion,  after  an  illness  of  five  days. 

Millard  Fillmorewas  born  in  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  1800;  died  at  Buffalo,  1874. 
He  learned  the  trade  of  fuller,  taught  school,  practiced  law,  served  as  Assemblyman 
for  three  terms  and  as  Congressman  for  four  terms,  ran  unsuccessfully  for  governor, 
and  was  comptroller  of  the  State  of  New  York  when  he  was  nominated  for  the  Presi- 
dency. By  his  integrity,  industry,  and  practical  ability,  he  won  a  place  among  the 
first  statesmen  of  hisoay.  Signing  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  however,  cost  him  much 
of  his  popularity  at  the  North. 


1850.]  FILLMORE'S   ADMINISTRATION.  193 

necessity  of  mutual  compromise  and  forbearance.  Daniel 
Webster  *  warmly  seconded  this  effort  at  conciliation. 

The  Compromise  of  !££#.  — The  Omnibus  Bill,  Clay's 
measure,  proposed  (1)  that  California  should  come  in  as  a 
free  State  ;  (2)  that  the  Territories  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico 
should  be  formed  without  any  provision  concerning  slavery ; 
(3)  that  Texas  should  be  paid  $10,000,000  to  give  up  its 
claim  on  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  ;  (4)  that  the  slave 
trade  should  be  prohibited  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  and 
(5)  that  a  FUGITIVE  SLAVE  LAW  should  be  enacted  providing 
for  the  return  to  their  owners  of  slaves  escaping  to  a  free 
State.  The  various  provisions  of  this  bill  were  finally,  though 
separately,  adopted  as  the  best  solution  of  the  problem. 

Foreign  Affairs. — Invasion  of  Cuba. — About  five  hun- 
dred adventurers,  "filibusters",  undertook  the  annexation 
of  Cuba  to  the  United  States.  The  attempt  ended  in  defeat, 
and  in  the  execution,  at  Havana,  of  Lopez,  the  leader  (1851). 

Political  Parties. — The  democratic  and  whig  parties  both 
declared  that  they  stood  by  the  provisions  of  the  Omnibus 
Bill.  The  free-soil  party  was  outspoken  against  it.  Frank- 

*  When  Daniel  Webster,  the  great  American  statesman  and  jurist,  was  fourteen 
years  old,  he  first  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  a  few  months  schooling  at  an  academy. 
The  man  whose  eloquence  was  afterward  to  stir  the  nation,  was  then  so  shy  that  he 
could  not  muster  courage  to  speak  before  the  school.  He  says,  "  Many  a  piece  did  T 
commit  and  rehearse  in  my  own  room,  over  and  over  again ;  yet  when  the  day  came, 
when  my  name  was  called,  and  I  saw  all  eyes  turned  toward  me,  I  could  not  raise 
myself  from  my  seat."  In  other  respects,  however,  he  gave  decided  promise  of  his 
future  eminence.  One  year  after,  his  father  resolved  to  send  him  to  college— a  dream 
he  had  never  dared  to  cherish.  "  I  remember  the  very  hill  we  were  ascending  through 
deep  snow,  in  a  New  England  sleigh,  when  my  father  made  known  this  purpose  to 
me.  I  could  not  speak.  How  could  he,  I  thought,  with  so  large  a  family,  and  in  such 
narrow  circumstances,  think  of  incurring  so  great  an  expense  for  me  ?  A  warm 
glow  ran  all  over  me,  and  I  laid  my  head  on  my  father's  shoulder  and  wept."  Having 
finished  his  collegiate  education  and  entered  his  profession,  he  at  once  rose  to  emi- 
nence. By  rapid  strides,  ho  placed  himaelf  at  the  head  of  American  orators.  It 
was  a  disappointment  to  Webster's  friends,  as  it  was,  perhaps,  to  himself,  that  he 
was  never  placed  in  the  Presidential  chair.  But,  like  Clay,  although  he  might  have 
honored  that  position  he  needed  it  not  to  enhance  his  renown.  His  death,  in  1852, 
culle-d  out  more  orations  and  sermons,  than  had  any  other  except  that  of  Washington. 


194  EPOCH     IV.  [1853. 

lin  Pierce,  the  Presidential  nominee  of  the  democratic  party, 
was  elected  by  a  large  majority  over  General  Scott,  the  whig 
candidate. 


PIEBCE'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(FOURTEENTH   PRESIDENT:    1853-1857.) 

Domestic  Affairs. — Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. — The  Compro- 
mise Bill  of  1850  produced  only  a  lull  in  the  slavery  excite- 
ment. It  burst  out  anew  when  Stephen  A.  Douglas  brought 
into  Congress  his  famous  bill  organizing  the  Territories 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  advocating  the  doctrine  of 
"  squatter  sovereignty " ;  i.  e.}  the  right  of  the  inhabitants 
of  each  Territory  to  decide  for  themselves  whether  the 
State  should  come  into  the  Union  free  or  slave,  f  This  bill 

*  Franklin  Pierce  was  born  1804 ;  died  1869.  He  had  barely  attained  the  requisite 
legal  age  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate.  He  there  found  such  men  as  Clay, 
Webster,  Calboun,  Seward,  Benton,  and  Silas  Wright.  Nathaniel  Hawthorne  says 
in  his  biography  of  Mr.  Pierce :  "  With  his  usual  tact  and  exquisite  sense  of  pro- 
priety, he  saw  that  it  was  not  the  time  for  him  to  step  forward  prominently  on  this 
highest  theater  in  the  land.  He  beheld  these  great  combatants  doing  battle  before 
the  eyes  of  the  nation,  and  engrossing  its  whole  regards.  There  was  hardly  an  avenue 
to  reputation  save  what  was  occupied  by  one  or  another  of  those  gigantic  figures." 
Dur.'ng  Mr.  Tyler's  administration  he  resigned.  When  the  Mexican  war  broke  out, 
he  enlisted  as  a  volunteer,  but  soon  rose  to  the  office  of  brigadier-general.  He  distin- 
guished himself  under  General  Scott,  against  whom  he  afterward  successfully  ran 
for  the  Presidency,  and  upon  whom,  during  his  administration,  he  conferred  the 
title  of  lieutenant-general.  Pierce  opposed  anti-slavery  measures  in  every  shape. 
He,  however,  espoused  the  national  cause  at  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War. 

•(•  The  public  lands  have  often  threatened  the  peace  of  the  nation.  1.  The  ques- 
tion of  their  ownership  was  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  the  union  of  the  States. 
In  1781,  New  York  was  the  first  to  present  her  western  territory  to  the  general  gov- 
ernment. Virginia  followed  her  example  in  1784,  donating  the  great  North-western 
Territory — a  princely  domain,  which,  if  retained,  would  have  made  her  the  richest  of 
the  States ;  she  reserved  only  3,709,848  acres  in  Ohio,  which  she  subsequently  sold  in 
small  tracts  to  settlers.  Massachusetts,  in  1785,  relinquished  her  claim,  retaining  a 
proprietary  right  over  large  tracts  in  New  York.  Connecticut,  in  1786,  did  the  same, 
and  from  the  sale  of  her  lands  in  Ohio  (the  "  Western  Reserve  ")  laid  the  foundation 
of  her  school  fund.  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas  gave  up  their  right  to  territory  from 
which  have  been  carved  the  States  of  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  and  Alabama.  2.  After 
these  lands  became  the  property  of  the  general  government,  a  perplexing  question 
Was,  Shall  they  be  free?  Upon  it,  for  years,  hinged  largely  the  politics  of  the 


1854.]  PIERCE'S     ADMINISTRATION.  195 

being  a  virtual  repudiation  of  the  Missouri  Compromise, 
excited  intense  feeling.*  It,  however,  became  a  law  (1854). 

"Border  Warfare." — The  struggle  was  now  taken  from 
Congress  to  Kansas.  A  bitter  contest  arose  between  the  pro- 
slavery  and  the  anti-slavery  men — the  former  anxious  to 
secure  the  State  for  slavery ;  the  latter,  for  freedom.  Each 
party  sent  armed  emigrants  to  the  Territory  and  civil  war  en- 
sued. Bands  of  armed  men  crossed  over  from  Missouri,  took 
possession  of  the  polls,  and  controlled  the  elections.  Houses 
were  attacked  and  pillaged,  and  men  murdered  in  cold  blood. 
For  several  years,  Kansas  was  a  scene  of  lawless  violence. 

Foreign  Affairs. — Mexico. — Owing  to  the  inaccuracy  of 
the  map  used  in  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  a  dispute  arose  with  regard  to  the  boundary  line. 
General  Gadsden  negotiated  a  settlement  whereby  Mexico 
was  paid  $10,000,000,  and  the  United  States  secured  the  re- 
gion (map,  Epoch  VI.)  known  as  the  "  Gadsden  purchase  ". 

Japan. — Commodore  Perry's  expedition  to  Japan  (1854) 
excited  great  attention.  He  negotiated  a  treaty  which  gave 
to  the  merchants  of  the  United  States  two  ports  of  entry  in 
that  exclusive  country. 

Political  Parties. — The  compromises  of  1820  and  1850 
being  now  abolished,  the  slave  question  became  the  turning 
point  of  the  election.  New  party  lines  were  drawn  to  meet 

country.  The  admission  of  Missouri,  Texas,  California,  and  Kansas,  was  each 
the  signal  for  the  re-opening  of  this  vexed  question.  Though  the  public  lands  have 
been  the  cause  of  intestine  strife,  they  have  been  a  great  source  of  national  wealth. 
Their  sale  has  brought  large  sums  into  the  treasury.  They  have  been  given  to  settlers 
as  a  stimulus  to  immigration.  They  have  been  granted  to  endow  colleges  and 
schools,  to  build  railroads,  to  reward  the  soldiers  and  support  their  widows  and 
orphans  (see  page  309). 

*  The  bitter  discussion  on  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  the  contest 
in  Kansas,  lasted  for  years.  Senator  Suinner,  of  Massachusetts,  during  a  speech  that 
occupied  two  days  (May  19-20, 1856),  having  made  some  severe  reflections  upon  Sen- 
ator Butler,  of  South  Carolina,  was  assaulted  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  a  nephew  of  Butler 
and  a  South  Carolina  representative.  Mr.  Brooks,  having  resigned  his  seat,  was  im- 
mediately returned.  It  was  over  three  years  before  Mr.  Sumner  recovered  his  health. 


i96  EPOCH     IV.  [1856. 

this  issue.*  The  whig  party  ceased  to  exist.  The  republican 
party,  absorbing  all  who  opposed  the  extension  of  slavery, 
nominated  John  C.  Fremont,  who  received  the  vote  of  eleven 
States.  The  democratic  party,  retaining  its  organization, 
nominated  James  Buchanan,  who  was  elected  President. 


BUCHANAN'S     ADMINISTRATION.! 

(FIFTEENTH   PRESIDENT:    1857-1861.) 

Domestic  Affairs. — Dred  Scott  I  Decision. — The  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  (1857),  through  Chief-Justice 
Taney,  declared  that  slave-owners  might  take  their  slaves 
into  any  State  in  the  Union  without  forfeiting  their  rights. 
At  the  North ,  this  was  considered  as  removing  the  last  barrier 

*  A  third  party,  called  the  Know-Nothing  or  American  party,  was  organized  to 
resist  the  influence  of  foreigners.  It  carried  the  vote  of  only  one  State,  Maryland. 
Its  motto  was  "  America  for  Americans  ".  The  party  aroused  bitter  feelings,  but  ILK  I 
a  transient  existence.  (Read  list  of  Political  Parties,  Barnes'  Pop.  Hist.,  p.  654.) 

t  James  Buchanan  was  born  1791;  died  1868.  The  first  "bachelor-President" 
was  sixty-six  years  old  when  called  to  the  executive  chair.  He  had  just  returned 
to  his  native  country,  after  an  absence  of  some  years  as  minister  to  England.  Pre- 
viously to  that  he  had  been  well  known  in  public  life,  having  been  Representative, 
Senator,  and  Secretary  of  State.  As  Senator  in  Jackson's  time,  he  heartily  supported 
his  administration.  With  Van  Buren,  he  warmly  advocated  the  idea  of  an  independ- 
ent treasury  (p.  179),  against  the  opposition  of  Clay,  Webster,  and  others.  Under  Tyler, 
he  was  urgently  in  favor  of  the  annexation  of  Texas,  thus  again  coming  into  coiitlii-t 
with  Clay  and  Webster.  He  cordially  agreed  with  them,  however,  in  the  compromise 
of  1850  (p.  193),  and  urged  the  people  to  adopt  it.  Much  was  hoped  from  his  election, 
as  he  avowed  the  object  of  his  administration  to  be  "  to  destroy  any  sectional  party, 
whether  North  or  South,  and  to  restore,  if  possible,  that  national  fraternal  feeling  be- 
tween the  different  States  that  had  existed  during  the  early  days* of  the  Republic  ". 
But  popular  passion  and  sectional  jealousy  were  too  strong  to  yield  to  pleasant  per- 
suasion. We  shall  see  in  the  text  how  the  heated  nation  was  drawn  into  the  horrors 
of  civil  war.  When  Mr.  Buchanan's  administration  closed,  the  fearful  conflict  was 
close  at  hand.  He  retired  to  his  estate  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died. 

J  Scott  and  his  wife  were  slaves  belonging  to  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army. 
They  were  taken  into  and  resided  in  Illinois  and  at  Fort  Snelling,  in  territory  from 
which,  by  the  ordinance  of  1787,  slavery  was  forever  excluded.  Afterward,  they  were 
carried  Into  Missouri,  where  they  and  their  children  were  held  as  slaves.  They 
claimed  freedom  on  the  ground  that,  by  the  act  of  their  master,  they  had  been  earned 
into  free  territory.  The  decision  of  the  court  against  their  claims  created  an  intense 
excitement  throughout  the  country, 


1857.]  BUCHANAN'S     ADMINISTRATION.  197 

to  the  extension  of  slavery,  and  as  changing  it  from  a  local 
to  a  national  institution  ;  at  the  South,  only  as  a  right  guar- 
anteed them  by  the  Constitution,  whereby  they  should  be 
protected  in  the  possession  of  their  property  in  every  State. 

The  Fugitive  Slave  Law  had  intensifiecT'the  already  heated 
controversy,  and  the  subject  of  slavery  now  absorbed  all 
others.  The  provision  which  commanded  every  good  citizen 
to  aid  in  the  arrest  of  fugitives  was  especially  obnoxious  to 
the  North.  Disturbances  arose  whenever  attempts  were 
made  to  restore  runaways  to  their  masters.  Several  of  the 
Northern  States  passed  "Personal  Liberty"  bills,  securing 
to  fugitive  slaves,  when  arrested,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury. 

John  Brown,  a  man  who  had  brooded  over  the  exciting 
scenes  through  which  he  had  passed  in  Kansas  until  he 
thought  himself  called  upon  to  take  the  law  into  his  own 
hands,  seized  upon  the  United  States  Arsenal  at  Harper's 
Ferry  (1859),  and  proclaimed  freedom  to  the  slaves  in  the 
vicinity.  His  feeble  band  was  soon  overpowered  by  United 
States  troops,  and  Brown  himself  hanged  as  a  traitor. 
Though  it  was  soon  known  that  in  his  wild  design  he  had 
asked  counsel  of  no  one,  yet  at  the  time  the  Southern  feel- 
ing was  aroused  to  frenzy,  his  act  being  looked  upon  as  sig- 
nificant of  the  sentiments  of  the  North. 

Political  Parties. — The  election  again  turned  on  the 
question  of  slavery.  The  democratic  party  divided,  and 
made  two  nominations  for  President :  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
who  favored  squatter  sovereignty,  and  John  C.  Breckinridge, 
who  claimed  that  slavery  could  be  carried  into  any  territory. 
The  republican  party  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  held 
that  while  slavery  must  be  protected  where  it  was,  it  ought 
not  to  be  carried  into  free  territory.*  Lincoln  was  elected. 

*  The  Union  party  put  up  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee.    Its  uiotto  was,  "  The  Union, 
the  Constitution,  and  the  Enforcement  of  the  L*iws." 


198 


EPOCH     IV. 


[1860. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


The  South  Secedes. — Throughout  the  fall  campaign  the 
Southern  leaders  had  threatened  to  secede  if  Mr.  Lincoln 

were  elected.*  They  now 
declared  it  was  time  to 
leave  a  government  which 
had  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  their  avowed  enemies. 
Since  the  days  of  Calhoun 
they  had  been  firm  believ- 
ers in  the  doctrine  of  State 
rights,  which  taught  that  a 
State  could  leave  the  Union 
whenever  it  pleased.  In 
December  (1860),  South 
Carolina  led  off,  and,  soon 
after,  Mississippi,  Florida, 
Alabama,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  and  Texas  passed  ordinances 

*  This  was  not  a  sudden  movement  on  their  part.  The  sectional  difference  between 
the  North  and  the  South  had  its  source  in  the  difference  of  climate,  which  greatly 
modified  the  character  and  habits  of  the  people ;  also,  while  the  agricultural  pursuits 
and  staple  products  of  the  South  made  slave  labor  profitable,  the  mechanical  pursuits 
and  the  more  varied  products  of  the  North  made  it  unprofitable.  These  antagonisms, 
settled  first  by  the  Missouri  Compromise  of  1820,  re-opened  by  the  tariff  of  1828, 
bursting  forth  in  the  nullification  of  1832,  pacified  by  Clay's  compromise  tariff,  in- 
creased through  the  annexation  of  Texas  and  the  consequent  war  with  Mexico,  irri- 
tated by  the  Wilmot  Proviso,  lulled  for  a  time  by  the  compromise  of  1850,  awakened 
by  the  "  squatter  sovereignty  "  policy  of  Douglas,  roused  to  fury  by  the  agitation  in 
Kansas,  spread  broadcast  by  the  Dred  Scott  decision,  the  attempted  execution  of  the 
Fugitive  Slave  Law,  and  the  John  Brown  raid,  had  now  reached  a  point  where  war 
was  the  only  remedy.  The  election  of  Lincoln  was  the  pivot  on  which  the  result 
turned.  The  cause  ran  back  through  thirty  years  of  controversy  to  the  difference  in 
climate,  in  occupation,  and  in  the  habit  of  life  and  thought.  Strange  to  say,  each 
section  misunderstood  the  other.  The  Southern  people  believed  the  North  to  be  so 
engrossed  in  money-making  and  so  enfeebled  by  luxury  that  it  could  send  to  the  field 
only  mercenary  soldiers,  who  would  easily  be  beaten  by  the  patriotic  Southerners. 
They  said, "  Cotton  is  King  ";  and  believed  that  England  and  France  were  so  depend- 
ent upon  them  for  that  staple,  that  their  republic  would  be  recognized  and  defended 
by  those  European  powers.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Northern  people  did  not  believe 
that  the  South  would  dare  to  fight  for  slavery  when  it  had  4,000,000  slaves  exposed 
to  the  chances  of  war.  They  thought  it  to  be  all  bluster,  and  hence  paid  little  heed 


1861.] 


BUCHANAN'S     ADMTNfST  RATION. 


199 


of  secession.  In  February  (1861),  delegates  from  these 
States  met  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  formed  a  govern- 
ment called  the  "  Confederate  States  of  America  ".  Jeffer- 
son Davis,  of  Missis- 
sippi, was  chosen  Pres- 
ident, and  Alexander 
H.  Stephens,  of  Geor- 
gia, Vice-President. 
United  States  forts,  ar- 
senals, custom-houses, 
and  ships  were  seized 
by  the  States  in  which 
they  were  situated. 
Buchanan  did  nothing 
to  prevent  the  catas- 
trophe. General  Scott 
was  infirm,  while  the 
regular  army  was 
small,  and  the  troops  were  widely  scattered.  The  navy  had 
been  sent  to  distant  ports.  The  Cabinet  largely  sympathized 
with  the  secessionists.  Numerous  unsuccessful  efforts  were 
made  to  effect  a  compromise.  It  was  the  general  expectation 
that  there  would  be  no  war,  and  the  cry,  "No  coercion",  was 
general.*  Yet  affairs  steadily  drifted  on  toward  war. 

Fort  Sumter. — All  eyes  were  now  turned  on  Fort  Sumter. 
Here  Major  Anderson  kept  the  United  States  flag  flying 
in  Charleston  harbor.  He  had  been  stationed  in  Fort  Moul- 
trie,  but,  fearing  an  attack,  had  crossed  over  to  Fort  Sum- 
ter, a  stronger  position.  The  South  Carolinians,  looking 

to  the  threat  of  secession  or  of  war.    Both  sides  sadly  learned  their  mistake,  only 
too  late. 

*  Even  the  New  York  Tribune  declared— "  Whenever  any  considerable  section  of 
our  Union  shall  deliberately  resolve  to  go  out,  we  shall  resist  all  coercive  measures 
to  keep  them  in." 


JEFFERSON   DAVIS. 


200  EPOCH     IV.  [1861. 

upon  this  as  a  hostile  act,  took  possession  of  the  remaining 
forts,  commenced  erecting  batteries,  and  prepared  to  reduce 
Fort  Sumter.  Major  Anderson  was  compelled  by  his  in- 
structions to  remain  a  quiet  spectator.  The  Star  of  the 
West,  an  unarmed  steamer,  bearing  supplies  to  the  fort, 
was  fired  upon  and  driven  back.  The  Southern  leaders 
declared  that  any  attempt  to  relieve  Fort  Sumter  would  be 
a  declaration  of  war.  The  government  seemed  paralyzed 
with  fear.  All  now  waited  for  the  new  President. 

In  the  next  Epoch,  we  shall  learn  about  the  terrible  Civil 
War  caused  by  this  effort  to  secede.  During  its  progress, 
slavery  perished,  and  the  issue  of  the  conflict  decided  that 
the  nation  should  be  henceforth  "one  and  inseparable". 


The  States  admitted  during  the  Fourth  Epoch  increased 
the  number  in  the  Union,  from  thirteen  to  thirty-four. 

Vermont,  the  fourteenth  State,  and  the  first  under  the 
Constitution,  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  March  4,1791.  It 
was  so  called  from  its  principal  range  of  mountains  (verd, 
green,  and  mont,  mountain).  Champlain  discovered  and  ex- 
plored much  of  it  in  1609.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
in  1 724,  in  the  present  town  of  Brattleborough,  where  Fort 
Dummer  was  erected.  The  region  was  claimed  by  both  New 
Hampshire  and  New  York  (p.  111).  In  1777,  the  inhabit- 
ants declared  the  "  New  Hampshire  Grants  "  an  independent 
State,  under  the  title  "  New  Connecticut,  alias  Vermont"  ; 
and,  in  1790,  New  York  consented  to  relinquish  her  claim 
on  the  payment  of  $30,000. 

Kentucky*  the  fifteenth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  June  1,1792.  The  name, "  dark  and  bloody  ground  ", 

*  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  act  for  the  admission  of  Kentucky  was  approved 
February  4,  1791,  but  not  to  take  effect  until  June  1,  1792 ;  while  that  admitting 
Vermont  was  aporoved  February  18,  1791,  and  to  take  effect  March  4,  1791. 


1792.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES.  201 

had  its  origin  in  the  fierce  conflicts  which  took  place  between 
the  whites  and  the  Indians.  Daniel  Boone,  a  famous  hunter, 
for  two  years  rambled  through  the  forests  of  this  region,  de- 
lighted with  its  scenery  and  the  abundance  of  game.  After 
many  thrilling  adventures  and  narrow  escapes  from  the  In- 
dians, he  established  a  fort  at  Boonesborough,  and  removed 
his  family  thither  in  June,  1775.  This  was  the  first  perma- 
nent settlement  in  the  State,  then  a  part  of  Virginia,  from 
which  it  was  not  separated  till  1790. 

Tennessee,  the  sixteenth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  June  1,  1796.  It  was  named  from  the  river  Ten- 
nessee, the  "river  with  the  great  bend  ".  It  is  thought  that 
De  Soto,  in  his  wanderings,  visited  the  spot  where  Memphis 
now  stands.  The  first  permanent  settlement  in  the  State  * 
was  at  Fort  London  (low'  don),  thirty  miles  from  the  pres- 
ent site  of  Knoxville,  in  1756.  In  1780,  James  Robertson 
crossed  the  mountains  with  a  party,  and  located  where 
Nashville  now  stands,  but  which  was  then  a  wilderness. 
In  1789,  North  Carolina  gave  up  her  claim  on  the  region, 
and  the  next  year  it  was  joined  with  Kentucky  to  form  an 
independent  territory.  It  received  a  distinct  territorial 
government  two  years  before  it  became  a  State. 

Ohio,  the  seventeenth  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
November  29,1802.  It  was  so  called  from  the  river  of  that 
name,  signifying  the  "  beautiful  river".  The  first  explorations 
were  made  by  the  French,  under  La  Salle,  about  1680.  The 
first  permanent  settlement  was  at  Marietta,  in  1 7  8  8.  It  was 
the  first  State  carved  out  of  the  North-western  Territory,  f 

Louisiana,  the  eighteenth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  April  8, 1812.  The  territory  was  named  in  honor  of 

*  This  was  the  first  permanent  English  settlement  south  of  Pennsylvania  and 
west  of  the  AUeghanies. 

t  This  territory  was  created  in  1787,  and  included  all  the  public  land  north  of  the 
Ohio.  It  embraced  the  present  States  of  Michigan,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wiscon- 


202  EPOCH     IV.  [1682. 

Louis  XIV.,  King  of  France.  The  French  explored  the  river 
Mississippi  to  the  sea  in  1682  (p.  34),  but  their  first  settle- 
ment was  made  by  Iberville  at  Bilox'i,  near  its  mouth,  in 
1699.  New  Orleans  was  founded  in  1718.*  The  territory 
was  ceded  to  Spain  in  1763,  but  in  1800  was  receded  to 
France.  When  the  United  States  purchased  it  (p.  155), 
Louisiana  included  all  the  region  north  and  west  between 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Pacific  (except  those  portions  then 
occupied  by  Spain :  see  California)  and  north  to  the  British 
possessions.  In  1804,  this  region  was  divided  into  two  parts 
— the  territory  of  Orleans,  which  included  the  present  State 
of  Louisiana,  and  the  district  of  Louisiana,  which  comprised 
the  remainder.  The  former  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as 
Louisiana,  and  the  name  of  the  latter  changed  to  Missouri. 

Indiana,  the  nineteenth  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
December  11,  1816.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  word 
Indian.  When  Ohio  was  taken  from  the  North-western  Ter- 
ritory, the  remainder  was  called  Indiana.  It  was  reduced 
to  its  present  limits  in  1809,  and  was  the  second  State  ad- 
mitted from  the  North-western  Territory.  After  the  Indian 
difficulties  which  hindered  its  early  development  had  sub- 
sided, its  growth  was  very  rapid.  Between  1810  and  1820, 
its  population  increased  five  hundred  per  cent. 

Mississippi,  the  twentieth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  December  10,1817.  It  is  named  from  the  Mississippi 
River,  "  the  Great  Father  of  Waters  ".  De  Soto  was  the  first 
European  who  traversed  this  region.  In  1700,  Chevalier  de 
Tonty,  with  a  party  of  Canadian  French,  ascended  the  river 

sin,  and  part  of  Minnesota.  It  was  a  part  of  New  France  before  the  French  author- 
ity ceased  in  1763.  The  British,  held  possession  for  twenty  years,  when  the  coun- 
try was  ceded  to  the  United  States  (see  Map  of  Vlth  Epoch,  and  p.  302). 

*  The  colony  was  granted  to  the  great  Mississippi  Company,  organized  by  John 
Law,  at  Paris,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  and  deriving  profit  from  the  French  posses- 
sions in  North  America.  When  this  bubble  burst,  the  French  crown  resumed  the 
country.  (See  Brief  History  of  France,  p.  176.) 


1700.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE      STATES.  203 

to  the  Natchez  country,  where  they  selected  a  site  for  a  fort 
and  named  it  Rosalie.  A  settlement  called  St.  Peter's  was 
made  in  1703,  on  the  Yazoo.  In  1728,  the  Indians  swept 
every  vestige  of  civilization  from  the  present  limits  of  the 
State.  Under  the  French  Governors  who  followed,  fierce  and 
bloody  wars  were  waged  with  the  Natch 'ez,  Chick'a  saw,  and 
Choc 'taw  Indians.  In  1 7  6  3,  Louisiana  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
including  a  part  of  what  is  now  Mississippi  and  Alabama, 
was  ceded  to  the  British,  and  became  a  part  of  Georgia. 
The  Mississippi  Territory  was  created  in  1798,  and  lands 
were  afterward  added  until  it  embraced  the  present  States  of 
Mississippi  and  Alabama.  The  latter  became  a  separate 
Territory  in  March,  1817. 

Illinois,  the  twenty-first  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
December  3,  1818.  Its  name  is  derived  from  its  principal 
river,  signifying  "  Eiver  of  men  ".  Its  first  settlements  were 
made  by  La  Salle.*  After  the  States  of  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
and  the  Territory  of  Michigan  had  been  taken  from  the 
North-western  Territory,  the  remainder  was  styled  the  Illi- 
nois Territory,  and  comprised  the  present  States  of  Illinois, 
Wisconsin,  and  a  part  of  Minnesota.  The  settlement  of  this 
Territory  was  greatly  impeded  by  Indian  hostilities.  The 
massacre  at  Fort  Dearborn  (Chicago),  1812,  and  the  Black 
Hawk  war  are  instances  of  the  dangers  and  trials  which  beset 
the  pioneer.  The  great  prosperity  of  the  State  dates  from 
the  year  1850,  when  munificent  grants  of  land  were  made  to 
the  Central  Railroad.  The  prairie  wilderness  was  rapidly 
settled,  and  towns  and  cities  sprung  up  as  by  magic. 

Alabama,  the  twenty-second  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  December  14, 1 8 1 9.  Its  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  and 

*  That  enterprising  traveler,  after  exploring  the  Illinois  Eiver,  built  a  small  fort 
which  he  called  Creve  Cceur  (krave  kur\  and  left  it  in  command  of  the  Chevalier 
de  Tonty.  Three  years  afterward,  he  returned  with  some  Canadians  and  founded 
Kas  kas'ki  a,  Ca  ho'ki  a,  and  other  towns,  which  early  became  flourishing. 


204  EPOCH    IV.  [1819. 

signifies  "  Here  we  rest ".  It  was  originally  a  part  of  Georgia. 
(See  Mississippi. )  The  fierce  contests  with  the  Creek  Indians, 
ended  by  Jackson,  gave  to  the  State  a  vast  and  fertile  region. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Bienville  (be  ang  veel')  on 
Mo  bile'  Bay,  in  1 7  0 2.  Nine  years  afterward,  the  present  site 
of  Mobile  was  occupied.  Mobile  was  the  original  seat  of  the 
French  colonization  in  Louisiana,  and  for  many  years  the  cap- 
ital. Having  been  ceded  to  Great  Britain  and  then  to  Spain ,  in 
1 8 1 3  it  was  surrendered  to  General  Wilkinson,  and  has  since 
remained  in  the  possession  of  the  United  States  (p.  303). 

Maine,  the  twenty-third  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
March  15,1820.  (See  p.  6  0.) 

Missouri,  the  twenty-fourth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  August  10,1821.  Its  name  is  derived  from  its  prin- 
cipal river,  and  means  "  Muddy  water  ".  Its  oldest  town,  St. 
Gene  vie  ve,  was  founded  in  1 7  5  5.  St.  Louis  was  settled  nine 
years  after,  but  was  not  incorporated  as  a  town  until  1809; 
its  first  newspaper  was  published  in  1 8  0  8,  and  the  first  steam- 
boat arrived  at  its  wharf  in  1 8 1 7.  The  District  of  Louisiana 
was  organized  as  Louisiana  Territory  in  1 8  0  5,  with  St.  Louis 
as  its  capital.  When  Louisiana  became  a  State,  the  name  of 
the  Territory  was  changed  to  Missouri. 

Arkansas,  the  twenty-fifth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  June  15,1836.  It  took  its  name  from  a  now  extinct 
tribe  of  Indians. .  It  was  discovered  and  settled  by  the  French 
under  Chevalier  de  Tonty,  as  early  as  1 6  8  5  It  followed  the 
fate  of  the  other  portions  of  Louisiana.  On  the  admission  of 
the  State  of  Missouri,  Arkansas  was  organized  as  a  Territory, 
including  the  present  State  and  a  part  of  Indian  Territory. 

Michigan,  the  twenty-sixth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  January  26,1837.  Its  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  sig- 
nifying "  Great  Lake  ".  It  was  early  visited  by  missionaries 
(p.  33)  and  fur  traders.  Detroit  was  founded  in  1701  by 


1805.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES.  205 

Cadillac.  This  region,  first  a  part  of  the  North-western  Ter- 
ritory, then  of  Indiana  Territory,  was  organized  as  a  separate 
Territory  in  1805.  The  country  north  of  the  present  States 
of  Indiana  and  Illinois  was  afterward  annexed  to  Michigan. 
The  act  of  admission  gave  the  State  its  present  boundaries. 

Florida,  the  twenty-seventh  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  March  3,  1845.  The  Spanish  word  "  florida,"  means 
"blooming"  (p.  27).  Its  early  visitors — Ponce  de  Leon, 
De  Narvaez,  and  Do  Soto — its  first  settlement  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, its  history  under  the  Spaniards,  and  the  Seminole  war 
have  been  incidentally  described.  The  Territories  of  East 
and  West  Florida  were  organized  March  30,  1822. 

Texas,  the  twenty-eighth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  December  29,  1845.  It  was  explored  by  De  Leon, 
iii id  La  Salle.  The  latter,  intending  to  found  a  French  set- 
tlement at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  sailed  by  it  un- 
awares, and,  landing  at  Mat  a  gor'da  Bay,  built  Fort  St.  Louis 
on  the  Lavaca.  The  Spaniards  afterward  explored  and  par- 
tially settled  the  country,  establishing  missions  at  various 
points.  These  did  not  prosper,  however,  and  the  region  was 
populated  mainly  by  roving  bands  of  Indians.  Civil  war  had 
impoverished  the  few  settlers  who  were  unable  to  flee  from 
the  country,  and  Galveston  was  nearly  deserted,  when,  in 
1820,  Moses  Austin,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  obtained  from 
the  Spanish  authorities  in  Mexico  a  grant  of  land.  Emigra- 
tion from  the  United  States  was  encouraged,  and,  in  1830, 
there  were  twenty  thousand  Americans  in  Texas.  The  jeal- 
ousy of  Mexico  being  excited,  acts  of  oppression  followed, 
and,  in  1835,  the  Texans  were  driven  to  declare  their  inde- 
pendence. After  a  year  of  severe  fighting  *  and  alternating 

*  Santa  Anna,  with  four  thousand  men,  having  attacked  the  Ala/mo,  a  fort  garri- 
soned by  only  one  hundred  and  seventy-two  men,  every  one  of  that  gallant  few  died 
at  his  post  except  seven,  who  were  killed  while  asking  for  quarter.  Here  David 
Crockett,  the  famous  hunter,  who  had  volunteered  to  fight  with  the  Texans  for  their 


206  EPOCH     IV.  [1837. 

victories,  Santa  Anna  was  conquered.  The  next  year, 
(1837),  Texas  sought  admission  into  the  Union.  In  1844, 
the  question  was  revived.  The  close  of  Tyler's  adminis- 
tration was  marked  by  the  signing  of  an  act  for  its  admis- 
sion. This  bill  was  ratified  by  a  convention  of  the  State 
in  July  of  the  same  year. 

Iowa,  the  twenty-ninth  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
December  28,1846.  Its  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  signifying 
"  Drowsy  ones  ".  Julien  Dubuque',  a  Canadian  Frenchman, 
obtained,  in  1 7  8  8,  a  large  tract  of  land,  including  the  present 
site  of  Dubuque.  He  there  built  a  fort  and  traded  with  the 
Indians  till  1810.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
at  Burlington  in  1833,  by  emigrants  from  Illinois.  The 
same  year,  Dubuque  was  founded.  This  Territory  belonged 
to  the  Louisiana  tract  and  partook  of  its  fortunes.  It  was 
successively  a  part  of  Missouri,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin 
Territories,  but  was  organized  separately  in  1838.  It  then 
included  all  of  Minnesota  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  but 
when  admitted  as  a  State  was  reduced  to  its  present  limits. 

Wisconsin,  the  thirtieth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  May  29,  1848.  Its  name  is  derived  from  its  prin- 
cipal river,  and  signifies  "The  gathering  of  the  waters". 
It  was  explored  by  French  missionaries  and  traders  as 
early  as  1639.  Green  Bay  was  founded  in  1745.  This 
region  was  also  a  part  of  the  North-western  Territory.  It 
was  comprised  in  the  Territory  of  Illinois,  then  of  Mich- 
igan, and  in  1836  became  a  separate  Territory. 

California,  the  thirty-first  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  September  9,  1850  (p.  190).  Sir  Francis  Drake,  in 
1579,  sailed  along  its  coast,  naming  it  New  Albion  (p.  35). 

liberty,  fell,  pierced  with  wounds,  but  surrounded  by  the  corpses  of  those  whom  he 
had  cut  down  ere  he  was  overpowered.  In  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  Santa  Anna, 
with  fifteen  hundred  men,  was  defeated  by  eight  hundred,  under  General  Sam  Hous- 
ton. (See  Barnes'  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  p.  445.) 


1776.] 


DEVELOPMENT    Of    THE     STATES. 


207 


In  1 7  6  9,  the  Spaniards  established  the  mission  of  San  Diego 
(dea'go),  and  in  1776,  one  at  San  Francisco.*  In  1803, 
they  had  eighteen  missions  with  over  15,000  converts, 
and  the  government  of  the  country  was  in  the  hands  of 


SAN  FRANCISCO  BAY  AND  CITT.      (See  note.) 

Franciscan  monks.    The  Mexican  revolution,  in  1822,  over- 
threw the  Spanish  power  in  California,  and,  soon  after,  the 

*  In  1835,  a  shanty  owned  by  one  Richardson  was  the  only  human  habitation, 
and  the  vast  bay  was  a  solitude.  The  first  survey  of  streets  and  town  lots  was  in 
1839.  The  principal  trade  was  in  exporting  hides,  and  that  was  small.  In  1846, 
an  American  man-of-war  entered  the  harbor,  and  took  possession  in  the  name  of 
the  United  States.  The  town  was  known  as  Yerba  Buena  (good  herb)  until  1847, 
when  it  was  changed  to  its  present  name.  About  that  time,  it  had  a  population  of 
459.  The  discovery  of  gold  in  1848  gave  the  city  its  first  start.  Within  eighteen 
months  following  December,  1849,  the  city  lost  by  fire  $16,000,000  of  property, 
though  its  population  did  not  exceed  30,000.  Such,  however,  was  the  enterprise  of 
its  citizens,  that  these  tremendous  losses  scarcely  interrupted  its  growth  or  pros- 
perity. Its  magnificent  harbor  and  its  railroad  communications  give  it  an  extensive 
commerce  on  the  Pacific  coast. 


208  EPOCH    IV.  [1831. 

Franciscans  were  stripped  of  their  wealth  and  influence.  In 
1831,  the  white  population  did  not  exceed  five  thousand. 
From  1843  to  1846,  many  emigrants  from  the  United  States 
settled  in  California,  and,  under  the  leadership  of  Fremont 
and  others,  wrested  the  country  from  Mexico  (p.  188).  By 
the  treaty  at  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war,  Upper  Cali- 
fornia was  ceded  to  the  United  States.  It  embraced  what 
is  now  known  as  California,  Nevada,  Arizona,  Utah,  and 
parts  of  Kansas,  "Wyo'ming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 
(Maps  of  lYth  and  Vlth  Epochs.) 

Minnesota,  the  thirty-second  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  May  11,1858.  It  is  so  called  from  the  river  of  that 
name,  and  signifies  "  Cloudy  water  ".  In  1 6  8  0,  La  Salle  and 
Hennepin  penetrated  this  region.  Other  travelers  followed, 
but  only  within  this  century  has  the  whole  country  been 
thoroughly  explored.  Fort  Snelling  was  established  in  1 8 1 9 . 
The  first  building  in  St.  Paul  was  erected  about  1838. 
The  Territory  of  Minnesota  was  organized  in  1849,  with  the 
Missouri  and  White  rivers  for  its  western  boundary,  thus 
embracing  nearly  twice  the  area  of  the  present  State.  At 
this  time,  its  population  was  less  than  five  thousand,  consist- 
ing of  whites  and  half-breeds  settled  about  the  various  mis- 
sions and  trading-posts.  In  1851,  the  Sioux  (soo)  ceded  a 
large  tract  of  land  to  the  United  States.  After  this,  the 
population  increased  so  rapidly  that  in  six  years  Minne- 
sota applied  for  admission  into  the  Union. 

Oregon,  the  thirty-third  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
February  14,  1859.  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  the 
Spanish  OREGANO,  wild  marjoram,  abundant  on  its  coast.  It 
was  claimed  as  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  (Vlth  Epoch 
map),  though  little  was  known  of  this  vast  region  (p.  302). 
In  1792,  Captain  Gray,  of  Boston,  entered  the  river  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  his  ship — Columbia.  On  his  return,  he 


1804.]  DEVELOPMENT     OF     THE     STATES.  209 

made  such  a  flattering  report  that  there  was  a  general  desire 
to  know  more  of  the  country.  In  1804,  the  year  after  the 
Louisiana  purchase,  Jefferson  sent  an  exploring  party,  under 
the  command  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  (see  page  302),  which 
followed  the  Missouri  to  its  source  and  descended  the  Colum- 
bia to  the  Pacific.  The  history  of  their  adventures  is  one  of 
the  most  romantic  of  the  century.  An  extensive  fur-trade 
so( )  n  began.  Fort  Astoria  was  built  in  1 8 1 1  by  the  American 
Fur  Company,  of  which  John  Jacob  Astor  was  a  prominent 
member.  Hunters  and  trappers  in  the  employ  of  American 
and  British  companies  roamed  over  the  whole  region.  Fort 
Yancouver  was  occupied  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  a 
British  organization,  till  1860.  In  1836-' 39,  American  em- 
igration set  overland  to  this  region.  The  danger  of  war  which 
had  seriously  threatened  its  dawning  prosperity  was  averted 
when  the  north-west  boundary  was  settled  by  the  treaty  of 
1846.  In  184  8,  it  was  organized  as  a  Territory,  and  included 
all  the  possessions  of  the  United  States  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  In  1850,  Congress  granted  three  hundred  and 
twenty  acres  to  every  man,  and  the  same  to  his  wife,  on  condi- 
tion of  residence  on  the  land  for  four  years.  Eight  thousand 
claims  were  made  for  farms.  In  1 8  5  3,  Washington  Territory 
was  organized  north  of  Columbia  River.  When  Oregon  was 
admitted  as  a  State,  it  was  reduced  to  its  present  limits. 

Kansas,  the  thirty-fourth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
\Union,  January  29,  1861.  The  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  and 
is  said  to  mean  "  Smoky  water  ".  This  region  was  also  a  part 
of  the  Louisiana  purchase.  After  the  States  of  Louisiana, 
Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota  had  been  carved 
from  it,  there  was  left  a  vast,  unoccupied  tract  at  the  west, 
which  was  organized  by  the  Kansas  and  Nebraska  Act  of 
1854.  The  history  of  the  strife  which  decided  whether  it 
should  be  slave  or  free  has  been  narrated  (p.  195). 


210  EPOCH    IV. 


CIVILIZATION 

Tha  free  air  of  the  new  world,  the  independent  thought  upon  every  question, 
and  the  political  equality  of  all  men  conduced  to  break  down  the  distinctions  of 
rank  and  dress  that  were  at  first  established  (p.  93).  This  tendency  early  became  a 
source  of  anxiety  to  the  colonial  legislator.  In  1640,  it  was  ordered  that  as  "  divers 
Persons  of  severall  Banks  are  obsearved  still  to  exceede  "  in  their  apparel,  "  the  Con 
stables  of  every  towne  within  their  Libertyes  shall  observe  and  take  notice  of  any 
particular  Person  or  Persons  within  their  severall  Lymits,  and  all  such  as  they 
judge  to  exceede  their  condition  and  Rank  therein,  they  shall  present  and  warn  to 
appear  at  the  particular  Court ". 

These  "sumptuary  laws"  were  not  a  dead  letter,  for  we  read  of  one  "Alice 
ITlynt "  who  was  cited  before  the  court  and  required  to  show  that  she  was  worth  the 
two  hundred  pounds  required  to  entitle  her  to  wear  a  silk  hood.  After  Independ- 
ence, social  changes  went  on  rapidly.  The  title  "Master"  came  to  be  confined 
to  holders  of  slaves,  while  "Mr.",  once  a  sure  sign  of  rank,  was  applied  to  every 
male  in  the  land,  and  to  omit  it,  when  speaking  of  great  men,  became  a  mark  of 
distinction.  So  rapidly  did  the  new  ideas  spread,  that  when  Xia  Fayette  visited 
America  the  second  time,  he  asked  with  astonishment,  "Where  are  the  common 
people  1 "  He  saw  only  crowds  of  well-dressed  citizens,  but  no  yeomen,  mechanics, 
merchants,  and  servants — the  four  ranks  below  that  of  gentleman  that  were  to  be 
distinctly  observed  at  the  time  of  his  first  visit. 

The  Laborer,  though  he  had  secured  social  and  political  privileges  a  hun- 
dred years  ago,  could  obtain  far  fewer  comforts  than  he  can  to-day.  His  house 
had  neither  paint  nor  glass  windows.  Within,  it  was  low  and  dingy.  The  floor 
knew  no  carpets.  The  kitchen  had  no  stove,  or  lamp,  or  coal,  or  matches. 
There  was  no  glass  or  crockery  ware  on  his  table,  but  he  ate  his  homely  fare 
from  a  wooden  platter.  Fresh  meat  was  a  rarity.  All  the  staples  of  life  were 
expensive  to  one  who  received  only  two  shillings  per  day.  Leather  breeches  and 
apron,  a  coarse  flannel  jacket,  and  heavy  cow-hide  shoes  were  the  best  his  ward- 
robe could  afford. 

Imprisonment  for  debt  was  common.  The  poor  man,  just  recovering  from  a  long 
sickness,  was  liable  to  be  arrested  for  the  payment  of  the  little  bills  incurred  during 
his  illness,  and  thrust  into  prison  among  the  vilest  offenders. 

The  Schools,  even  within  the  memory  of  many  persons  now  living,  were  far 
inferior  in  equipment  and  methods  to  those  of  our  day.  The  text-books  were  few 
and  coarsely  executed.  In  early  times,  the  only  reading-books  were  the  Bible,  the 
Psalter,  and  the  New  England  Speller.  After  the  Revolution,  the  Columbian 
Orator— filled  with  patriotic  selections— attained  a  great  celebrity.  When  Webster's 
American  Spelling  Book  was  issued  about  1784,  it  gradually  came  into  general 
use.  Murray's  Grammar  and  Daboll's  Arithmetic  were  the  standards  for  half  a 
century.  The  ordinary  geography  was  in  two  volumes— one  containing  the  maps 
and  the  other  the  text.  Morse  invented  (1839)  a  process  of  engraving  whereby 
the  maps  could  be  struck  off  with  the  text,  on  a  common  printing  press.  In  a 
single  year,  100,000  copies  of  his  New  Q-eography  went  into  use.  Writing-books 
were  usually  home-made  from  foolscap,  and  ruled  by  the  pupil  with  lead  plum- 
mets of  his  own  manufacture.  Slate  pencils  were,  also,  whittled  out  by  the  boys 
from  soft  clay-stones.  Quill-pens  were  used,  and  their  making  constituted  no 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  STATES.       211 

small  part  of  a  teacher's  task.    "Wall-maps,  charts,  blackboards,  globes,  etc.,  came  in 
only  slowly  as  education  advanced. 

The  development  of  the  country  was  especially  marked  about  the  middle  of 
this  century.  The  immigration  from  Ireland,  probably  induced  chiefly  by  the  famine 
of  1847  in  that  island,  then  began,  and  crowds  of  foreign  workmen  aided  in  building 
railroads  and  digging  canals,  while  they  flocked  into  the  mills  and  manufactories. 
The  native  operatives  thrown  out  of  employment,  turned  to  the  "West.  The  discovery 
of  gold  in  California,  also,  led  thither  a  vast  number  from  the  Eastern  States.  The 
multiplication  of  railroads,  affording  a  better  market  and  higher  prices,  rendered 
farming  profitable  in  the  great  Mississippi  valley,  and  new  States  were  settled  with 
unexampled  rapidity.  Commerce  flourished,  and  American  clippers  were  famous 
for  their  speed.  "With  increasing  prosperity,  knowledge  spread  apace.  Books  and 
papers  multiplied.  Schools  and  colleges  were  founded.  The  lyceums,  through  which 
coursos  of  lectures  by  distinguished  men  were  given  in  almost  every  town  and 
village,  became  an  important  factor  in  imparting  to  the  people  valuable  instruction 
upon  political,  scientific,  and  literary  topics. 


CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1789.    Washington  inaugurated,  April  30 149 

1791.  Vermont  admitted  to  the  "Union,  March  4 .  200 

1792.  Kentucky  admitted  to  the  Union,  June  1 200 

Discovery  of  Columbia  Biver  by  Captain  Gray,  May  11        .       .       .       .  208 

1793.  Difficulties  with  Genet 153 

1794.  The  Indians  defeated  by  Wayne,  August  20 152 

Whiskey  insurrection 152 

1795.  Jay's  treaty  ratified,  June  24 153 

1796.  Tennessee  admitted  to  the  Union,  June  1 201 

1797.  John  Adams  inaugurated,  March  4 154 

1799.  Washington  died  at  Mount  "Vernon,  December  14 150 

1800.  Capitol  removed  to  Washington 150 

Treaty  with  France,  September  30 155 

1801.  Thomas  Jefferson  inaugurated,  March  4 155 

War  declared  by  the  United  States  against  Tripoli,  June  10       ...  157 

1802.  Ohio  admitted  to  the  Union,  November  29 201 

1803.  Louisiana  purchased  from  France,  April  30 156 

Meet  sent  against  Tripoli 157 

1804.  Lieutenant  Decatur  destroyed  frigate  Philadelphia,  February  15    .       .  157 
Hamilton  killed  by  Burr,  July  11 156 

1805.  Treaty  of  peace  with  Tripoli,  June  3 i.57 

1807.    The  Chesapeake  fired  into  by  the  Leopard,  June  22 158 

Embargo  on  American  ships,  December  22 158 

Fulton  first  ascended  the  Hudson 157 

1809.    James  Madison  inaugurated,  March  4 159 

1811.  Action  between  the  President  and  the  Little  Belt,  May  16  .       .       .       .  160 
Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  November  7 159 

1812.  Louisiana  admitted  to  the  Union,  April  8 201 

War  declared  against  England,  June  19 •       .  160 

Hull  invaded  Canada,  July  18 160 


212 


EPOCH    IV. 


[1813. 


1812.  Mackinaw  surrendered,  July  17 160 

Detroit  surrendered,  August  16 •  160 

The  Constitution  captured  the  G-uerriere,  August  19     ....  161 

Battle  of  Queenstown,  October  13 161 

The  "Wasp  captured  the  Frolic,  October  13 162 

1813.  Battle  of  Frenchtown,  January  22 163 

Capture  of  York,  April  27 163 

Siege  of  Port  Meigs,  May  1 164 

Sackett's  Harbor  attacked,  May  29 163 

The  Chesapeake  captured  by  the  Shannon,  June  1 166 

Battle  of  Port  Stephenson,  Ohio,  August  2 1 64 

Massacre  of  Port  Minims,  August  30 166 

Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie,  September  10 164 

Battle  of  the  Thames,  October  5 165 

Battle  of  Chrysler's  Meld,  November  11 163 

1814.  Battle  of  Horseshoe  Bend  (Tohopeka),  March  27 166 

Battle  of  Chippewa,  July  5    - 168 

Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane,  July  25 168 

"Washington  captured  by  the  British,  Auguct  24 169 

Battle  of  Plattsburg  and  Lake  Champlain,  September  11      ...  168 

Bombardment  of  Port  McHenry,  September  13 169 

Hartford  Convention,  December  15 169 

Treaty  of  Peace,  December  24 169 

1815.  Battle  of  New  Orleans,  January  8 169 

War  with  Algiers 171 

1816.  Indiana  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  11 202 

1817.  James  Monroe  inaugurated,  March  4 172 

Mississippi  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  10 202 

1818.  Illinois  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  3 203 

1819.  Alabama  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  14 203 

Florida  purchased  of  Spain,  February  22 173 

1820.  Missouri  Compromise  passed,  March  3 172 

Maine  admitted  to  the  Union,  March  15 60,  204 

1821.  Missouri  admitted  to  the  Union,  August  10 204 

1824.  Visit  of  La  Fayette 173 

1825.  John  Quincy  Adams  inaugurated,  March  4 174 

1826.  Adams  and  Jefferson  died,  July  4  ....'....  154 

1829.    Jackson  inaugurated,  March  4 175 

1832.    Black  Hawk  "War 177 

Nullification  in  South  Carolina 175 

1835.  Dade's  massacre  by  the  Seminoles,  December  28 177 

1836.  Arkansas  admitted  to  the  Union,  June  15 204 

1837.  Michigan  admitted  to  the  Union,  January  26 204 

Martin  Van  Buren  inaugurated,  March  4 178 

Battle  of  Okechobee,  Seminoles  routed  by  Taylor,  December  25 .       .  178 

1837-'38.    The  "Patriot  War  "—Canada 179 

1841.    William  H.  Harrison  inaugurated,  March  4 180 

President  Harrison  died,  April  4 .  180 

John  Tyler  inaugurated,  April  6 180 


1842.]  DEVELOPMENT    OP    THE     STATES.  213 

PAGE 

1842.    Dorr's  Rebellion 181 

1845.  Florida  admitted  to  the  Union,  March  3 .       .  205 

James  K.  Polk  inaugurated,  March  4 185 

Texas  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  29 205 

1846.  Battle  of  Palo  Alto,  May  8 185 

Battle  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  May  9 185 

Congress  declared  war  against  Mexico,  May  11 

Monterey  captured,  September  24 186 

Iowa  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  28 206 

1847.  Battle  of  Buena  Vista,  February  23 186 

Vera  Cruz  captured,  March  29 188 

Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  April  18 188 

Battle  of  Contreras,  August  20 189 

Capture  of  Chapultepec,  September  13 189 

Mexico  surrendered,  September  14 190 

1848.  Treaty  of  Peace  with  Mexico,  February  2 190 

Gold  discovered  in  California,  February 190 

"Wisconsin  admitted  to  the  Union,  May  29 206 

1849.  General  Taylor  inaugurated,  March  5 191 

1850.  General  Taylor  died,  July  9 192 

Millard  Fillmore  inaugurated,  July  10 191 

California  admitted  to  the  Union,  September  9 206 

1853.  Franklin  Pierce  inaugurated,  March  4 194 

1854.  Commodore  Perry's  treaty  with  Japan,  March 195 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  passed,  May  31 ...  195 

1857.  James  Buchanan  inaugurated,  March  4 196 

1858.  Minnesota  admitted  to  the  Union,  May  11 208 

1859.  Oregon  admitted  to  the  Union,  February  14 208 

1860.  Houth  Carolina  seceded  from  the  Union,  December  20 198 

1861.  Steamer  Star  of  the  West  fired  upon,  January  9 200 

Kansas  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State,  January  29       ....  209 

Southern  Confederacy  formed  at  Montgomery,  February  4.       ...  199 


REFERENCES    FOR    READING. 

Lotting'1*  Field  Book  of  the  War  of  1812.— Lewis  and  Clarke's  Journal.— Mackenzie's  Life 
of  Paul  Jones.— Parton's  Life  of  Jackson  ;  also  of  Aaron  Burr.— Cooper's  History  of  the  Amer- 
ican Navy.— Irving'1  s  Astoria.— Powell's  Life  of  Taylor.— Fremont's  Explorations.— Benton's  30 
Years  View  of  PiMic  Affairs.— Street  and  Reed's  Osceola  (Poem).—Ripley's  War  with  Mexico.— 
HulTs  Military  and  Civil  Life.— Parker's  Historic  Americans.— Lossing's  Eminent  Americans.— 
McPherson's  Political  History  of  the  United  States.— Tome's  Battles  of  America  by  Sea  and 
Land.—Lowett's  Bigelow  Papers.— Giddings'  Exiles  of  Florida.— Jay's  Mexican  War.— Daw- 
son's  American  Battle-fields.— "  The  Mississippi  Scheme  "  in  Mackay's  Popular  Delusions.— Mrs. 
John  Adams'  Correspondence— Headley's  Second  War  with  England.—  Whittier's  Angels  ofBuena 
Vista  (Poetry).— RandaWs  and  Tucker's  Lives  of  Jefferson.— OriswoloTs  Court  of  Washington.— 
Clarke's  Campaign  of  18l2.—IngersoU's  Second  War  with  (treat  Britain.— WilsorSs  Sketches 
of  Illustrious  Soldiers. -The  "  American  Statesmen  "  Series  (a  Political  Library  of  great  valtui). 


214 


BLACKBOARD    ANALYSIS. 


1.    Washington's    Admin- 
istration.   (1789-'97.) 


2.  John  Adams'  Adminis- 
tration.   (1797-1801.) 


3.  Jefferson's  Administra- 
tion.   (1801-'9.) 


4.    Madison's  Administra- 
tion.   (18O9-'17.) 


5.    Monroe's   Administra- 
tion.   (1817-'25.) 


John    Quincy    Adams' 
Administration. 
(1825-'29.) 


Jackson's   Administra- 
tion.   (1829-'37.) 


Van  Buren's  Adminis- 
tration.   (1837-'41.) 


9.    Harrison    and    Tyler's 

Administration . 

(1841-'4B.) 


1O.      Folk's     Administra-  . 
tion.    (1845-'49.) 


Taylor  and  Fillmore's 
Administration . 
(1849-»53.) 


1.  Inauguration. 

2.  Difficulties  of  the  New  Government. 

f  1.  Finances. 

3.  Domestic  Affaire.  <  2.  Whiskey  Rebellion. 

I  3.  Indian  Wars. 
(  1.  England. 

4    Foreign  Affairs.     •{  2.  Spain  and  Algiers. 
L  3.  France. 

5.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs. 

2.  Foreign  Affairs. 

3.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Character  of  Jefferson. 

f  I.  Purchase  of  L 

2.  Domestic  Affairs.  <  2.  Aaron  Burr. 

L  3.  Fulton'i 


Steamboat. 
War  with  Tripoli. 
England  and  France. 
Embargo  Act. 


>3.  Foreign  Affairs. 
4.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs. 

2.  Foreign  Affairs—  I  • 

War  with  Great  •{  ; 
Britain. 

3.  Political  Parties. 

1.  "Era  of  Good  Feeling." 

'  1.  Mis: 
2.  La  Fayette'i 


1.  Events  of  1812. 


6.  Results  of  War. 


2.  Domestic  Affairs. 


C  1.  Florida. 

5  2.  Muu 


mroe  Doctrine. 


3.  Foreign  Affairs. 

4.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Character  of  Adams. 

2.  Prosperity  of  Country. 

3.  Protective  Tariff— "American  System." 
1.  Character  of  Jackson. 

1.  Nullification. 


2.  Domestic  Affairs. 

3.  Foreign  Affaire. 

4.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs. 

2.  Foreign  Affairs. 

3.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Harrison's  Death. 

2.  Domestic  Affairs. 


2.  Bank  of  United  StaU-s. 

3.  Speculations. 

4.  Indian  Troubles, 


8.  Foreign  Affairs. 
4.  Political  Parties. 


f  1.  United  States  Bank. 

2.  Suffrage  Difficulties. 
'   3.  Anti-Rent  Difficulties. 

4.  The  Mormons. 
L  5.  Magnetic  Telegraph. 
5  1.  Annexation  of  Texas. 
I  2.  North-west  Boundary 


.(•!.& 
I  2.  G 
1  3.  & 
I  4.  p, 


•al  Taylor's  Army. 
General  Kearney's  Army . 
General  Scott's  Army, 
"•eace. 


12.    Pierce's    Administra- 
tion.   (1853-'57.) 


1.  Foreign  Affairs- 
War  with  Mexico. 

(l&16-'47.) 

2.  Domestic  Affairs.  [  2.'  Discovery "oY  Ctold  in  California 

3.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Taylor's  Death. 

2.  Domestic  Affairs.  \  \\  Comprjml8e  of  1860. 
8.  Foreign  Affairs. 

4.  Political  Parties. 

1     TV  .•      Art   •         5  '•  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs.  J  2.  Border  Warfare. 


C  1.  Mexico. 
{2. 


Japan. 


2.  Foreign  Affairs. 
8.  Political  Parties. 

f  1.  Dred-Scott  Decision. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs.  4  2.  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

L  3.  John  Brown. 

2.  Political  Parties. 
8.  South  Secedes. 

4.  Attack  on  Fort  Sumter. 
Names  of  States  admitted  during  the  Fourth  Epoch. 


13.   Buchanan's  Adminis- 
tration.   (1857-'61.) 


PR,NQF,ELD-         MAP  TO  ILLUSTRATE 

THE  CIVIL  WAR 


POCJH 


LINCOLN'S     ADMINISTRA- 
TION.* 

(SIXTEENTH  PRESIDENT:    1861-1865.) 

INAUGURATION.— Rumors  of 

L     a  plan  to  assassinate  Lincoln 
impelled  him  to  come  to  Washing- 
ton in  disguise.      He  was  inaugurated,  March   4,    1861, 
surrounded  by  troops,  under  General  Scott. 

Condition  of  the  Country. — All  was  now  uncertainty. 
Southern  officers  in  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United 
States  were  daily  resigning,  and  linking  their  fortunes 
with  the  Confederate  cause.  There  was  still,  however,  a 

Quetttionf!  on  the  Gi-of/ni/thi/  of  tin-  Fifth  Epoch. — Locate  the  following  places 
noted  as  battle-fields.  (Maps  of  the  Richmond  campaigns  are  on  pages  236  and  261.) 
Philippi.  Big  Bethel.  Boonville  (Booneville).  Carthage.  Rich  Mountain.  Bull 
Run.  Wilson's  Creek.  Hatteras  Inlet.  Lexington,  Mo.  Ball's  Bluff.  Belmont. 
Port  Royal.  Mill  Spring.  Fort  Henry.  Roanoke  Island.  Port  Donelson.  Pea 
Ridge.  New  Bern  (Newberne).  Winchester.  Pittsburg  Landing.*  Island  No.  10. 
Fort  Pulaski.  Fort  Jackson.  Fort  Macon.  Beaufort.  Yorktown.  Williamsburg. 
Corinth.  Mechanicsville.  Cedar  Mountain.  South  Mountain.  Antietam.  Freder- 
icksburg.  Holly  Springs.  Murfreesboro.  Galveston.  Fort  Sumter.  Chancellors- 
ville.  Vicksburg.  Gettysburg.  Port  Hudson.  Chickamauga.  Chattanooga.  Knox- 
ville.  Fort  de  Russy.  Sabine  Cross  Roads.  Fort  Pillow.  Wilderness.  Spottsylvania 
Court  House.  Resaca.  Dallas.  Lost  Mountain.  Petersburg.  Atlanta.  Mobile. 
Fort  Gaines.  Fort  Morgan.  Cedar  Creek.  Fort  McAlister.  Nashville.  Fort  Fisher. 
Columbia.  Goldsboro.  Fort  Steadman.  Five  Forks.  Appomattox  Court  House. 


*  Abraham  Lincoln  was  born  in  Kentucky,  February  12, 1809;  died  in  Washington, 


216  EPOCH    V.  [1861. 

strong  Union  sentiment  at  the  South.  Many  prominent 
men  in  both  sections  hoped  that  war  might  be  averted. 
The  Federal  authorities  feared  to  act,  lest  they  should 
precipitate  civil  strife.  In  striking  contrast  to  this  inde- 
cision, was  the  marked  energy  of  the  new  Confederate 
government.  It  was  gathering  troops,  voting  money  and 
supplies,  and  rapidly  preparing  for  the  issue. 

Capture  of  Fort  Sumter  (April  14). — Finding  that  sup- 
plies were  to  be  sent  to  Fort  Sumter,  General  Peter  G.  T. 
Beauregard  (bo' re  gard),  who  had  command  of  the  Confed- 
erate troops  at  Charleston,  called  upon  Major  Anderson  to 
surrender.  Upon  his  refusal,  lire  was  opened  from  all  the 
Confederate  forts  and  batteries.*  This  "  strange  contest  be- 
tween seventy  men  and  seven  thousand  ",  lasted  for  thirty- 
April  15, 1865.  His  father  was  unable  to  read  or  write,  and  his  own  education  con- 
sisted of  one-year's  schooling.  Hoping  to  better  his  fortune,  his  father  moved  to 
Indiana,  the  family  floating  down  the  Ohio  on  a  raft.  When  nineteen  years  of  age, 
the  future  President  hired  out  at  $10  per  month  as  a  hand  on  a  flat-boat,  and  made  a 
trip  to  New  Orleans.  On  his  return,  he  accompanied  the  family  to  Illinois,  driving 
the  cattle  on  the  journey.  Having  reached  their  destination,  he  helped  them  to  build 
a  cabin,  and  to  split  rails  to  inclose  the  farm.  He  was  now,  in  succession,  a  flat-boat 
hand,  clerk,  captain  of  a  company  of  volunteers  in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  country 
store-keeper,  postmaster,  and  surveyor,  yet  he  managed  to  get  a  knowledge  of  law  by 
borrowing  books  at  an  office  before  it  closed  at  night,  returning  them  at  its  opening 
in  the  morning.  On  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  rapidly  rose  to  distinction.  At 
twenty-five,  he  was  sent  to  the  Legislature,  and  was  thrice  re-elected.  Turning  his 
attention  to  politics,  he  soon  became  a  leader.  In  1858,  he  was  candidate  for  Senator, 
a  second  time,  against  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  The  two  rivals  stumped  the  State  to- 
gether, discussing  great  national  questions.  The  debate,  unrivaled  for  its  statesman- 
ship, logic,  and  wit,  won  for  Lincoln  a  national  reputation,  but  he  lost  the  election  in 
the  Legislature,  his  party  being  in  the  minority.  After  his  accession  to  the  Presidency, 
his  history,  like  Washington's,  is  identified  with  that  of  his  country.  He  was  a  tall, 
ungainly  man,  little  versed  in  the  refinements  of  society,  but  gifted  by  nature  with 
great  common  sense,  and  every-where  known  as  "Honest  Abe".  Kind,  earnest, 
sympathetic,  faithful,  democratic,  he  was  anxious  only  to  serve  his  country.  His 
wan,  fatigued  face,  and  his  bent  form,  told  of  the  cares  he  bore,  and  the  grief  he  felt. 
His  only  relief  was  when,  tossing  aside  for  a  moment  the  heavy  load  of  responsi- 
bility, his  face  would  light  up  with  a  humorsome  smile,  while  he  narrated  some 
incident  whose  irresistible  wit  and  aptness  to  the  subject  at  hand,  convulsed  his 
hearers,  and  rendered  "  Lincoln's  stories  "  household  words  throughout  the  nation. 

*  The  first  gun  of  the  war  was  fired  at  half -past  four  o'clock  Friday  morning, 
April  12,  1861. 


1861.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  217 

four  hours,  no  one  being  hurt  on  either  side.  The  barracks 
having  been  set  on  fire  by  the  shells,  the  garrison,  worn 
out,  suffocated,  and  half-blinded,  were  forced  to  capitulate. 
They  were  allowed  to  retire  with  the  honors  of  war,  saluting 
their  flag  before  hauling  it  down.  ^ 

Tlie  Effect  of  this  event  was  electrical.  It  unified  the  North 
and  also  the  South.  The  war  spirit  swept  over  the  country 
like  wild-fire.  Party  lines  vanished.  The  Union  men  at 
the  South  were  borne  into  secession,  while  the  republicans 
and  the  democrats  at  the  North  combined  to  support  the 
government.  Lincoln  issued  a  requisition  for  75,000 
troops.  It  was  responded  to  by  300,000  volunteers,  the 
American  flag,  the  symbol  of  Revolutionary  glory  and 
of  national  unity,,  being  unfurled  throughout  the  North. 
The  military  enthusiasm  at  the  South  was  equally  ardent. 
'Virginia,  Arkansas,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee,  which 
had  before  hesitated,  joined  the  Confederacy.  Virginia 
troops  seized  the  United  States  armory  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
and  the  Navy-yard  near  Norfolk.  Richmond,  Va.,  was 
made  the  Confederate  capital.  Troops  from  the  extreme 
South  were  rapidly  pushed  into  Virginia,  and  threatened 
"Washington.  The  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment,  hurrying 
to  the  defense  of  the  national  capital,  was  attacked  in  the 
streets  of  Baltimore,  and  several  men  were  killed.*  Thus 
the  first  bloodshed  in  the  civil  war  was  on  April  1 9,  the 
anniversary  of  Lexington  and  Concord. 

THE    "WAR    IN    VIRGINIA. 

Arlington  Heights  and  Alexandria!  were  seized  (May  24) 
by  the  national  troops.  This  protected  Washington  from 

*  A  Union  soldier  who  was  shot  in  this  affray,  turned  about,  saluted  the  flag,  and 
exclaiming,  "  All  hail  the  stars  and  stripes  I "  fell  lifeless. 

t  Alexandria  was  occupied  by  Colonel  Elmer  E.  Ellsworth  and  his  Zouaves.    After 


218  EPOCH     V.  [1861, 

immediate  danger  of  attack.*  Fort  Monroef  was  now  gar- 
risoned by  a  heavy  force  under  General  B.  F.  Butler.  J  An 
expedition  made,  soon  after,  against  BIG  BETHEL  was  singu- 
larly mismanaged.  On  the  route,  the  troops  fired  into  each 
other  by  mistake,  and,  when  they  came  to  attack  the  Confed- 
erate defenses,  wore  repulsed  with  loss. 

Western  Virginia  adhered  to  the  Union,  and  was  ulti- 
mately formed  into  a  separate  State.  The  Confederates, 
however,  occupied  it  in  force.  The  Federals,  under  General 
George  B.  McClellan,  afterward  commander  of  the  Potomac 
army,  defeated  them  at  PHILIPPI,  RICH  MOUNTAIN,  and  CAR- 
RICK'S  FORD,  thus  wresting  the  entire  State  from  their  control. 
J  Shortly  afterward,  Governor  Wise  and  General  Floyd  (Presi- 
/  -dent  Buchanan's  Secretary  of  War)  led  a  Confederate  force 
i  nto  that  region ;  but  Floyd  was  suddenly  attacked  by  General 
/  Rosecrans  at  CARNIFEX  FERRY,  and,  Wise  failing  to  support 
him,  was  compelled  to  retreat.  General  Robert  E.  Lee,  Mc- 
Clellan's  future  antagonist  on  the  Potomac,  having  been  re- 
pulsed at  CHEAT  MOUNTAIN,  came  to  the  rescue.  But  nothing 
decisive  being  effected,  the  Confederate  government  recalled 
its  troops.  The  only  Union  victories  of  this  year  were 
achieved  in  this  region  (map  opp.  p.  223). 

Battle  of  Bull  Run  (July  21).— The  Northern  people,  see- 
ing so  many  regiments  pushed  forward  to  Washington,  were 
impatient  for  an  advance.  The  cry,  "  On  to  Richmond ! "  be- 

the  capture,  seeing  the  Confederate  flag  still  flying  from,  the  roof  of  a  hotel,  he  went 
up  and  took  it  down.  As  he  descended,  he  was  shot  at  the  foot  of  the  stairs,  by  the 
landlord,  Jackson,  who  in  turn  fell  at  the  hands  of  private  Brownell. 

*  Alexandria  is  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Potomac,  seven  miles  below  Washing- 
ton. Arlington  Heights  are  directly  opposite  the  capital. 

t  This  is  located  at  the  entrance  of  the  Chesapeake,  and  is  the  most  formidable 
fortification  in  the  United  States.  It  covers  nearly  seventy  acres  of  ground.  The 
walls  are  built  of  granite. 

t  At  Hampton,  which  had  been  occupied  by  the  Confederates,  some  negroes  were 
captured  who  had  been  employed  in  building  fortifications.  Butler  declared  them 
"  contraband  of  war  ",  and  this  gave  rise  to  the  popular  term  "  Contraband  ". 


1861.] 


THE     CIVIL     WAR. 


219 


came  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  General  Irvin  McDowell,  in 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  moved  to  attack  the 
main  body  of  the  Confederates,  who  were  strongly  posted, 
under  Beauregard,  at  Bull  Run.*  After  a  sharp  conflict,  the 
Confederates  were  driven  from  the  field.  They  were  rallied, 


"  STONEWALL  "  JACKSON  AT  BULL  RUN. 

however,  by  General  T.  J.  Jackson  f  and  others,  on  a  plateau 
in  the  rear.  While  the  Federal  troops  were  struggling  to 
drive  them  from  this  new  position,  at  the  crisis  of  the  battle, 
two  brigades,  under  Kirby  Smith  and  Early,  rushing  across 
the  fields  from  Ma  nas'sas  Station, J  each,  successively, 
struck  the  Union  flank  and  poured  in  a  cross-fire.  The  effect 

*  This  is  near  Manassas  Junction,  about  twenty-seven  miles  from  Alexandria. 

1  General  Bee,  as  he  rallied  his  men,  shouted,  "There's  Jackson  standing  like  a 
stone  wall."  "  From  that  time,"  says  Draper,  "  the  name  he  had  received  in  a  bap- 
tism of  fire  displaced  that  he  had  received  in  a  baptism  of  water,  and  he  was  known 
as  '  Stonewall  Jackson '. " 

I  These  troops  composed  u  part  o"f  General  Johnston's  command  at  Winchester ; 


220  EPOCH     V.  [1861. 

was  irresistible.  McDowell's  men  fled.  As  the  fugitives  con- 
verged toward  the  bridge  in  the  rear,  a  shell  burst  among  the 
teamsters'  wagons,  a  caisson  was  overturned,  and  the  passage 
choked.  The  retreat  became  a  panic-stricken  rout.  Traces 
were  cut,  cannon  abandoned,  horsemen  plunged  through 
the  struggling  mass,  and  soldiers  threw  away  their  guns 
and  ran  streaming  over  the  country,  many  never  stop- 
ping till  they  were  safe  across  the  Long  Bridge  at  Wash- 
ington. 

The  Effect  of  this  defeat  was  momentous.  At  first,  the 
Northern  people  were  chagrined  and  disheartened'.  Then 
came  a  renewed  determination.  They  saw  the  real  character 
of  the  war,  and  no  longer  dreamed  that  the  South  could  be 
subdued  by  a  mere  display  of  military  force.  They  were  to 
fight  a  brave  people — Americans,  who  were  to  be  conquered 
only  by  a  desperate  struggle.  Congress  voted  $500,000,000 
and  five  hundred  thousand  men.  General  McClellan,*  upon 
whom  all  eyes  were  turned,  on  account  of  his  brilliant  cam- 
paign in  Western  Virginia,  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Ball's  Bluff  (October  21).— About  2,000  Federals,  who 
had  crossed  the  Potomac  at  Ball's  Bluff  on  a  reconnoiterino' 
expedition,  were  attacked  by  the  Confederates,  and  forced 
down  the  slippery,  clayey  bluff  to  the  river,  fifty  to  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  below.  The  few  old  boats  in  which  they 
came  were  soon  sunk,  and,  in  trying  to  escape,  many  were 
drowned,  some  were  shot,  and  only  about  half  their  num- 

General  Patterson,  with  20,000  men,  had  been  left  to  watch  him,  and  prevent  his 
joining  Beauregard.  Johnston  was  too  shrewd  for  his  antagonist,  and,  slipping 
out  of  his  hands,  reached  Bull  Run  just  in  time  to  take  part  in  and,  as  we  have 
already  seen,  to  decide  the  battle.  Johnston's  troops  being  included,  the  Union 
and  Confederate  armies  at  Bull  Bun  were  almost  exactly  equal,  each  about 
18,000  strong. 

*  Soon  after,  General  Scott,  weighed  down  by  age,  retired  from  active  service,  and 
General  McClellau  became  Ctentsral-m-Ohief  of  all  the  armies  of  the  United  States. 


1861.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  221 

her  reached  the  other  bank.    Colonel  Baker,  United  States 
Senator  from  Oregon,  was  among  the  killed.* 


THE     WAR     IN     MISSOURI. 

This  State  was  largely  Union.  The  Convention  had  de- 
clined to  pass  an  ordinance  of  secession ;  yet  there  was  a 
strong  effort  made  by  Governor  Jackson  to  preserve,  at  least, 
an  armed  neutrality.  Captain  Lyon  foiled  this  attempt.  He 
broke  up  Camp  Jackson,  saved  the  United  States  arsenal  at 
St.  Louis,  and  defeated  Colonel  Marmaduke  at  BOONVILLE. 
General  Sigel  (se'gei),  however,  having  been  defeated  by  the 
Confederates  in  an  engagement  at  CARTHAGE  (July  5),  Lyon, 
now  General,  found  that  he  must  either  fight  the  superior 
forces  of  Generals  McCulloch  and  Price,  or  else  abandon 
that  part  of  the  State.  He  chose  the  former  course.  At  the 
ht^itd  of  about  five  thousand,  he  attacked  more  than  twice 
that  number  at  WILSON'S  CREEK  (August  10).  He  fell,  gal- 
I; 1 1 illy  leading  a  bayonet  charge.  His  men  were  defeated. 
Colonel  Mulligan  was  forced  to  surrender  LEXINGTON!  after 
a  brave  defense.  General  John  C.  Fremont  then  assumed 
charge,  and  drove  Price  as  far  south  as  Springfield.  Just 
as  he  was  preparing  for  battle,  he  was  replaced  by  General 
Hunter,  who  took  the  Union  army  back  to  St.  Louis.  Hun- 
ter was  soon  superseded  by  General  Halleck,  who  crowded 
Price  south  to  Arkansas.  Later  in  the  fall,  General  Grant 
made  an  attack  upon  a  Confederate  force  which  had 
crossed  over  from  Kentucky  J  and  taken  post  at  BELMONT, 

*  December  20,  General  E.  O.  C.  Ord,  having  gone  out  on  a  foraging  excursion  to 
DRANESVILLE,  in  a  severe  skirmish  routed  the  Confederates.  This  little  victory 
greatly  encouraged  the  people  at  the  North,  who  had  been  disheartened  by  the 
disastrous  affair  of  Ball's  Bluff. 

t  The  Confederates,  in  their  final  assault,  fought  behind  a  movable  breastwork, 
composed  of  hemp-bales,  which  they  rolled  toward  the  fort  as  they  advanced. 

t  Kentucky,  like  Missouri,  tried  to  remain  neutral,  but  was  unsuccessful.  Soon, 
both  Confederate  and  Union  troops  were  encamped  ou  her  soil,  and  the  State  was 


222  EPOCH     V.  [1861 


THE     WAR     ON     THE     SEA     AND     THE     COAST. 

Early  in  the  war,  Davis  issued  a  proclamation  offering  to 
commission  privateers.*  In  reply,  Lincoln  declared  a  block- 
ade of  the  Southern  ports.  At  that  time,  there  was  but  one 
efficient  vessel  on  the  Northern  coast,  while  the  entire 
navy  comprised  only  forty-two  ships ;  but  at  the  close  of 
the  year,  the  navy  numbered  two  hundred  and  sixty-four. 

Two  joint  naval  and  military  expeditions  were  made  dur- 
ing the  year.  The  first  captured  the  forts  at  HATTERAS  INLET, 
N.  C.  The  second,  under  Commodore  Dupont  and  General 
Thomas  "W.  Sherman,  took  the  forts  at  PORT  ROYAL  ENTRANCE, 
S.  C.,f  and  Tybee  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah. 
Port  Royal  became  the  great  depot  for  the  Union  fleet. 

The  Trent  Affair. — England  and  France  had  acknowl- 
edged the  Confederate  States  as  BELLIGERENTS,  thus  placing 
them  on  the  same  footing  with  the  United  States.  The 
Southern  people  having,  therefore,  great  hopes  of  foreign 
aid,  appointed  Messrs.  Mason  and  Slidell'  commissioners  to 
those  countries.  Escaping  through  the  blockading  squad- 
ron, they  took  passage  at  Havana  on  the  British  steamer 
Trent.  Captain  Wilkes,  of  the  United  States  steamer 

ravaged  by  hostile  armies.  In  all  the  border  States,  affairs  were  in  a  most  lament- 
able condition.  The  people  were  divided  in  opinion,  and  enlisted  in  both  armies. 
As  the  tide  of  war  surged  to  and  fro,  armed  bands  swept  through  the  country, 
plundering  and  murdering  those  who  favored  the  opposite  party. 

*  The  Savannah  was  the  first  privateer  which  got  to  sea,  but  this  vessel  was  capt- 
\ired  after  having  taken  only  a  single  prize.  The  Petrel,  also  from  Charleston,  bore 
down  upon  the  United  States  frigate  St.  Lawrence,  which  the  captain  mistook  for  a 
merchant  ship ;  his  vessel  was  sunk  by  the  first  broadside  of  his  formidable  antag- 
onist. The  Sumter,  under  Captain  Semmes,  captured  and  burned  a  large  number 
of  Federal  ships,  but,  at  last,  it  was  blockaded  in  the  Bay  of  Gibraltar  by  a  Union 
gun-boat,  and,  being  unable  to  escape,  was  sold. 

t  During  this  engagement,  the  ships  described  an  ellipse  between  the  forts,  each 
vessel  delivering  its  fire  as  it  slowly  sailed  by,  then  passing  on,  and  another  taking 
its  place.  The  line  of  this  ellipse  was  constantly  changed  to  prevent  the  Confed- 
erates from  getting  the  range  of  the  vessels. 


4~.     i         v-i-"''''  FredericTtton*      ^,8% 

iCarthaee  tlf  Sprmg  '*  a^T          ^Sl? 


1861.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  223 

San  Jacinto,  followed  the  Trent,  took  off  the  Confederate 
envoys,  and  brought  them  back  to  the  United  States. 
This  produced  intense  excitement  in  England.  The  United 
States  government,  however,  promptly  disavpwed  the  act 
and  returned  the  prisoners. 

General  Review  of  the  First  Year  of  the  War. — The 
Confederates  had  captured  the  large  arsenals  at  Harper's 
Ferry  and  near  Norfolk.  They  had  been  successful  in  the 
two  great  battles  of  the  year — Bull  Run  and  Wilson's 
Creek  ;  also  in  the  minor  engagements  at  Big  Bethel,  Car- 
thage, Lexington,  Belmont,  and  Ball's  Bluff.  The  Federals 
had  saved  Fort  Pickens*  and  Fort  Monroe,  and  captured 
the  forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet  and  Port  Royal.  They  had 
gained  the  victories  of  Philippi,  Rich  Mountain,  Boon- 
ville,  Carrick's  Ford,  Cheat  Mountain,  Carnifex  Ferry,  and 
Dranesville.  They  had  saved  to  the  Union,  Missouri,  Mary- 
land, and  "West  Virginia.  Principally,  however,  they  had 
thrown  the  whole  South  into  a  state  of  siege, — the  armies 
on  the  north  and  the  west  by  land,  and  the  navy  in  the 
east  by  sea  maintaining  a  vigilant  blockade. 

1862. 

The  Situation. — The  National  army  now  numbered 
500,000  ;  the  Confederate,  about  350,000.  During  the  first 
year,  there  had  been  random  fighting ;  the  war  henceforth 
assumed  a  general  plan.  The  year's  campaign  on  the  part 
of  the  North  had  three  main  objects :  (1)  the  opening  of 
the  Mississippi ;  (2)  the  blockade  of  the  Southern  ports  ; 
and  (3)  the  capture  of  Richmond. 

*  This  fort  was  situated  near  Pensacola.  Lieutenant  Slemmer,  seeing  that  an 
attack  was  about  to  be  made  upon  him,  transferred  his  men  from  Fort  McEae,  an 
untenable  position,  to  Fort  Pickens,  an  almost  impregnable  fortification,  which  he 
held  until  re-inf  orcements  arrived. 


224 


EPOCH     V. 


THE     WAR     IN     THE     WEST. 


[1862. 


The  Confederates  here  held  a  line  of  defense  with  strongly 
fortified  posts  at  Columbus,  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Don'elson. 
Bowling  Green,  Mill  Spring,  and  Cumberland  Gap.  It  was 
determined  to  pierce  this  line  near  the  center,  along  the 


THE  ATTACK  ON  FORT  DONELf 


Tennessee  River.  This  would  compel  the  evacuation  of 
Columbus,  which  was  deemed  impregnable,  and  open  the 
way  to  Nashville  (map  opp.  p.  222). 

Capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson. — Accordingly, 
General  Grant  with  his  army,  and  Commodore  Foote  with 
his  gun-boats,  moved  from  Cairo  (ka'ro)  upon  Fort  Henry.* 
A  bombardment  (Feb.  6)  from  the  gun-boats  reduced  the 
place  in  about  an  hour.  The  land  troops  were  to  cut  off 

*  As  a  part  of  the  general  movement,  In  January.  General  Thomas  had  advanced 
against  MILL  SPRING,  a;id,  on  the  19th,  driven  out  the  Confederate  force  at  that  place, 
with  the  loss  of  General  Zollicoffer,  a  favorite  Southern  leader. 


1862.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  225 

the  retreat ;  but  as  they  did  not  arrive  in  time,  the  garri- 
son escaped  to  Fort  Donelson.  The  fleet  now  went  back 
to  the  Ohio,  and  ascended  the  Cumberland,  while  Grant 
crossed  to  co-operate  in  an  attack  on  Fort  Donelson.  The 
fight  lasted  three  days.*  The  fleet  was  repulsed  by  the  fire 
from  the  fort,  and  Commodore  Foote  seriously  wounded. 
Grant,  having  been  re-inforced  till  he  had  nearly  thirty 
thousand  men,  defeated  the  Confederates  in  a  desperate 
attempt  to  cut  their  way  out,  and  captured  a  part  of  their 
intrenchments.  As  he  was  about  to  make  the  final  as- 
sault, the  fort  was  surrendered  f  (Feb.  16),  with  about 
fifteen  thousand  men. 

Effect  of  these  Victories. — As  was  expected,  Columbus 
and  Bowling  Green  were  evacuated,  while  General  Buell 
at  once  occupied  Nashville.  The  Confederates  fell  back 
to  Corinth,  the  great  railroad  center  for  Mississippi  MI  id 
Tennessee,  where  their  forces  were  gradually  collected 
under  the  command  of  Generals  Albert  Sidney  Johnston, 
and  Beauregard.  The  Union  army  ascended  the  Tennes- 
see to  Pittsburg  Landing.  Grant  was  placed  in  command, 
and  General  Buell  ordered  to  re-inforce  him. 

The  next  movement  was  to  capture  the  Memphis  and 
Charleston  railroad,  thus  cutting  off  Memphis,  and  secur- 
ing another  section  of  the  Mississippi  River,  -y" 

Battle  of  Shiloh  (April  6,  7).— The  Confederates  deter- 
mined to  rout  Grant's  army  before  the  arrival  of  Buell. 


*  For  four  nights  of  inclement  winter  weather,  amid  snow  and  sleet,  with  no 
tents,  shelter,  fire,  and  many  with  no  blankets,  these  hardy  western  troops  main- 
tained their  position.  The  wounded  suffered  intensely,  and  numbers  of  them  froze 
to  death  as  they  lay  on  the  icy  ground. 

t  When  General  Buckner,  commander  of  the  fort,  wrote  to  Q-eneral  Grant,  offer- 
ing capitulation,  Grant  replied  that  no  terms  would  be  received  except  an  "uncon- 
ditional surrender  ",  and  that  he  "  proposed  to  move  immediately  upon  their  works  ". 
These  expressions  have  been  much  quoted,  and  U.  S.  Grant  has  often  been  said  to 
signify  "  Unconditional  Surrender  Grant ". 


226  EPOCH    V.  [1863. 

On  Sunday  morning,  at  daylight,  moving  out  of  the  woods 
in  line  of  battle,  they  suddenly  fell  011  the  Union  camps.* 
On  the  one  side  were  the  Southern  dash,  daring,  and  vigor ; 
on  the  other,  the  Northern  firmness  and  determination. 
The  Federals  slowly  yielded,  but  for  twelve  hours  obsti- 
nately disputed  every  inch  of  the  way.  At  last,  pushed  to 
the  very  brink  of  the  river,  Grant  massed  his  artillery,  and 
gathered  about  it  the  fragments  of  regiments  for  the  final 
stand.  The  Confederates,  to  meet  them,  had  to  cross  a 
deep  ravine,  where,  struggling  through  the  mud  and  water, 
they  melted  away  under  the  fire  of  cannon  and  musketry 
from  above,  and  the  shells  from  the  gun-boats  below.  Few 
reached  the  slippery  bank  beyond.  At  the  same  time, 
Buell's  advance  came  shouting  on  the  field.  The  tide  of 
battle  was  already  stayed.  The  Confederates  fell  back. 
They  possessed,  however,  the  substantial  fruits  of  victory. 
They  had  taken  the  Union  camps,  three  thousand  prisoners, 
thirty  flags,  and  immense  stores;  but  they  had  lost  their 
commander,  General  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  who  fell  in 
the  heat  of  the  action  (map  opp.  p.  222). 

The  next  morning,  the  tide  turned.  Buell's  army  had 
come,  and  fresh  troops  were  poured  on  the  wearied  Confed- 
erates. Beauregard,  obstinately  resisting,  was  driven  from 
the  field.  He  retreated,  however,  in  good  order,  and,  un- 
molested, returned  to  Corinth. 

*  Whether  or  not  this  attack  was  a  surprise,  has  been  one  of  the  mooted  questions 
jf  the  war.  Le  Comte  de  Paris  says,  "  The  surprise  was  complete  and  unquestion- 
able ;  the  Union  commanders  sought  in  ~rain  to  excuse  themselves  " ;  and  it  was 
currently  stated  at  the  time  that  so  unexpected  was  the  attack  that  many  of  the 
"  men  were  bayoneted  in  their  beds  ".  On  the  other  hand,  General  Sherman  asserts 
that  his  "  troops  were  in  line  of  battle  and  ready "  before  the  engagement  began, 
and  he  personally  assures  the  writer  that  after  the  battle  he  offered  in  vain  a 
reward  for  the  body  of  any  person  killed  by  a  bayonet-wound.  General  Grant,  also, 
denies  that  the  attack  was  a  surprise  to  him,  and  declares  that  so  well  satisfied  was 
he  with  the  result  of  the  first  day's  struggle,  that  at  night  he  gave  orders  for  a  for- 
ward movement  early  in  the  morning. 


(* 


Q 


t  ...itofcR  JJi\jr 


J*  Qt 

\jk2M,"    W0» 


f~* 


i 


Federal    Leaders   of  the   Civil    War. 


1862.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  227 

General  Halleck  now  assumed  command,  and  by  slow 
stages  followed  the  Confederates.  Beauregard,  finding 
himself  outnumbered,  evacuated  Corinth,  and  Halleck 
took  possession  (May  30)^-— 

Island  No.  10. — The  Confederates,  on  retreating  from 
Columbus,  fell  back  to  Island  No.  10.*  There  they  were 
bombarded  by  Commodore  Foote  for  three  weeks  with 
little  effect.  General  Pope,  crossing  the  Mississippi  f  in 
the  midst  of  a  fearful  rain-storm,  took  the  batteries  on  the 
opposite  bank,  and  prepared  to  attack  the  fortifications  in 
the  rear.  Tho  garrison,  seven  thousand  strong,  surren- 
dered (April  7)  the  very  day  of  the  conflict  at  Shiloh. 

The  Effects  of  the  desperate  battle  at  Shiloh  were  now\ 
fully  apparent. t  The  Union  gun-boats  moved  down  the 
river  and  (May  10)  defeated  the  Confederate  iron-clad  fleet. 
On  the  evacuation  of  Corinth,  Fort  Pillow  was  abandoned. 
The  gun-boats,  proceeding,  destroyed  the  Confederate  flo- 
tilla in  front  of  Memphis,  took  possession  of  that  city,  and 
secured  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad.  Kentucky 
and  Western  Tennessee  had  been  wrenched  from  the  Con- 
federacy. The  Union  army  §  now  held  a  line  running  from 

*  The  ialands  In  the  Mississippi  are  numbered  in  order  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio  to  New  Orleans. 

t  Pope,  with  his  army,  was  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  river.    He  could  not  cross, 
as  the  Confederate  batteries  were  planted  on  the  opposite  shore. 
A  canal  was  therefore  dug  through  Donaldson's  Point.    It  was 
twelve  miles  long  and  fifty  feet  wide.    Part  of  the  distance  was 
among  heavy  timber,  where  the  trees  had  to  be  cut  off  four  feet 
below  the  surface  of  the  water.    Yet  the  work  was  accomplished 
in  nineteen  days.    Through  this  canal,  steam-boats  and  barges 
were  safely  transferred  below  the  newly-made  island,  while  the  DONALDSON'S  POINT, 
two  largest  gun-boats  ran  the  batteries.    Under  their  protection,   AND  ISLAND  NO.  10. 
Pope  crossed  the  river. 

J  Besides  the  results  here  named,  the  concentration  of  troops  at  Corinth  had 
absorbed  the  troops  from  the  South.  Thus  New  Orleans,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter, 
fell  an  easy  prey  to  Parragut  (p.  231). 

§  Gen.  Halleck  having  been  called  to  Washington  as  General-in-Chief  of  the  armies 
of  the  United  States,  General  Grant  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  this  army. 


228  EPOCH     V.  [1862. 

Memphis  through  Corinth,  nearly  to  Ohattanoo'ga,  toward 
which  point  General  Buell  was  steadily  pushing  his  troops. 

We  shall  next  consider  the  efforts  made  by  the  Confed- 
erates to  break  through  this  line  of  investment.  At  this 
time,  they  were  concentrated  under  Bragg  at  Chattanooga, 
Price  at  lu'ka,  and  Yan  Dorn  at  Holly  Springs. 

Bragg's  Expedition. — The  first  movement  was  made  by 
G-eneral  Bragg,  who,  by  rapid  marches,  hastened  toward 
Louisville.  General  Buell  fell  back  to  Nashville,  where  he 
found  out  his  enemy's  plan.  Now  commenced  a  race  be- 
tween them  to  reach  the  Ohio  River.  Buell  came  out  one 
day  ahead.  He  was  heavily  re-inforced  to  the  number  of 
one  hundred  thousand  men.  Bragg*  then  fell  back,  Buell 
slowly  following.  At  PERRYVILLE  (October  8),  Bragg 
fiercely  turned  upon  Buell,  and  a  desperate  battle  was 
fought.  In  the  darkness,  however,  Bragg  retreated,  and 
finally  escaped,  though  his  wagon  train  extended  a  dis- 
tance of  forty  miles.  At  this  juncture  (October  30),  Gen- 
eral Buell  was  superseded  by  General  Rosecrans. 

Battles  of  luka  and  Corinth  (September  1 9,  October  4). — 
Every  one  of  Grant's  veterans  who  could  possibly  be  spared 
had  been  sent  north  to  help  Buell.  Price  and  Van  Dorn, 
taking  advantage  of  the  opportunity,  were  maneuvering  to 
get  possession  of  Corinth.  Grant,  thinking  that  he  could 
capture  Price  and  then  get  back  to  Corinth  before  Van 
Dorn  could  reach  it  from  Holly  Springs,  ordered  Rosecrans 
to  move  upon  luka.  Through  some  mistake,  Rosecrans 
failed  to  occupy  Price's  line  of  retreat,  and,  after  a  severe 
conflict  (September  19),  the  latter  escaped.  Thereupon, 

*  At  Frankfort,  Bragg  was  joined  by  the  part  of  his  army  under  Kirby  Smith, 
who  had  marched  from  Knoxville,  routed  a  "Union  force  under  General  Manson  at 
Richmond,  Ky.,  inflicting  a  heavy  loss,  and  had  then  moved  north  as  far  as  Cyn- 
thiana.  There  he  threatened  to  attack  Cincinnati,  but  was  repelled  by  the  exten- 
sive preparation  made  by  General  Lew  Wallace. 


1863.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  229 

\!  the  two  Confederate  generals  joined  their  forces,  and  at- 
1  tacked  Rosecrans  in  his  intrenchments  at  Corinth.     The 
•  Confederates   exhibited  brilliant    courage,*  but  were  de- 
feated and  pursued  forty  miles  with  heavy  loss. 

Battle  of  Murfreesboro  (December  31,  January  2).— 
Rosecrans,  on  assuming  command  of  Buell's  army,  concen- 
trated his  forces  at  Nashville.  Thence  he  marched  to  meet 
Bragg,  who,  with  a  heavy  column  moving  north  on  a  second 
grand  expedition,  had  already  reached  Murfreesboro  (map 
opp.  p.  222).  Both  generals  had  formed  the  same  plan  \  for 
the  approaching  contest.  As  the  Union  left  was  crossing 
Stone  River  to  attack  the  Confederate  right,  the  strong  Con- 
federate left  fell  heavily  on  the  weak  Union  right.  At  first, 
the  onset  was  irresistible.  But  General  Sheridan  was  there, 
and  by  his  consummate  valor  held  the  ground  until  Rose- 
crans could  recall  his  left,  replant  hi$  batteries,  and  establish 
a  new  line.  Upon  this  fresh  front,  the  Confederates  charged 
four  times,  but  were  driven  back.  Two  days  after,  Bragg 
renewed  the  attack,  but,  being  unsuccessful,  retreated. 
This  was  one  of  the  bloodiest  contests  of  the  war,  the  loss 
being  about  one  fourth  of  the  number  engaged. 

The  Effect  of  this  Battle. — The  attempt  of  the  Confederates 
t>>  recover  Kentucky  was  now  abandoned.  The  way  was 

*  The  Texas  and  Missouri  troops  made  a  heroic  charge  upon  Fort  Robinette. 
They  advanced  to  •within  fifty  yards  of  the  Intrenchments,  received  a  shower  of 
grape  and  canister  •without  flinching,  and  "were  driven  back  only  when  the  Ohio 
brigade  poured  a  volley  of  musketry  into  their  ranks.  They  were  then  rallied  by 
Colonel  Rogers,  of  the  Second  Texas,  who  led  them  up  through  the  abattis,  when, 
with  the  colors  in  his  hand,  he  sprung  upon  the  embankment  and  cheered  on  his 
men.  An  instant  more  ar.d  ho  fell,  with  five  brave  fellows  who  had  dared  to  leap 
to  his  side.  The  Union  troops  admiringly  buried  his  remains,  and  neatly  rounded 
off  the  little  mound  where  they  laid  the  hero  to  rest. 

t  This  coincidence  reminds  one  of  the  battle  of  Camden  (p.  133).  The  plan  was 
to  mass  the  strength  on  the  left,  and  with  that  to  fall  upon  and  crush  the  enemy's 
right.  The  advantage  clearly  lay  with  the  army  which  struck  first.  Bragg  secured 
the  initiative,  and  Rosecrans1  only  course  was  to  give  up  all  thought  of  an  attack 
and  endeavor  to  save  his  right  and  center  from  a  rout. 


230  >  EPOCH     V.  [1863. 

open  for  another  Union  advance  on  Chattanooga.  Bragg's 
force  was  reduced  from  an  offensive  to  a  defensive  attitude. 

First  Vicksburg  Expedition. — While  Rosecrans  was  re- 
pelling this  advance  of  Bragg,  an  expedition  against  Vicks- 
burg had  been  planned  by  Grant.  He  was  to  move  along  the 
Mississippi  Central  Railroad,  while  Sherman  was  to  descend 
the  river  from  Memphis  with  the  gun-boats  under  Porter. 
In  the  meantime,  however,  by  a  brilliant  cavalry  dash,  Van 
Dora  destroyed  Grant's  depot  of  supplies  at  Holly  Springs. 
This  spoiled  the  whole  plan.  Sherman,  ignorant  of  what 
had  happened,  pushed  on,  landed  up  the  Ya  zoo'  River,  and 
made  an  attack  at  Chickasaw  Bayou  (bi'oo),  north  of  Vicks- 
burg. After  suffering  a  bloody  repulse,  and  learning  of 
Grant's  misfortune,  he  fell  back.  The  capture  of  Arkansas 
Post  (Jan.  11,  1863),  by  a  combined  army  and  naval  force, 
closed  the  campaign  of  1862  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  War  in  Missouri. — In  February,  General  Curtis 
pushed  General  Price  out  of  Missouri  into  Arkansas.  The 
Confederates,  by  great  exertion,  increased  their  army  to 
twenty  thousand, — General  Van  Dorn  now  taking  com- 
mand. General  Curtis,  in  a  desperate  battle,  totally  de- 
feated him  at  PEA  RIDGE*  (March  7,  8).  During  the  rest  of 
the  war,  no  important  battles  were  fought  in  this  State,  f 

THE  WAR  ON  THE  SEA  AND  THE  COAST. 

Capture  of  New  Orleans  (April  25). — The  effort  to  open 
the  Mississippi  was  not  confined  to  the  north.  Early*  in 

*  Some  four  or  five  thousand  Indians  had  joined  the  Confederate  army,  and  took 
part  in  this  battle.  "  They  were  difficult  to  manage  ",  says  PoL  ird, "  in  the  deafening 
roar  of  the  artillery,  which  drowned  their  loudest  war-whocps.  They  were  amazed 
at  the  sight  of  guns  which  ran  around  on  wheels ;  annoyed  by  the  falling  of  the  trees 
behind  which  they  took  shelter ;  and,  in  a  word,  their  main  service  was  in  consuming 
rations. ' 

t  The  next  year,  Quantrell,  a  noted  guerrilla,  with  three  hundred  men,  entered 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  plundered  the  bank,  burned  houses,  and  murdered  one  hundred 
uiul  forty  persona.  Before  a  sufficient  force  could  be  gathered,  he  escaped. 


1862.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  231 

the  spring,  Captain  Far' ra  gut,  with  a  fleet  of  over  forty 
vessels,  carrying  a  land  force  under  General  Butler,  at- 
tempted the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  which  commands  the 
mouth  of  the  river.  The  mortar-boats,*  anchored  along  the 
bank  under  the  shelter  of  the  woods,  threw  thirteen-inch 
shells  into  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  for  six  days  and 
nights ;  in  all,  16,800  shells.  Farragut  then  boldly  resolved 
to. carry  the  fleet  past  the  defenses  of  New  Orleans.  A  chain 
supported  on  hulks  and  stretched  across  the  river  closed  the 
channel.  An  opening  to  admit  the  passage  of  the  gun- 
boats f  having  been  cut  through  this  obstruction,  at  about 
three  o'clock  in  the  morning  (April  24)  they  advanced,  and 
poured  grape  and  canister  into  the  forts  at  short  range,  re- 
ceiving in  return  heavy  volleys  from  the  forts  and  batteries 
on  shore.  After  running  a  fearful  gauntlet  of  shot,  shell,  and  • 
the  flames  of  fire-rafts,  they  next  encountered  the  Confed- 
erate fleet  of  twelve  armed  steamers,  including  the  steam- 
I  >n\  tery  Louisiana  and  the  iron-plated  ram  Manassas.  Tn  the 
desperate  struggle,  nearly  all  the  Confederate  flotilla  were 
destroye'd.  Tlie  fleet  then  steamed  up  to  New  Orleans,! 

*  To  conceal  the  vessels,  they  were  dressed  out  with  leafy  branches,  which,  except 
Ly  close  observation,  rendered  them  undistinguishable  from  the  green  woods.  The 
direction  had  been  accurately  calculated,  so  that  the  g  inners  did  not  need  to  see 
the  points  toward  which  they  were  to  aim.  So  severe  was  the  bombardment,  that 
"  windows  at  the  Balize  (baleezO,  thirty  miles  distant,  were  broken.  Fish,  stunned 
Ly  the  explosion,  lay  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  water." 

t  The  vessels  were  made  partly  iron-clad  by  looping  two  layers  of  chain  cables 
over  their  sides,  and  their  engines  were  protected  by  bags  of  sand,  coal,  etc. 

$  Steamers,  ships,  vast  quantities  of  cotton,  etc.,  were  now  burned  to  prevent 
their  falling  into  the  Federal  hands.  Pollard  says :  "  No  sooner  had  the  Fed- 
eral Mleet  turned  the  point  and  come  within  sight  of  the  city,  than  the  work  of 
destruction  commenced.  Vast  columns  of  smoke  darkened  the  face  of  heaven  and 
obscured  the  noon-day  sun ;  for  five  miles  along  the  levee  (leVee)  fierce  flames  darted 
through  the  lurid  atmosphere.  Great  ships  and  steamers  wrapped  in  fire  floated 
down  the  river,  threatening  the  Federal  vessels  with  destruction.  Fifteen  thou- 
sand bales  of  cotton,  worth  one  million  and  a  half  of  dollars,  were  consumed. 
About  a  dozen  large  river  steam-boats,  twelve  or  fifteen  ships,  a  great  floating  bat- 
tery, several  unfinished  gun-boats,  the  immense  ram  Mississippi,  and  the  docks  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river  were  all  embraced  in  the  fiery  sacrifice." 


232 


EPOCH    V. 


[1862. 


which  lay  helpless  under  the  Union  guns.  The  forts,  being 
now  threatened  in  the  rear  by  the  army,  soon  surrendered. 
Captain  Farragut  afterward  ascended  the  river,  took  pos- 
session of  Bat'on  Rouge  (rdbzh)  and  Natchez,  and,  running 
the  batteries  at  Vicksburg,  joined  the  Union  fleet  above. 


ITLE   BETWEEN   THE    MONITOR   AND 


Burnside's  Expedition  against  Roanoke  Island*  was 
an  important  step  toward  the  enforcement  of  the  block- 
ade. The  Confederate  forts  were  captured,  and  the  ships 
destroyed.  New  Bern  —  an  excellent  sea-port,  Elizabeth 
City,  and,  finally,  Fort  Macon,  at  the  entrance  to  Beau-, 
fort  (bo'  furt)  harbor,  were  taken.  Thus  the  coast  of  upper 
North  Carolina,  with  its  intricate  network  of  water  com- 
munication, fell  into  the  Union  hands. 

*  Roanoke  Island,  the  scene  of  Raleigh's  colonization  scheme,  was  the  key  to 
the  rear  defenses  of  Norfolk.  "It  unlocked  two  sounds,  eight  rivers,  four  canals, 
and  two  railroads."  It  controlled  largely  the  transmission  of  supplies  to  that 
region,  afforded  an  excellent  harbor  and  a  eonvenifnt  rendezvous  for  ships,  and 
exposed  a  large  country  to  attack. 


1862.]  THE    CIVIL    WAR.  233 

Florida  and  Georgia  Expeditions. — After  its  capture  in 
the  autumn  of,  1861,  Port  Royal  became  the  base  of  opera- 
tions against  Florida  and  Georgia.  Fernandina,  Fort  Clinch, 
Jacksonville,  Darien,  and  St.  Augustine  were  taken.  Fort 
Pulaski,  also,  was  reduced  after  a  severe  bombardment, 
and  thus  the  port  of  Savannah  was  closed.  At  the  end 
of  the  year,  every  city  of  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  except 
Savannah,  Charleston,  and  Wilmington,  was  held  by  the 
Federal  armies. 

The  Merrimac  and  the  Monitor. — About  noon,  March  8, 
the  long-looked-f  or  iron-clad  Merrimac,*  convoyed  by  a  fleet 
of  small  vessels,  steamed  into  Hampton  Roads.  Steering 
directly  for  the  sloop-of-war  Cumberland,  whose  terrific 
broadsides  glanced  harmlessly  "like  so  many  peas"  from 
the  Merrimac's  iron  roof,  she  struck  her  squarely  with 
her  iron  beak,  making  a  hole  large  enough  for  a  man 
to  enter.  The  Cumberland,  with  all  on  board,  went  down.f 
Warned  by  the  fate  of  the  Cumberland,  the  captain  of  the 
frigate  Congress  ran  his  vessel  ashore,  but  the  Merrimac, 
taking  a  position  astern,  fired  shells  into  the  frigate  till 
the  helpless  crew  were  forced  to  surrender.  At  sunset, 
the  Merrimac  returned  to  Norfolk,  awaiting,  the  next 
day,  an  easy  victory  over  the  rest  of  the  Union  fleet.  All 
was  delight  and  anticipation  among  the  Confederates ;  all 
was  dismay  and  dismal  foreboding  among  the  Federals. 

*  When  the  United  States  navy-yard  at  Portsmouth,  near  Norfolk,  Va.,  was 
given  up,  the  steam-frigate  Merrimac,  the  finest  in  the  service,  was  scuttled. 
The  Confederates  afterward  raised  this  vessel,  razeed  the  deck,  and  added  an 
iron  prow  and  a  sloping  iron-plated  roof.  To  deftest  hostile  balls,  and  also  to 
prevent  boarding,  the  iron  roof  was  thickly  coated  with  tallow  and  plumbago. 
The  ship  was  commanded  hy  Commodore  Franklin  Buchanan,  a  superior  naval 
officer.  (See  "  Confederate  Leaders,"  opposite  p.  238.)  The  Federals  knew  that 
the  Merrimac  was  fitting  for  battle,  and  her  coming  was  eagerly  expected. 

t  As  the  Cumberland  sunk,  the  crew  continued  to  work  their  guns  until  the 
vessel  plunged  beneath  the  sea.  Her  flag  was  never  struck,  but  floated  above  the 
water  from  the  mast-head  after  she  had  gone  down.— A  curious  fact  is  told  con- 


234  EPOCH    V.  [1862. 

That  night,  the  Monitor*  arrived  in  harbor,  and  immedi- 
ately prepared  to  meet  her  giant  adversary.  Early  in  the 
morning,  the  Merrimac  appeared,  moving  toward  the 
steam-frigate  Minnesota.  Suddenly,  from  under  her  lee, 
the  little  Monitor  darted  out,  and  hurled  at  the  monster 
two  one  hundred  and  sixty-six  pound  balls.  Startled  by 
the  appearance  of  this  unexpected  and  queer-looking  an- 
tagonist, the  Merrimac  poured  in  a  broadside,  such  as 
the  night  before  had  destroyed  the  Congress,  but  the 
balls  rattled  harmlessly  off  the  Monitor's  turret,  or  broke 
and  fell  in  pieces  on  the  deck.  Then  began  the  battle 
of  the  iron  ships.  It  was  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  Close  against  each  other,  iron  rasping  on  iron, 
they  exchanged  their  heaviest  volleys.  Five  times  the 
Merrimac  tried  to  run  down  the  Monitor,  but  her  huge 
beak  only  grated  over  the  iron  deck,  while  the  Monitor 
glided  out  unharmed.  Despairing  of  doing  any  thing 
with  her  doughty  little  antagonist,  the  Merrimac  now 
steamed  back  to  Norfolk.! 

The  Effect  of  this  contest  can  hardly  be  overestimated. 
Had  the  Merrimac  triumphed,  aided  by  other  iron  vessels 

oerning  this  engagement.  A  large  number  of  Confederates  collected  on  the  shore 
opposite  Newport  News,  in  order  to  witness  the  battle ;  but,  to  their  amazement, 
they  could  not  hear  a  sound  of  it.  They  could  see  the  flash  and  smoke  of  each  dis- 
charge, but  the  strong  wind  bore  off  entirely  the  noise  of  the  cannonade.  It  was 
as  if  the  spectators  were  gazing  at  the  picture  of  a  battle  instead  of  the  reality.  Bead 
articles  on  the  "  First  Fight  of  the  Iron-clads  ",  in  the  Century,  March,  1885. 

*  This  "Yankee  cheese-box",  as  it  was  nicknamed  at  the  time,  was  the  inven- 
tion of  Captain  Ericsson.  It  was  a  hull,  with  the  deck  a  few  inches  above  the  water, 
and  in  the  center  a  curious  round  tower  made  to  revolve  slowly  by  steam-power, 
thus  turning  in  any  direction  the  two  guns  it  contained.  The  upper  part  of  the 
hull,  which  was  exposed  to  the  enemy's  flre,  projected  several  feet  beyond  the  lower 
part,  and  was  made  of  thick  white  oak,  covered  with  iron  plating  five  inches  thick 
on  the  sides  and  one  inch  on  deck. 

t  As  the  Merrimac  drew  off,  she  hurled  a  last  shot,  which,  striking  the  Monitor's 
pilot-house,  broke  a  bar  of  iron  nine  by  twelve  inches,  seriously  injuring  the  eyes  of 
the  gallant  commander,  Lieutenant  Worden,  who  was  at  that  moment  looking  out 
through  a  narrow  slit  and  directing  the  movements  of  his  ship. 


1863.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  235 

then  preparing  by  the  Confederacy,  she  might  have  de- 
stroyed the  rest  of  the  Union  fleet  in  Hampton  Roads, 
reduced  Fort  Monroe,  prevented  the  Peninsular  Cam- 
paign (see  below),  sailed  along  the  coast  and  broken  up 
the  blockade,  swept  through  the  shipping  at  New  York, 
opened  the  way  for  foreign  supplies,  made  an  egress  for 
cotton,  and  perhaps  secured  the  acknowledgment  of  the 
Confederacy  by  European  nations.  On  this  battle  hinged 
the  fate  of  the  war. 


,     THE     WAR     IN     THE     EAST. 

The  Peninsular  Campaign. — Richmond  was  here  the 
objective  point.  It  having  been  decided  to  make  the 
advance  by  way  of  the  Peninsula,  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac was  carried  in  transports  down*  the  river  from 
Washington.  Landing  at  Fort  Monroe  about  one  hun- 
dred thousand  strong  (April  4),  they  slowly  marched 
toward  Yorktown. 

Siege  of  Yorlctoivn. — At  this  place,  General  Magruder, 
with  only  five  thousand  m'en  (exclusive  of  the  garrison  of 
eight  thousand  at  Yorktown),  by  his  masterly  skill,  main- 
tained so  bold  a  front  along  a  line  thirteen  miles  in  length, 
that  McClellan  was  brought  to  a  stop.  Heavy  guns  were 
ordered  from  Washington,  and  a  siege  was  begun.  The  gar- 
rison had  been  re-inforced,  but,  having  delayed  McClellan 
a  month,  it  withdrew  just  as  he  was  ready  to  open  fire.t 

*  Previous  to  this  (March  10),  McClellan  made  an  advance  toward  Manassas,  where 
the  Confederates  had  remained  intrenched  since  McDowell's  defeat.  The  fortifica- 
tions, which  were  evacuated  on  his  approach,  were  found  to  be  quite  insignificant, 
and  to  be  mounted  partly  with  "Quaker  guns",  i.e.,  logs  shaped  and  painted  to 
imitate  artillery. 

t  On  the  evacuation  of  Yorktown — thq,  Confederate  forces  being  concentrated  for 
the  defense  of  Richmond— Norfolk  was  abandoned,  the  Navy-yard  burned,  and 
the  Merrimac,  the  pride  of  the  South,  blown  up.  United  States  troops  from  Port 


286 


EPOCH     V. 


[1862. 


MAP  OF  THE  PENINSULA. 


When  the  Confederate  movement  was  discovered,  a  vig- 
orous pursuit  was  commenced. 

Battle  of  Williamsburg  (May  5). — General  Johnston,  who 
commanded  the  Confederate  army,  having  left  a  strong 
rear-guard   in  the  forts  at  Williamsburg,   to 
gain  time  for  the  baggage  train,  a  fierce  battle 

ensued.  General 
Hooker,  "Fighting 
Joe  ",  with  his  divi- 
s  i  o  n ,  maintained 
the  contest  for 
nine  hours.  Other 
troops  at  last  ar- 
rived on  the  bloody 
field,  and,  Will- 
iamsburg, having 
been  evacuated  in  the  night,  the  pursuit  was  continued 
to  within  seven  miles  of  Richmond. 

Richmond  Tlireatened. — There  was  a  great  panic  in  that 
city,  and  the  Confederate  Congress  hastily  adjourned. 
Every  thing  looked  like  an  immediate  attack,  when  Mc- 
Clellan  discovered  that  a  Confederate  force  was  at  HAN- 
OVER COURT  HOUSE.  This  threatened  his  communications 
by  rail  with  White  House  Landing,  and  also  with  Gen- 
eral McDowell,  who,  with  thirty  thousand  men,  was  march- 
ing from  Fredericksburg  to  join  him.  General  Fitz  John 
Porter,  after  a  sharp  skirmish,  captured  Hanover  Court 
House.  The  army  looked  now  hourly  for  McDowell's  aid 


Monroe  took  possession  of  the  city,  and  gun-boats  sailed  up  James  River  as  far  as 
Fort  Darling.    Here  a.plunging  fire  from  the  bluff  forbade  further  advance. 

*  This  was  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who  so  unexpectedly  brought  his  men  to 
take  part  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  (p.  5220).  He  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Seven 
Pines,  but  appeared  again  in  two  campaigns  against  Sherman  (pp.  256, 272).  Gen- 
eral Albert  Sidney  Johnston  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  SMLoh  (p.  226). 


1862.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  237 

in  the  approaching  great  contest.  "  McClellan's  last  orders 
at  night  were  that  McDowell's  signals  were  to  be  watched 
for  and  without  delay  reported  to  him."  But  General 
Johnston  was  too  shrewd  to  permit  this  junction.  He 
accordingly  ordered  General  Jackson  to  move  along  the 
Shen  an  do' ah  Valley  and  threaten  Washington. 

Jackson  in  the  Shenandoah. — Stonewall  Jackson  having 
been  re-inf  orced  by  General  Ewell's  division  of  ten  thousand 
men,  hurried  down  the  valley  after  Banks  at  Strasburg. 
The  Union  troops  fell  back,  and  by  tremendous  exertion — 
"  marching  thirty-five  miles  in  a  single  day  " — succeeded  in 
escaping  across  the  Potomac.  Great  was  the  consternation 
in  Washington.  The  President  took  military  possession  of 
the  railroads.  The  governors  of  the  Northern  States  were 
called  upon  to  send  militia  for  the  defense  of  the  capital. 
Fremont  at  Franklin,  Banks  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  Mc- 
Dowell at  Fredericksburg  were  ordered  to  capture  Jackson. 
It  was  high  time  for  this  dashing  leader  to  be  alarmed.  He 
rapidly  retreated,  burning  the  bridges  as  he  passed.  Fre- 
mont brought  him  to  bay  at  CROSS  KEYS  (June  8),  but  was 
hurled  off.  Shields  struck  at  him  at  POET  REPUBLIC,  the 
next  day,  but  was  driven  back  five  miles,  while  Jackson 
made  good  his  escape  from  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  hav- 
ing burned  the  bridges  behind  him.* 

TJie  Effect  of  this  adroit  movement  was  evident.  With 
fifteen  thousand  men,  Jackson  had  occupied  the  attention 
of  three  major-generals  and  sixty  thousand  men,  prevented 

*  When  the  Federal  forces  took  possession  of  the  bridge  over  the  Shenandoah, 
Jackson  and  his  staff  were  on  the  south  side,  his  army  being  on  the  north  side.  It 
is  said  that  "  he  rode  toward  the  bridge,  and  rising  in  his  stirrups,  called  sternly  to 
the  Federal  officer  commanding  the  artillery  placed  to  sweep  it :  '  Who  ordered  you 
to  post  that  gun  there,  sir  ?  Bring  it  over  here  1 '  The  bewildered  officer  bowed, 
limbered  up  his  piece,  and  prepared  to  move.  Jackson  and  his  staff  seized  the 
lucky  moment  and  dashed  across  the  bridge  before  the  gun  could  bo  brought  to 
bear  upon  them." 


238  EPOCH    V.  [1862. 

McDowell's  junction  with  McClellan,  alarmed  Washington, 
and  saved  Richmond. 

Battle  of  Fair  Oaks  (May  31,  June  1). — While  these 
stirring  events  were  going  on  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley, 
McClellan  had  pushed  his  left  wing  across  the  Chicka- 
hominy.  But  a  terrible  storm  flooded  the  swamps,  turned 
the  roads  to  mud,  and  converted  the  Chickahominy  Creek 
into  a  broad  river.  Johnston  seized  the  opportunity  to  fall 
with  tremendous  force  upon  the  exposed  wing.  At  first, 
the  Confederates  swept  all  before  them ;  but  General  Sum- 
ner,  throwing  his  men  across  the  tottering  bridges  over  the 
Chickahominy,  checked  the  column  which  was  trying  to 
seize  the  bridges  and  thus  separate  the  two  portions  of  the 
army.  General  Johnston  was  severely  wounded.  Night 
put  an  end  to  the  contest.  In  the  morning,  the  Confed- 
erates renewed  the  attack ;  but  the  loss  of  their  general 
was  fatal,  and  they  were  repulsed  in  great  disorder. 

Tlie  Union  Army  Checked. — General  Lee,*  who  now  took 
command  of  the  Confederate  army,  was  anxious  to  assume 
the  offensive.  General  Stuart  led  off  (June  12)  with  a  bold 
cavalry  raid,  in  which  he  seized  and  burned  supplies  along 
the  railroad  leading  to  White  House,  made  the  entire  circuit 


*  Robert  Edward  Lee  was  born  in  Stratford,  Virginia,  1807 ;  died  in  Lexington, 
1870.  His  father,  Henry  Lee,  was  the  celebrated  "  Light-horse  Harry  "  of  Revolu- 
tionary fame.  Robert  early  evinced  a  love  for  a  military  life,  and  during  his  West 
Point  course  was  devoted  to  his  studies.  In  the  Mexican  war,  he  was  Scott's  chief 
engineer  and  was  thrice  brevetted  for  his  services.  When  Virginia  seceded,  he 
threw  in  his  fortunes  with  his  native  State,  although  Scott  had  intimated  his  inten- 
tion of  nominating  him  as  his  successor.  Lee  was  immediately  appointed  major- 
general  of  the  Virginia  forces,  and  was  soon  after  designated  to  fortify  Richmond. 
His  wonderful  success  in  the  Seven-Days  fight  made  "  Uncle  Robert ",  as  he  was 
familiarly  called,  the  most  trusted  of  the  Confederate  leaders.  !Por  three  years,  he 
baffled  every  attempt  to  take  Richmond,  which  fell  only  with  the  government 
of  which  it  was  the  capital,  and  the  army  and  general  that  were  its  defense. 
General  Lee  was  handsome  in  face  and  figure,  a  gracef ul  rider,  grave  and  silent  in 
deportment— just  the  bearing  to  captivate  a  soldier;  while  his  deep  piety,  truth, 
sincerity,  and  honesty  won  the  hearts  of  all. 


Confederate   Leaders  of  the   Civil    War. 


1862.J  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  239 

of  the  Union  army,  and  returned  to  Richmond  in  safety. 
McClellan,  also,  meditated  an  advance,  and  Hooker  pushed 
his  pickets  within  sight  of  the  Richmond  steeples.  At 
this  moment,  there  came  news  of  the  "same  apparition 
which  had  frightened  Banks  "  in  the  Shenandoah.  Stone- 
wall Jackson  had  appeared  near  Hanover  Court  House,  and 
threatened  the  Union  communications  with  White  House. 
There  was  no  longer  any  thought  of  moving  on  Richmond. 
Hooker  was  recalled.  McClellan  resolved  to  "  change  his 
base"  of  supply  from  the  York  River  to  the  James. 

The  Seven-Days  Battles. — The  very  morning  McClellan 
came  to  this  decision,  and  ere  the  flank  movement  com- 
menced, Lee,  massing  his  strength  on  his  left,  fell  upon  the 
Union  right  at  MECHANICSVTLLE  (June  26).  Having  repulsed 
this  attack,  at  dawn  the  troops  retired  to  GAESTES'  MILL, 
where,  by  the  most  desperate  exertions,  Porter  held  the 
bridges  across  the  Chickahominy  until  night,  and  then, 
burning  them,  withdrew  to  the  south  bank.  That  night 
(June  28),  Lee  detected  McClellan's  movement,  and  in- 
stantly started  columns  along  the  roads  that  intersected 
the  line  of  retreat.  Magruder  struck  the  Federal  rear 
(June  29)  at  SAVAGE'S  STATION.  The  Union  troops  main- 
tained their  position  till  night  and  then  continued  the 
movement.  Longstreet  and  Hill  encountered  the  line  of 
march  as  it  was  passing  FRAYSER'S  FARM  (June  30),  but 
could  not  break  it.  During  the  darkness,  the  Union  troops, 
worn  out  by  the  constant  marching  or  fighting  and  the 
terrible  heat  and  dust,  collected  at  MALVERN  HILL.  On  an 
elevated  plateau  rising  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  on 
whose  sloping  sides  were  arranged  tier  upon  tier  of  bat- 
teries, with  gun-boats  protecting  the  left,  the  broken  frag- 
ments of  the  splendid  Army  of  the  Potomac  made  their 
last  stand  (July  1).  Here  Lee  received  so  bloody  a  check 


240  EPOCH    Y.  [1862. 

that  he  pressed  the  pursuit  no  farther.  The  Union  troops 
retired  undisturbed  to  Harrison's  Landing. 

The  Effect  of  this  campaign  was  a  triumph  for  the  Con- 
federates. The  Union  retreat  had  been  conducted  with 
skill,  the  troops  had  shown  great  bravery  and  steadiness, 
the  repulse  at  Malvern  Hill  was  decided,  and  Lee  had 
lost  fully  20,000  men  ;  yet  the  siege  of  Richmond  had 
been  raised,  16,000  men  killed,  wounded,  or  captured,  im- 
mense stores  taken  or  destroyed,  and  the  Union  army  was 
now  cooped  up  on  James  River,  under  the  protection  of 
the  gun-boats.  The  discouragement  at  the  North  was  as 
great  as  after  the  battle  of  Bull  Run.  Lincoln  called  for 
a  levy  of  three  hundred  thousand  troops. 

Campaign  against  Pope. — Richmond  being  relieved 
from  present  peril,  Lee  threatened  to  march  his  victorious 
army  against  Washington.  General  Pope,  who  commanded 
the  troops  for  the  defense  of  that  city,  was  stationed  at  the 
Rapidan.  General  McClellan  was  directed  to  transfer  his 
army  to  Ac  qul'a  Creek  (map,  p.  261),  and  put  it  under  the 
command  of  General  Pope.  Lee,  now  relieved  from  all  fear 
for  Richmond,  immediately  massed  his  troops  againstr  Pope 
to  crush  him  before  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  could  arrive.* 

Pope  being  held  in  check  by  the  main  army  in  front,  Gen- 
eral Jackson  was  sent  around  Pope's  right  wing,  to  flank  him. 
Passing  through  Thoroughfare  Gap,  he  reached  the  railroad 
at  Bristoe's  Station,  in  the  rear  of  Pope's  army  (August  26). 
General  Pope,  seeing  an  opportunity  while  Lee's  army  was 
thus  divided  to  cut  it  up  in  detail,  turned  upon  Jackson.  But 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  not  promptly  re-inforcing  him,  his 
plans  failed,  and  instead  of  "bagging  "  Jackson's  division,  he 

*  In  the  meantime,  Jackson  attacked  Banks  at  Cedar  Mountain  (August  9)  and 
defeated  him  after  a  bloody  battle ;  but,  unable  to  maintain  his  position,  fell  back 
on  Lee's  advancing  army.  Pope,  seeing  the  fearful  odds  against  which  he  was  to 
contend,  took  post  behind  the  liuppaluumoek. 


1862.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  241 

was  compelled,  with  his  slowly-gathering  troops,  to  fight  the 
entire  Confederate  army  on  the  old  battle-field  of  Bull  Run. 
Exhausted,  cut  off  from  supplies,  and  overwhelmed  by  num- 
bers, the  shattered  remains  of  the  Union  forces  were  glad  to 
take  refuge  within  the  fortifications  of  Washington.* 

Tlie,  Effect. — In  this  brief  campaign,  the  Union  army  lost 
heavily  in  men,  munitions,  and  supplies,  while  the  way  to 
Washington  was  opened  to  the  Confederates.  The  Capital 
had  not  been  in  such  peril  since  the  war  began.  Without, 
was  a  victorious  army ;  within,  were  broken  battalions  and 
no  general. 

Invasion  of  Maryland. — Flushed  with  success,  Lee  now 
crossed  the  Potomac  and  entered  Maryland,!  hoping  to  secure 
volunteers  and  excite  an  insurrection.  McClellan,  who  had 
been  restored  to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
reorganized  the  shapeless  mass  and  set  out  in  pursuit.  On 
the  way,  he  found  a  copy  of  Lee's  order  of  march.  Learning 
from  this  that  Lee  had  divided  his  forces,!  and  that  but  a 
portion  remained  in  his  front,  he  hastened  in  pursuit.  Over- 
taking the  Confederate  rear  at  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN,  and  forcing 
the  passes,  the  Union  army  poured  into  the  valley  beyond 
(map  opp.  p.  223). 

Battle  of  JLntietam  (September  1 7). — Lee,  perceiving  his 
mistake,  fell  back  across  Antietam  (ante'tam)  Creek  and 
hurried  off  couriers  to  hasten  the  return  of  his  scattered  corps. 
Fortunately  for  him,  McClellan  delayed  his  attack  a  day,  and, 

*  During  the  pursuit  by  Lee's  forces,  an  engagement  took  place  at  Chantilly  (Sep- 
tember 1).  It  cost  the  Union  army  two  able  officers — Generals  Stevens  and  Kearney. 
The  latter,  especially,  was  devotedly  loved  by  his  soldiers.  On  the  battle-field,  bran- 
dishing his  sword  in  his  only  hand,  and  taking  the  reins  in  his  teeth,  he  had  often 
led  them  in  the  most  desperate  and  irresistible  charges. 

t  This  was  Sept.  5,  the  very  day  that  Bragg  entered  Kentucky  on  his  great  raid. 

$  Lee  had  sent  Jackson  with  twenty-five  thousand  men  against  Harper's  Ferry. 
That  redoubtable  leader  quickly  carried  the  heights  which  overlook  the  village,  forced 
Colonel  Miles,  with  eleven  thousand  men,  to  surrender,  and  then  hastened  back  to 
take  part  in  the  approaching  contest. 


242  EPOCH    v.  [im. 

in  the  meantime,  Jackson  returned.  At  early  dawn,  Hooker 
fell  upon  the  Confederate  left,  while  Burnside,  as  soon  as 
affairs  looked  favorable  there,  was  to  carry  the  bridge  and  at- 
tack their  right.  The  Union  army  was  over  eighty  thousand 
strong,  and  the  Confederate  but  half  that  number.  The 
Union  advance  was  impetuous,  but  the  Confederate  defense 
was  no  less  obstinate.  Hooker  was  wounded,  and  his  corps 
swept  from  the  field.  Both  sides  were  re-inf orced.  Burnside 
advanced,  but  too  late  to  relieve  the  pressure  on  the  Union 
right.  Night  ended  this  bloody  fight.  The  morning  found 
neither  commander  ready  to  assail  his  opponent.  That 
night,  Lee  retired  unmolested  across  the  Potomac.*  Six 
weeks  after,  the  Union  army  crossed  into  Virginia. 

The  Effect  of  this  indecisive  battle  was  that  of  a  Union 
victory.  The  North  was  saved  from  invasion,  and  Washing- 
ton from  any  danger  of  attack.  Lincoln  now  determined  to 
issue  the  Emancipation  Proclamation,  declaring  freedom  to 
all  the  slaves  in  the  seceded  States,  f 

Battle  of  Fredericksburg-. — General  dissatisfaction  being 
expressed  at  the  slowness  with  which  McClellan  pursued  the 
retreating  army,  General  Burnside  was  appointed  his  suc- 
cessor. Crossing  the  Rap  pa  han 'nock  on  pontoon  bridges 
at  Fredericksburg,  he  attempted  (December  13)  to  storm 

*  During  this  invasion,  the  Confederate  soldiers  endured  every  privation ;  one  half 
were  in  rags,  and  thousands  barefooted  marked  their  path  with  crimson.  Yet,  shoe- 
less, hatless,  and  ragged,  they  marched  and  fought  with  a  heroism  like  that  of  the 
Revolutionary  times.  But  they  met  their  equals  at  Antietam.  Jackson's  and  Hook- 
er's men  fought  until  both  sides  were  nearly  exterminated,  and  when  the  broken 
fragments  fell  back,  the  windrows  of  dead  showed  where  their  ranks  had  stood. 

t  Lincoln  prepared  the  original  draft  in  the  July  preceding,  when  the  Union  forces 
were  in  the  midst  of  reverses.  Carpenter  repeats  President  Lincoln's  words  thus :  "  I 
put  the  draft  of  the  proclamation  aside,  waiting  for  a  victory.  Well,  the  next  news 
we  had  was  of  Pope's  disaster  at  Bull  Run.  Things  looked  darker  than  ever.  Finally 
came  the  week  of  the  battle  of  Antietam.  I  determined  to  wait  no  longer.  The  news 
came,  I  think,  on  Wednesday,  that  the  advantage  was  on  our  side.  I  was  then  stay- 
ing at  the  Soldiers'  Home.  Here  I  finished  writing  the  second  draft  of  the  proclama- 
tion ;  came  up  on  Saturday ;  called  the  Cabinet  together  to  hear  it,  and  it  was  pub- 


1862.]  THE    CIVIL    WAR.  243 

the  works  in  the  rear  of  the  town.  The  Confederates,  in- 
trenched behind  a  long  stone  wall,  and  on  heights  crowned 
with  artillery,  easily  repulsed  the  repeated  assaults  of  the 
Union  troops.  Night  mercifully  put  an  end  to  the  fruitless 
massacre.  The  Federal  loss  was  over  twelve  thousand, 
nearly  half  of  whom  fell  before  the  fatal  stone  wall.*  The 
survivors  drew  back  into  the  city,  and  the  next  night  passed 
quietly  across  the  bridges  to  their  old  camping-ground. 

General  Review  of  the  Second  Year  of  the  War. — The 
Confederates  had  gained  the  victories  of  Jackson  in  the 
Shenandoah ;  of  Lee  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  and  those 
against  Pope ;  Bragg's  great  raid  in  Kentucky ;  and  the 
battles  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Chickasaw  Bluff,  and  Freder- 
icksburg. 

The  Federals  had  taken  Forts  Henry,  Donelson,  Pu- 
laski,  Macon,  Jackson,  St.  Philip,  and  Island  No.  10  ;  had 
opened  the  Mississippi  to  Vicksburg ;  occupied  New  Orleans, 
Roanoke  Island,  New  Bern,  Yorktown,  Norfolk,  and  Mem- 
phis ;  gained  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge,  Williamsburg,  Fair 
Oaks,  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  luka,  Corinth,  and  Mur- 
freesboro,  and  had  checked  the  career  of  the  Merrimac. 
The  marked  successes  were  mainly  at  the  jP^est  and  along 
the  coast;  while  in  Virginia,  as  yet,  defeats  had  followed 
victories  so  soon  as  to  hide  their  memory. 

lished  the  following  Monday.  /  made  a  solemn  vow  before  God,  that  if  General  Lee  was 
driven  back  from  Maryland  I  would  crown  {he  result  by  the  declaration  of  freedom  to  the 


*  This  solid  stone  wall,  four  feet  high,  completely  sheltered  the  troops,  while  they 
poured  a  murderous  fire  upon  the  attacking  party.  In  the  assault,  Meagher's  Irish 
troops  especially  distinguished  themselves,  leaving  two  thirds  of  their  number  on 
the  field  of  their  heroic  action.  The  London  Times'  correspondent,  who  watched  the 
battle  from  the  heights,  speaking  of  their  desperate  valor,  says :  "  Never  at  Fon- 
tenoy,  ATbuera,  nor  at  Waterloo,  was  more  undoubted  courage  displayed  by  the 
eons  of  Erin  than  during  those  six  frantic  dashes  which  they  directed  against  the 
almost  impregnable  position  of  their  foe.  That  any  mortal  man  could  have  carried 
the  position,  defended  as  it  was,  it  seems  idle  for  a  moment  to  believe.  But  the 
bodies  which  lie  in  dense  masses  within  forty-eight  yards  of  the  muzzles  of  Colonel 


244  EPOCH    V.  [1862. 

The  Sioux  War. — In  the  midst  of  this  civil  strife,  the 
Sioux  (soo)  Indians  became  dissatisfied  with  the  Indian 
traders,  and  the  non-payment  of  the  money  due  them. 
Bands  of  warriors  under  Little  Crow  and  other  chiefs  per- 
petrated horrible  massacres  in  Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  Dakota. 
Over  seven  hundred  whites  were  slain,  and  many  thousands 
driven  from  their  homes.  Colonel  Sibley  routed  the  sav- 
ages, and  took  five  hundred  prisoners.  Thirty-nine  were 
hanged  on  one  scaffold  at  Mankato,  Minn. 

1863. 

The  Situation. — The  plan  of  the  war  was  the  same  as 
in  the  preceding  year,  but  included  also  the  occupation  of 
Tennessee.  The  Federal  army  was  about  seven  hundred 
thousand  strong ;  the  Confederate,  not  more  than  half  that 
number.  The  Emancipation  Proclamation  was  issued  at 
the  opening  of  the  year. 

THE     WAR     IN    THE     "WEST. 

The  Second  Expedition  against  Vicksburg1. — Grant 
continued  his  great  task  of  opening  the  Mississippi.  After 
several  weeks  of  fruitless  effort  against  Vicksburg  upon  the 
north,  he  marched  down  the  west  side  of  the  river,  while  the 
gun-boats,  running  the  batteries,*  passed  below  the  city  and 

Walton's  guns  are  the  best  evidence  what  manner  of  men  they  were  who  pressed  on 
to  death  with  the  dauntlessness  of  a  race  which  has  gained  glory  on  a  thousand 
battle-fields,  and  never  more  richly  deserved  it  than  at  the  foot  of  Marye's  Heights, 
on  the  13th  day  of  December,  1862." 

*  The  running  of  the  batteries  with  transports  was  considered  so  hazardous  that 
the  officers  would  not  order  their  crews  to  take  tho  risk,  but  called  for  volunteers. 
So  many  privates  offered  that  they  were  compelled  to  draw  lots.  One  boy,  drawing 
a  lucky  number,  was  offered  $100  for  his  chance,  but  refused  it,  and  lived  to  tell  the 
story.  The  gauntlet  of  batteries  extended  eight  miles.  The  first  gun-boat  crept 
silently  down  in  the  shadow  of  the  trees  which  lined  the  bank.  The  Confederates 
at  Vicksburg  discovering  the  movement,  kindled  a  bonfire  which  lighted  up  the 
whole  scene,  and  made  the  other  vessels  a  fair  target  for  their  gunners. 


1863.] 


THE     CIVIL    WAR. 


245 


VICINITY  OF  VICKSBUKG. 


ferried  the  army  across.  Hastening  forward,  he  defeated 
the  Confederate  advance  under  Pemberton,  at  PORT  GIBSON 
(May  1).  Learning  that  Gen. 
Jos.  E.  Johnston  was  coming 
to  Pemberton's  assistance,  he 
rapidly  pushed  between  them 
to  Jackson,  that,  while  hold- 
ing back  Johnston  with  his 
right  hand,  with  his  left  he 
might  drive  Pemberton  into 
Vicksburg,  and  thus  capture 
his  whole  army.  Pursuing  this  design,  he  defeated  John- 
ston at  JACKSON  (May  14),  and  then,  turning  to  the  west, 
drove  Pemberton  from  his  position  at  CHAMPION  HILLS 
(May  16)  ;  next,  at  BIG-  BLACK  RIVER  (May  17)  ;  and  in 
seventeen  days  after  crossing  the  Mississippi,  shut  up 
Pemberton's  army  within  the  works  at  Vicksburg.  Two 
desperate  assaults  upon  these  having  failed,  the  Union 
troops  began  to  throw  up  intrenchments.  Mines  and 
countermines  were  now  dug.  Not  one  of  the  garrison 
could  show  his  head  above  the  works  without  being  picked 
off  by  the  watchful  riflemen.  A  hat,  held  above  a  port- 
,  hole,  in  two  minutes  was  pierced  with  fifteen  balls.  Shells 
reached  all  parts  of  the  city,  and  the  inhabitants  burrowed 
in  caves  to  escape  the  iron  storm.  The  garrison,  worn  out 
by  forty-seven  days  of  toil  in  the  trenches,  surrendered 
on  the  4th  of  July.* 

The  Effect.  —  This  campaign  cost  the  Confederates  five 
battles,  the  cities  of  Vicksburg  and  Jackson,  thirty-seven 
thousand  prisoners,  ten  thousand  killed  and  wounded,  and 
inrmense  stores.  On  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  PORT  HUDSON, 
which  had  been  besieged  by  General  Banks  for  many 

*  This  was  the  day  after  the  fight  at  Gettysburg  (p.  254,  note). 


246  EPOCH    V.  [1863. 

weeks,  surrendered.*  The  Mississippi  was  now  open  to  the 
Gulf,  and  the  Confederacy  cut  in  twain.  One  great  object 
of  the  North  was  accomplished. 


THE     WAR    IN     TENNESSEE     AND     GEORGIA. 

Rosecrans,  after  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro,  made  no 
forward  movement  until  June.f  With  sixty  thousand  men, 
he  then  marched  against  Bragg,  and,  by  threatening  his 
communications,  compelled  him  to  evacuate  Chattanooga  J 
(Sept.  8).  Rosecrans  pushed  on  in  pursuit  of  Bragg,  whom 
he  supposed  to  be  in  full  retreat.  Bragg,  however,  having 
received  powerful  re-inforcements,  turned  upon  his  pursuers 
so  suddenly  that  they  narrowly  escaped  being  cut  up  in 
detail,  while  scattered  along  a  line  forty  miles  in  length. 
The  Union  forces  rapidly  concentrated,  and  the  two  armies 
met  on  the  Chickamauga.§ 

Battle  of  Chickamauga  (Sept.  19,  20).— The  first-day's 
fight  was  indecisive.  About  noon  of  the  second  day,  the 
Federal  line  became  broken  from  the  movement  of  troops  to 

*  To  escape  the  fiery  tempest  which  constantly  swept  over  Port  Hudson,  and  to 
provide  for  the  safety  of  their  magazines,  the  garrison  dug  deep  recesses  in  tho 
bluffs,  approached  by  steps  cut  out  of  the  earth.  An  eye-witness  says :  "  As  we  rode 
along  the  earth-works  inside,  after  the  siege,  it  was  curious  to  mark  the  ingenious 
ways  in  which  they  had  burrowed  holes  to  shelter  themselves  from  shell  and  from 
the  intolerable  rays  of  the  sun ;  while  at  work,  they  must  have  looked  like  so  many 
rabbits  popping  in  and  out  of  their  warrens." 

+  One  objection  which  Rosecrans  opposed  to  a  forward  movement  was  his  inferi- 
ority in  cavalry.  This  was  removed  in  July,  when  General  John  H.  Morgan,  with 
about  four  thousand  Confederate  cavalry,  crossed  the  Ohio  at  Brandenburg,  swept 
around  Cincinnati,  and  struck  the  river  again  near  Parkersburg.  During  his  entire 
route,  he  was  harassed  by  militia.  At  this  point,  he  was  overtaken  by  his  pursuers, 
while  gun-boats  in  the  river  prevented  his  crossing.  Nearly  the  entire  force  was  capt- 
ured. Morgan  escaped,  but  was  finally  taken  and  confined  in  the  penitentiary  at 
Columbus.  Four  months  afterward,  he  broke  jail  and  reached  Richmond  in  safety. 

$  General  Bragg  had  here  an  opportunity  to  be  shut  up  in  Chattanooga,  as  Pem- 
berton  had  been  in  Vicksburg ;  but,  a  more  acute  strategist,  he  knew  the  value  of  an 
army  in  the  field  to  be  greater  than  that  of  any  fortified  city. 

S  In  the  Indian  lang  uage,  the  "  River  of  Death  " — an  ominous  name  I 


1863.] 


THE     CIVIL     WAR. 


247 


help  the  left  wing,  then  hard  pressed.  Longstreet  seized  the 
opportunity,  pushed  a  brigade  into  the  gap,  and  swept  the 
Federal  right  and  center  from  the  field.  The  rushing  crowd 
of  fugitives  bore  Rosecrans  himself  .away.  In  this  crisis  of 
the  battle,  all  depended  on  the  left,  under  Thomas.  If  that 
yielded,  the  army  would  be  utterly  routed.  All  through  the 
long  afternoon,  the  entire  Confederate  army  surged  against 
it.  But  Thomas  held  fast.*  At  night,  he  deliberately  with- 
drew to  Chattanooga,  picking  up  five  hundred  prisoners  on 
the  way.  The  Union  army,  however, 
defeated  in  the  field,  was  now  shut  up 
in  its  intrenchments.  Bragg  occupied 
the  hills  commanding  the  city,  and  cut 
off  its  communications.  The  garrison 
was  threatened  with  starvation.! 

Battle  of  Chattanooga  t  (Nov.  24, 
25). — Grant,  having  been  appointed 
to  command  the  Mississippi  Division, 
hurried  to  Chattanooga.§  Affairs  soon  wore  a  different 
look.  Hooker  came  with  two  corps  from  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac ;  ||  and  Sherman  hastened  by  forced  inarches  from 

*  Thomas  was  thenceforth  styled  the  "  Hock  of  Chickamaujfa  ".  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  men  as  brave  as  himself.  Col.  George,  of  the  Second  Minnesota,  being  asked, 
"  How  long  can  you  hold  this  pass  ?  "  replied,  "  Until  the  regimenfc  is  mustered  out  of 
service." 

t  "  Starvation  had  destroyed  so  many  of  the  animals  that  there  were  not  artillery 
horses  enough  to  take  a  battery  into  action.  The  number  of  mules  that  perished 
was  graphically  indicated  by  one  of  the  soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee :  '  The 
mud  was  so  deep  that  we  could  not  travel  by  the  road,  but  we  got  along  pretty  well 
by  stepping  from  mule  to  mule  as  they  lay  dead  by  the  way.' " — Draper. 

J  In  the  Cherokee  language,  "  The  Hawk's  Nest ". 

§  Rosecrans  was  now  relieved,  and  Thomas  put  in  his  place.  Grant,  afraid  that 
Thomas  might  surrender  before  he  could  arrive,  telegraphed  him  to  hold  fast. 
The  characteristic  reply  was,  "  We  will  hold  the  town  till  we  starve  ". 

I  Twenty-three  thousand  strong,  they  were  carried  by  rail  from  the  Rapidan,  in 
Virginia,  to  Stevenson,  in  Alabama,  eleven  hundred  and  ninety-two  miles,  in  seven 
days.  The  Confederates  did  not  know  of  the  change  of  base  until  Hooker  appeared 
in  front. 


VICINITY  OF  CHATTANOOGA. 


248  EPOCH   v. 

luka,  two  hundred  miles  away.  Communications  were  re- 
established. Thomas  made  a  dash*  and  seized  Orchard 
Knob  (Nov.  23).  The  following  day,  Hooker  charged  the 
fortifications  on  Lookout  Mountain. f  His  troops  had  been 
ordered  to  stop  on  the  high  ground ;  but,  carried  away  by  the 
ardor  of  the  attack,  they  swept  over  the  crest,  driving  the 
enemy  before  them.  Through  the  mist  that  filled  the  valley, 
the  anxious  watchers  below  caught  only  glimpses  of  this 
far-f amed  " battle  above  the  clouds".  The  next  morning, 
Hooker  advanced  on  the  south  of  Missionary  Ridge.  Sher- 
man, during  the  whole  time,  had  been  heavily  pounding  away 
on  the  northern  flank.  Grant,  from  his  position  on  Orchard 
Knob,  perceiving  that  the  Confederate  line  in  front  of  him 
was  being  weakened  to  repel  these  attacks  on  the  flanks, 
saw  that  the  critical  moment  had  come,t  and  launched 
Thomas'  corps  on  its  center.  The  orders  were  to  take 
the  rifle-pits  at  the  foot  of  Missionary  Ridge,  then  halt  and 
reform ;  ^ut  the  men  forgot  them  all,  carried  the  works  at 


*  It  was  a  beautiful  day.  The  men  had  on  their  best  uniforms,  and  the  bands  dis- 
coursed the  liveliest  music.  The  hills  were  crowded  with  spectators.  The  Confeder- 
ates on  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Bidge  could  see  every  movement.  Bragg's 
pickets  stood  leaning  on  their  muskets  watching  Thomas'  columns  drawn  up  as  if 
on  parade.  Suddenly,  the  Union  line  broke  into  a  double-quick,  and  the  review  was 
turned  into  a  battle. 

t  The  first  day,  the  Confederate  left  rested  on  Lookout  Mountain,  there  two  thou- 
sand four  hundred  feet  high ;  the  right,  along  Missionary  Ridge— so  called  because, 
many  years  ago,  Catholic  missionaries  had  Indian  schools  upon  it ;  and  the  center,  in 
the  valley  between.  The  second  day  their  army  simply  occupied  Missionary  Ridge, 
in  the  center  of  their  former  line,  in  front  of  Grant  at  Orchard  Knob. — On  Lookout 
Mountain,  Hooker  met  with  so  feeble  a  resistance,  that  Q-rant  is  reported  to  have 
declared  the  so-called  "battle  above  the  clouds"  to  be  "all  poetry,  there  having  been 
no  action  there  worthy  the  name  of  battle  ". 

t  The  signals  for  the  attack  had  been  arranged :  six  cannon-shots,  fired  at  intervals 
of  two  seconds.  The  moment  arrived.  "Strong  and  steady  the  order  rang  out: 
'  Number  one,  fire  1  Number  two,  fire  1  Number  three,  fire ! '  It  seemed  to  me 
like  the  tolling  of  the  clock  of  destiny.  And  when  at '  Number  six,  fire ! '  the  roar 
throbbed  out  with  the  flash,  you  should  have  seen  the  dead  line,  that  had  been  lying 
behind  the  works  all  day,  come  to  resurrection  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye,  and  leap 
like  a  blade  from  its  scabbard."— B.  F.  Taylor. 


1863.] 


THE     CIVIL     WAR. 


249 


the  base,  and  then  swept  on  up  the  ascent.  Grant  caught 
the  inspiration,  and  ordered  a  grand  charge  along  the  whole 
front.  Up  they  went,  over  rocks  and  chasms,  all  lines 
broken,  the  flags  far  ahead,  each  surrounded  by  a  group  of 
the  bravest.  Without  firing  a  shot,  and  heedless  of  the 


BATTLE  OF  MISSIONARY  RIDGE. 


tempest  hurled  upon  them,  they  surmounted  the  crest, 
captured  the  guns,  and  turned  them  on  the  retreating  foe. 
That  night,  the  Union  camp-fires,  glistening  along  the 
heights  about  Chattanooga,  proclaimed  the  success  of  this 
the  most  brilliant  of  Grant's  achievements,  and  the  most 
picturesque  of  the  battles  of  the  war. 

The  Effects  of  this  campaign  were  the  rout  of  Bragg's 
army,  the  resignation  of  that  general,  and  the  possession 
of  Chattanooga  by  the  Union  forces.  This  post  gave  con- 
trol of  East  Tennessee,  and  opened  the  way  to  the  heart 
of  the  Confederacy.  It  became  the  door-way  by  which 


250  EPOCH     V.  [1863. 

the   Union  army  gained  easy  access   to  Virginia,   North 
and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Alabama. 

THE     "WAR     IN     EAST     TENNESSEE. 

While  Rosecrans  was  moving  on  Chattanooga,  Burnside, 
being  relieved  of  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
was  sent  into  East  Tennessee,  where  he  met  with  great  suc- 
cess. In  the  meantime,  the  Confederate  President,  Davis, 
visited  Bragg,  and,  thinking  Chattanooga  was  sure  to  be 
captured,  sent  Longstreet  with  his  corps  to  the  defense  of 
Tennessee.  His  men  were  in  a  deplorable  state — hungry, 
ragged,  and  tentless ;  but,  under  this  indefatigable  leader, 
they  shut  up  Burnside's  force  in  the  works  at  Knoxville. 
Meanwhile,  Grant,  in  the  moment  of  his  splendid  triumph 
;it  Chattanooga,  ordered  Sherman's  torn,  bleeding,  barefoot 
troops  over  terrible  roads  one  hundred  miles  to  Burnside's 
relief.  Longstreet,  in  order  to  anticipate  the  arrival  of 
these  re-inforcements  made  a  desperate  assault  upon  Burn- 
side  (November  2  9),  but  it  was  as  heroically  repulsed.  As 
Sherman's  advance-guard  reached  Knoxville  (December  4), 
Longstreet's  troops  filed  out  of  their  works  in  retreat. 

THE     WAR     IN     THE     EAST. 

Battle  of  Chancellorsville  (May  2,  3). — Burnside,  after 
the  defeat  at  Fredericksburg,  was  succeeded  by  General 
Hooker  (January  26).  The  departure  of  Longstreet  from 
his  force,  leaving  Lee  only  sixty  thousand  to  oppose  to  the 
Potomac  army  of  over  one  hundred  thousand,  offered  a 
favorable  opportunity  for  an  attack.  Accordingly,  Sedg- 
wick  was  left  to  carry  the  intrenchmeiits  at  Fredericksburg, 
while  the  main  body  crossed  the  Rappahannock  some  miles 
above,  and  took  position  in  the  Wilderness,  near  Chancel- 


1863.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  251 

lorsville  (map  4,  opp.  p.  223).  Lee,  relying  on  the  dense 
woods  to  conceal  his  movements,  risked  the  perilous  chance 
of  dividing  his  army  in  the  presence  of  a  superior  enemy. 
While  he  kept  up  a  show  of  fight  in  front,  Jackson,  by  a 
detour  of  fifteen  miles,  got  to  the  rear  with  twenty  thousand 
men,  and,  suddenly  bursting  out  of  the  dense  woods,  routed 
the  Union  right.  That  night,  Hooker  took  a  new  position ; 
but,  by  constant  attacks  through  the  next  day,  Lee  gradually 
forced  the  Union  line  from  the  field  of  battle,  and  captured 
Chancellor  House.*  As  he  was  preparing  for  a  final  grand 
charge, word  was  received  that  Sedgwick  had  crossed  the  Rap- 
pahannock,  taken  Fredericksburg,  and  had  fallen  on  his  rear. 
Drawing  back,  he  turned  against  this  new  antagonist,  and,  by 
severe  fighting  that  night  and  the  following  day,  compelled 
him  to  recross  the  river.  Lee  then  went  to  seek  Hooker,  but 
he  was  already  gone.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  soon 
back  on  its  old  camping-ground  opposite  Fredericksburg.  f 

Lee's  Second  Invasion  of  the  North. — Lee,  encour- 
aged by  his  success,  now  determined  to  carry  the  war  into 
the  Northern  States,  and  dictate  terms  of  peace  in  Philadel- 
phia or  New  York.J  With  the  finest  army  the  South  had 

*  A  pillar  on  the  veranda  of  this  house,  against  •which.  Hooker  was  leaning,  being 
struck  by  a  cannon-ball,  that  general  was  stunned,  and  for  an  hour,  in  the  heat  of 
the  fight,  the  Union  army  was  deprived  of  its  commander. 

t  In  this  battle,  the  South  was  called  to  mourn  the  death  of  Stonewall  Jackson, 
whose  magical  name  was  worth  to  its  cause  more  than  an  army.  In  the  evening 
after  his  successful  onslaught  upon  the  flank  of  the  Union  line,  while  riding  back  to 
camp  from  a  reconnaissance  (re  con'nais  sance)  at  the  front,  he  was  fired  upon  by  his 
own  men,  who  mistook  his  escort  for  Federal  cavalry. 

t  The  Union  disasters  which  had  happened  since  the  beginning  of  the  year  en- 
couraged this  hope.  Galveston,  Texas,  had  been  retaken  by  General  Magruder, 
whereby  not  only  valuable  stores  had  been  acquired,  but  a  sea-port  had  been  opened, 
and  the  Union  cause  in  that  State  depressed.  Burnside  had  been  checked  in  his  vic- 
torious career  in  Tennessee  (p.  250).  The  naval  attack  on  Charleston  had  proved  a 
failure  (p.  254).  An  attempt  to  capture  Port  McAlister  had  met  with  no  success. 
Rosecrans  had  made  no  progress  against  Bragg.  Banks  had  not  then  taken  Port 
Hudson.  Vicksburg  still  kept  Grant  at  bay.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac  had  been 
checked  at  Fredericksburg  and  Chancellorsville,  and  at  one  time  two  hundred  sol- 


252 


EPOCH     V. 


[1863. 


ever  sent  forth,  the  flower  of  her  troops,  carefully  equipped 
and  confident  of  success,  he  rapidly  moved  down  the  Shenan- 
doah,  crosse"d  the  Potomac,  and  advanced  to  Chambersburg. 
The  Union  army  followed  along  the  east  side  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  South  Mountains.  Lee,  fearing  that  Meade,  who 
now  commanded  the  Federals,  would  strike  through  some  of 
the  passes  and  cut  off  his  communications  with  Richmond, 
turned  east  to  threaten  Baltimore,  and  thus  draw  off  Meade 
for  its  defense. 

Battle  of  Gettysburg  (July  1-8). 
FIRST  DAY.  —  The  Confederate  ad- 
vance unexpectedly  met  the  Union 
cavalry  just  westward  from  Gettys- 
burg, on  the  Chambersburg  road.* 
Re-inforcements  came  up  on  both 
sides ;  but  the  Federal  troops  were 
finally  forced  back,  and,  becoming 
entangled  in  the  streets  of  the  vil- 
lage, lost  many  prisoners.  All  that 
night,  the  troops  kept  arriving  and 
taking  their  positions  by  moonlight,  to  be  ready  for  the 
contest  which  they  saw  was  now  close  at  hand.f 

diers  per  day  were  deserting  its  ranks.  The  term  of  service  of  over  forty  regiments 
had  expired,  and  the  total  Union  strength  was  now  only  eighty  thousand.  The  cost 
of  the  war  was  enormous,  and  a  strong  peace  party  had  arisen  at  the  North.  The 
draft  was  very  unpopular.  Indeed,  during  Lee's  invasion,  a  riot  broke  out  in  New 
York  to  resist  it ;  hoiises  were  burned,  negroes  were  pursued  in  the  streets,  and,  when 
captured,  were  beaten,  and  even  hanged ;  for  three  days  the  city  was  a  scene  of 
outrage  and  violence. 

*  "  Neither  general  had  planned  to  have  the  fight  at  this  place  ;  Lee  had  intended 
not  to  fight  at  all,  except  a  defensive  battle,  and  Meade  proposed  to  make  the  contest 
at  Pipe  Creek,  about  fifteen  miles  south-east  from  Gettysburg.  The  movement  of 
cavalry  which  brought  on  this  great  battle,  was  only  a  screen  to  conceal  the  Union 
army  marching  toward  Meade's  desired  battle-field." — Draper. 

t  The  Union  line  was  upon  a  fish-hook-shaped  ridge  about  six  miles  long,  with 
Gulp's  Hill  at  the  barb,  Cemetery  Ridge  along  the  side,  and  Little  Round  Top  and 
Round  Top,  two  eminences,  at  the  eye.  The  Confederate  line  was  on  F>eminary 
Ridge,  at  a  distance  of  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  Union  troops  lay  be? and  rock 


VICINITY  OF  GETTYSBURG. 


1863.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  253 

Second  Day. — In  the  afternoon,  Longstreet  led  the  first 
grand  charge  against  the  Union  left,  in  order  to  secure  Little 
Round  Top.  General  Sickles,  by  mistake,  had  here  taken  a 
position  in  front  of  Meade's  intended  line  of  battle.  The  Con- 
federates, far  out-flanking,  swung  around  him ;  but,  as  they 
reached  the  top  of  the  hill,  they  met  a  brigade  which  Warren 
had  sent  just  in  time  to  defeat  this  attempt.  Sickles  was, 
however,  driven  back  to  Cemetery  Ridge,  where  he  stood  fi  rm. 
Ewell,  in  an  attack  on  the  Federal  right,  succeeded  in  getting 
a  position  on  Gulp's  Hill.* 

''Third  Day. — At  one  o'clock  p.  M.,  Lee  suddenly  opened  on 
Cemetery  Ridge  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  guns.  For  two 
hours,  the  air  was  alive  with  shells,  f  Then  the  cannonade 
lulled,  and  out  of  the  woods  swept  the  Confederate  double 
battle-line,  over  a  mile  long,  and  preceded  by  a  cloud  of 
skirmishers.  A  thrill  of  admiration  ran  along  the  Union 
ranks,  as,  silently  and  with  disciplined  steadiness,  that  mag- 
nincent  column  of  eighteen  thousand  men  moved  up  the 
slope  of  Cemetery  Ridge.  A  hundred  guns  tore  great  gaps 
in  their  front.  Infantry  volleys  smote  their  ranks.  The 
line  was  broken,  yet  they  pushed  forward.  They  planted 
their  battle-flags  on  the  breastworks.  They  bayoneted  the 
cannoneers  at  their  guns.  They  fought,  hand  to  hand,  so  close 
that  the  exploding  powder  scorched  their  clothes.  Upon 
this  struggling  mass,  the  Federals  converged  from  every 
side.  No  human  endurance  could  stand  the  storm.  Out 


ledges  and  stone  walls,  "while  the  Confederates  were  largely  hidden  in  the  woods.  In 
the  valley  between,  were  fields  of  grain  and  pastures  where  cattle  were  feeding  all 
unconscious  of  the  gathering  storm. 

*  Lee,  encouraged  by  these  successes,  resolved  to  continue  the  fight.  The  Confed- 
erate victories,  however,  were  only  apparent.  Sickles  had  been  forced  into  a  better 
position  than  at  first,  and  the  one  which  Meade  had  intended  he  should  occupy ; 
while  Ewell  was  driven  out  of  the  Union  works  early  the  next  morning. 

t  It  is  customary  in  battle  to  demoralize  the  enemy  before  a  grand  infantry  charge, 
by  concentrating  upon  the  desired  point  a  tremendous  artillery  fire. 


254  EPOCH    V.  [1868. 

of  that  terrible  fire,  whole  companies  rushed  as  prisoners 
into  the  Union  lines,  while  the  rest  fled  panic-stricken  from 
the  field.* 

The  Federal  loss  in  the  three-days  fight  was  twenty-three 
thousand ;  the  Confederate  was  not  officially  reported,  but 
probably  much  exceeded  that  number.  Meade  slowly  fol- 
lowed Lee,  who  recrossed  the  Potomac,  and  took  position 
back  of  the  Rapidan. 

The  Effect  of  this  battle  was  to  put  an  end  to  the  idea  of  a 
Northern  invasion.  Lee's  veterans  who  went  down  in  the 
awful  charges  of  Gettysburg  could  never  be  replaced. 

THE    WAR    ON    THE    SEA    AND    THE    COAST. 

Attack  on  Charleston  (April  7). — Such  was  the  confidence 
felt  in  the  ability  of  the  iron-clads  to  resist  cannon-balls, 
that  Admiral  Dupont  determined  to  run  the  fortifications 
at  the  entrance  to  Charleston,  and  force  his  way  up  to  the 
city.  The  attempt  was  a  disastrous  failure,  f  Q-eneral  Gill- 
more  then  took  charge  of  the  Union  troops,  and,  landing  on 
Morris  Island, \  by  regular  siege  approaches  and  a  terrible 
bombardment,  captured  Fort  "Wagner  §  and  reduced  Fort 

*  At  the  very  moment  when  the  last  charge  was  being  repulsed,  Pemberton  was 
negotiating  for  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg  to  Grant.  This  was  the  turning  point  of 
the  war.  From  that  time,  the  Confederacy  began  to  wane. 

t  The  Keokuk  was  sunk,  and  nearly  all  the  vessels  were  seriously  injured.  The 
officers  declared  that  the  strokes  of  the  shots  against  the  iron  sides  of  their  ships 
were  as  rapid  as  the  ticks  of  a  watch. 

$  In  a  marsh  west  of  Morris  Island,  piles  were  driven  in  the  mud  twenty  feet  deep, 
and  a  platform  made  on  which  was  placed  an  eight-inch  rifled  Parrot  gun,  nicknamed 
the  "  Swamp  Angel ".  It  threw  shells  five  miles  into  Charleston,  but  burst  on  the 
thirty-sixth  round.  The  bombardment  of  the  city  was  afterward  continued  from  the 
other  batteries. 

§  Two  unsuccessful  charges  were  made  on  this  fort.  In  one,  the  54th  regiment, 
Colonel  Shaw,  boro  a  prominent  part.  It  was  the  first  colored  regiment  organized  in 
the  free  States.  In  order  to  be  in  season  for  the  assault,  it  had  marched  two  days 
through  heavy  sands  and  drenching  storms.  After  only  five  minutes  rest,  it  took  its 
place  at  the  front  of  the  attacking  column.  The  men  fought  with  unflinching  gal- 
lantry, and  planted  their  flag  on  the  works ;  but  their  Colonel,  and  so  many  of  the  offl- 


1863.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  255 

Sumter  to  a  shapeless  mass  of  rubbish.  A  short  time  after, 
a  party  of  sailors  from  the  Union  fleet  essayed  to  capture  it 
by  night,  but  its  garrison,  upstarting  from  the  ruins,  drove 
them  back  with  heavy  loss. 

General  Review  of  the  Third  Year  of  the  War.  — The 
Confederates  had  gained  the  great  battles  of  Chickamauga 
and  Chancellorsville,  seized  G-alveston,  and  successfully 
resisted  every  attack  on  Charleston. 

The  Federals  had  gained  the  important  battles  before 
Vicksburg,  and  those  at  Chattanooga  and  at  Gettysburg. 
They  had  captured  the  garrisons  of  Vicksburg  and  Port 
Hudson.  The  Mississippi  was  patrolled  by  gun-boats,  and  the 
Confederate  army  was  entirely  cut  off  from  its  western  sup- 
plies. Arkansas,  East  Tennessee,  and  large  portions  of  Lou- 
isiana, Mississippi,  and  Texas  had  been  won  for  the  Union. 

1864. 

The  Situation. — In  March,  General  Grant  was  made 
Lieutenant-General  in  command  of  all  the  forces  of  the 
United  States.  Heretofore,  the  different  armies  had  acted 
independently.  They  were  now  to  move  in  concert,  and  thus 
prevent  the  Confederate  forces  from  aiding  each  other.  The 
strength  of  the  South  lay  in  the  armies  of  Lee  in  Virginia, 
and  Joseph  E.  Johnston  in  Georgia.  Grant  was  to  attack 
the  former,  Sherman  the  latter,  and  both  were  to  keep  at 
work,  regardless  of  season  or  weather.  While  the  Army 

cers  were  shot,  that  what  was  left  of  the  regiment  was  led  off  by  a,  boy— !Lt.  Higgin- 
son.  No  measure  of  the  war  was  more  bitterly  opposed  than  thp  project  of  arming 
the  slaves.  It  was  denounced  at  the  North,  and  the  Confederate  Congress  passed  a 
law  which  threatened  with  death  any  white  officer  capijured  while  in  command  of 
negro  troops,  leaving  the  men  to  be  dealt  with  according  to  the  laws  of  the  State  in 
which  they  were  taken.  Yet,  so  willing  were  the  negroes  to  enlist,  and  so  faithful 
did  they  prove  themselves  in  service,  that,  in  December,  1863,  over  fifty  thousand 
bad  been  enrolled,  and  before  the  close  of  the  war  that  number  was  quadrupled. 


256 


EPOCH     V. 


[1864. 


of  the  Potomac  was  crossing  the  Rapidan  (May  4),  Grant, 
seated  on  a  log  by  the  road-side,  penciled  a  telegram  to 
Sherman  to*  start. 


GRANT  WRITING  THE  TELEGRAM  TO  SHERMAN. 

THE     WAR     IN     TENNESSEE     AND     GEORGIA. 

Advance  upon  Atlanta.  —  Sherman,  with  one  hundred 
thousand  men,  now  moved  upon  Johnston,  who,  with  nearly 
fifty  thousand,  was  stationed  at  Dalton,  Ga.  (map  opp.  p.  222). 
The  Confederate  commander,  foreseeing  this  advance,  had 
selected  a  series  of  almost  impregnable  positions,  one  behind 
the  other,  all  the  way  to  Atlanta.  For  one  hundred  miles, 
there  was  continued  skirmishing  among  mountains  and 
woods,  which  presented  every  opportunity  for  such  a  war- 
fare. Both  armies  were  led  by  profound  strategists.  Sher- 
man would  drive  Johnston  into  a  stronghold,  and  then  with 
consummate  skill  outflank  him,  when  Johnston  with  equal 


1864.J 


THE     CIVIL     \VAK. 


257 


skill  would  retreat  to  a  new  post  and  prepare  to  meet  his 
opponent  again.*  At  DALTON,  RESACA,  DALLAS,  and  LOST  and 
KENESAW  MOUNTAINS,  bloody  battles  were  fought.  Finally, 
Johnston  retired  to  the  intrenchinents  of  Atlanta  (July  1 0). 

Capture  of  Atlanta. — Davis,  dissatisfied  with  this  Fabian 
policy,  now  put  Hood  in  command.  He  attacked  the  Union 
army  three  times  with  tremendous  energy,  but  was  repulsed 
with  great  slaughter.  Sherman,  thereupon  re-enacting  his 
favorite  flank  movement,  filled  his  wagons  with  fifteen-days 
rations,  dexterously  shifted  his  whole  army  on  Hood's  line 
of  supplies,  and  compelled  the  evacuation  of  the  city.f 

The  Effect. — This  campaign,  during  four  months  of  fight- 
ing and  marching,  day  and  night,  in  its  ten  pitched  battles 
and  scores  of  lesser  engagements,  cost  the  Union  army  thirty 
thousand  men,  and  the  Confederate,  thirty-five  thousand. 
Georgia  was  the  workshop,  store-house,  granary,  and  arsenal 
of  the  Confederacy.  At  Atlanta,  Rome,  and  the  neighbor- 
ing towns,  were  manufactories,  foundries,  and  mills,  where, 

*  When  either  party  stopped  for  a  day  or  two,  it  fortified  its  front  with  an  abattis 
of  felled  trees  and  a  ditch  with  a  head- 
log  placed  on  the  emhankment.  The 
head-log  was  a  tree  twelve  or  fifteen 
inches  in  diameter  resting  on  small 
cross-sticks,  thus  leaving  a  space  of 
four  or  five  inches  between  the  log  and 
the  dirt,  through  which  the  guns  could 
be  pointed. 

t  During  this  campaign,  Sherman's 
supplies  were  brought  up  by  a  single 
line  of  railroad  from  Nashville,  a  dis- 
tance of  three  hundred  miles,  and  ex- 
posed throughout  to  the  attacks  of  the 
enemy.  Yet  so  carefully  was  it  gar- 
risoned and  so  rapidly  were  bridges 
built  and  breaks  repaired,  that  the 
damages  were  often  mended  before 
the  news  of  the  accident  reached  camp. 
Sherman  said  that  the  whistle  of  the 

locomotive  was  quite  frequently  heard  on  the  camp-ground  before  the  echoes  of  the 
skirmish -fire  had  died  away. 


OUABUING   A  TRAIN. 


26S  EPOCH    V.  [1864. 

clothing,  wagons,  harnesses,  powder,  balls,  and  cannon 
were  furnished  to  all  its  armies.  The  South  was  hence- 
forth cut  off  from  these  supplies. 

r~Hood's  Invasion  of  Tennessee.  —  Sherman  now  longed 
to  sweep  through  the  Atlantic  States.  But  this  was  impossi- 
ble so  long  as  Hood,  with  an  army  of  forty  thousand,  was  in 
front,  while  the  cavalry  under  Forrest  was  raiding  along  his 
railroad  communications  toward  Chattanooga  and  Nashville. 
With  unconcealed  joy,  therefore,  Sherman  learned  that  Hood 
was  to  invade  Tennessee.*  Believed  of  this  anxiety,  he  pre- 
pared his  army  for  its  celebrated  "  March  to  the  Sea  ". 

Battle  of  Nashville  (December  15,  16). — Hood  crossed 
the  Tennessee,  and,  after  a  desperate  struggle  with  Scho- 
fleld's  army,  at  FBAJSTKLIJST,  shut  up  General  Thomas  within 
the  fortifications  at  Nashville.  For  two  weeks  little  was  done.f 
When  Thomas  was  fully  ready,  he  suddenly  sallied  out  on 
Hood,  and  in  a  terrible  two-days  battle  drove  the  Confeder- 
ate forces  out  of  their  intrenchments  into  headlong  flight. 
The  Union  cavalry  thundered  upon  their  heels  with  remorse- 
less energy.  The  infantry  followed  closely  behind.  The 
entire  Confederate  army,  except  the  rear-guard,  which 
fought  bravely  to  the  last,  was  dissolved  into  a  rabble  of  de- 
moralized fugitives,  who  escaped  across  the  Tennessee. 

The  Effect. — For  the  first  time  in  the  war,  an  army  was  de- 
stroyed. The  object  which  Sherman  hoped  to  attain  when 
he  moved  on  Atlanta,  was  accomplished  by  Thomas,  three 
hundred  miles  away.  Sherman  could  now  go  where  he  pleased 

*  Hood's  expectation  was  that  Sherman  would  follow  Mm  into  Tennessee,  and 
thus  Georgia  be  saved  from  invasion.  Sherman  had  no  such  idea.  "  If  Hood  will  go 
there  ",  said  he,  "  I  will  give  him  rations  to  go  with."  Now  was  presented  the  singu- 
lar spectacle  of  these  two  armies,  which  had  so  lately  been  engaged  in  deadly  com- 
bat, inarching  from  each  other  as  fast  as  they  could  go. 

t  Great  disappointment  was  felt  at  the  North  over  the  retreat  to  Nashville,  and 
still  more  at  Thomas'  delay  in  that  city.  Grant  ordered  him  to  move,  and  had  actu- 
ally started  to  take  charge  of  his  troops  in  person,  when  he  learned  of  the  splendid 


1864.  j  THE     CIVIL     WAK.  269 

with  little  danger  of  meeting  a  foe.  The  war  at  the  West,  so 
far  as  any  great  movements  were  concerned,  was  finished. 
Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea. — Breaking  loose  from  his 
communications  with  Nashville,  and  burning  the  city  of  At- 
lanta, Sherman  started  (Nov.  16),  with  sixty  thousand  men, 
for  the  Atlantic  coast  (map  opp.  p.  222).  The  army  moved 
in  four  columns,  with  a  cloud  of  cavalry  under  Kilpatrick,* 
and  skirmishers  in  front  to  disguise  its  route,  f  The  wings 
destroyed  the  Georgia  Central  and  Augusta  railroads,  and 
the  troops  foraged  on  the  country  as  they  passed.  In  five 
weeks,  they  had  marched  three  hundred  miles,  reached  the 
sea,J  stormed  Fort  McAlister,  and  captured  Savannah.§ 

,  The  Effect  of  this  march  can  hardly  be  over-estimated.  A 
fertile  region,  sixty  miles  wide  and  three  hundred  long,  was 
desolated ;  three  hundred  miles  of  railroad  were  destroyed ; 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  already-sundered  Confederacy  was 
cut  in  twain ;  immense  supplies  of  provisions  were  captured, 
and  the  hardships  of  war  brought  home  to  those  who  had 
hitherto  been  exempt  from  its  actual  contact. 

victory  his  slow  but  sure  general  had  achieved.  The  rock  of  Chickamauga  had  be- 
come the  sledge  of  Nashville. 

*  The  ubiquity  of  the  cavalry  movements  of  the  war  is  remarkable.  In  February 
preceding,  Kilpatrick,  who  now  opened  up  the  way  for  Sherman's  march  through 
Georgia,  made  a  dash  with  the  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to  rescue  the 
Union  prisoners  at  Richmond.  He  got  within  the  defenses  of  the  city,  but  not  fully 
appreciating  his  success,  withdrew,  while  Colonel  Ulric  Dahlgren,  who  headed  a 
co-operating  force,  through  the  ignorance  or  treachery  of  his  guide,  lost  his  route, 
was  surrounded  by  the  enemy,  and  fell  in  an  attempt  to  cut  his  way  out.  Great 
damage  was  done  to  railroads  and  canals  near  Richmond. 

t  A  feint  which  Sherman  made  toward  Augusta  led  to  a  concentration  at  that 
city  of  the  cavalry  and  militia  called  out  to  dispute  his  progress.  The  real  direc- 
tion of  his  march  was  not  discovered  until  he  had  entered  the  peninsula  between 
the  Savannah  and  Ogeechee  rivers. 

t  The  first  news  received  at  the  North  from  Sherman  was  brought  by  three 
.scouts,  who  left  the  Union  army  just  as  it  was  closing  in  on  Savannah.  They  hid 
in  the  rice  swamps  by  day,  and  paddled  down  the  river  by  night.  Creeping  past 
Fort  McAlister  undiscovered,  they  were  picked  up  by  the  Federal  gun-boats. 

§  Sherman  sent  the  news  of  its  capture,  with  25,000  bales  of  cotton  and  160 
cannon,  to  President  Lincoln,  as  a  Christmas  present  to  the  nation. 


260  EPOCH    V.  J.1864. 


THE     WAR     IN     VIRGINIA. 

. 

Battle  of  the  Wilderness  (May  5,  6). — After  crossing 
the  Rapidan,  the  Union  army  plunged  into  the  Wilderness. 
While  the  columns  were  toiling  along  the  narrow  roads,  they 
were  suddenly  attacked  by  the  Confederate  army.*  The 
dense  forest  forbade  all  strategy.  There  was  none  of  the 
pomp  or  glory  of  war,  only  its  horrible  butchery.  The  ranks 
simply  dashed  into  the  woods.  Soon  came  the  patter  of 
shots,  the  heavy  rattle  of  musketry,  and  then  there  streamed 
back  the  wreck  of  the  battle — bleeding,  mangled  forms,  borne 
on  stretchers.  In  those  gloomy  shades,  dense  with  smoke, 
this  strangest  of  battles,  which  no  eye  could  follow,  marked 
only  by  the  shouts  and  volleys,  now  advancing,  now  receding, 
as  either  side  gained  or  lost,  surged  to  and  fro.  The  third 
day,  both  armies,  worn  out  by  this  desperate  struggle,  re- 
mained in  their  intrenchments.  Neither  side  had  con- 
quered. It  was  generally  supposed  that  the  Federals  would 
retire  back  of  the  Rapidan.  Grant  thought  differently. 
He  quietly  gathered  up  his  army  and  pushed  it  by  the  Con- 
federate right  flank  toward  Spottsylvania  Court  House. 

Battle  of  Spottsylvania  (May  8-12). — Lee  detected  the 
movement,  and  hurried  a  division  to  head  off  the  Union  ad- 
vance. When  Grant  reached  the  spot,  he  found  the  Confed- 
erate army  planted  directly  across  the  road,  barring  his  prog- 
ress. Five  days  of  continuous  maneuvering  f  and  fighting  J 

*  This  was  near  the  old  battle-ground  of  Chancellorsville,  and  just  a  year  and  two 
days  after  that  fierce  fight. 

t  During  this  time,  the  sharp-shooters  on  both  sides,  hidden  in  the  trees,  were 
busy  picking  off  officers.     On  the  9th,  General  Sedgwick  was  superintending  the 
placing  of  a  battery  in  the  front.    Seeing  a  man  dodging  a  ball,  he  rebuked  him, 
saying,  "Pooh  I  they  can't  hit  an  elephant  at  this  distance."    At  that  moment,  he* 
was  himself  struck,  and  fell  dead. 

t  On  the  morning  of  the  12th,  Hancock's  corps,  hidden  by  a  dense  fog,  charged 
upon  the  Confederate  line,  broke  the  ubattis,  surrounded  a  division,  and  took  nearly 


1864.] 


THE     CIVIL     WAR. 


261 


having  given  no  advantage,  Grant  concluded  to  try  the  favor- 
ite movement  of  the  year,  and  turn  Lee's  right  flank  again.* 

Battle  of  Cold  Harbor  (June 
3). — Lee,  however,  moving  on 
the  inner  and  shorter  line, 
reached  the  NORTH  ANNA  first. 
Here  some  severe  fighting  oc- 
curred, when,  Grant  moving 
to  flank  again,  Lee  slipped  into 
the  intrenchments  of  Cold  Har- 
bor. At  daybreak  an  assault 
was  made.  The  Union  troops, 
here  sinking  in  the  swamp, 
there  entangled  in  the  brush- 
wood, and  torn  by  a  pitiless  fire, 
struggled  on  only  to  be  beaten 
back  with  terrible  slaughter.! 
Lee's  army,  sheltered  behind 
its  works,  suffered  little. J 


GRANT'S  CAMPAIGN  ABOUND  RICHMOND. 


four  thousand  prisoners,  including  two  gen- 
erals. So  complete  was  the  surprise,  that 
the  officers  were  captured  at  breakfast.  !Lee, 

however,  rallied,  and  the  fighting  was  so  fierce  to  regain  this  lost  position,  that  a 
"  tree  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  was  cut  in  two  by  the  bullets  which  struck  it.  Ten 
thousand  men  fell  on  each  side.  Men  in.  hundreds,  killed  and  wounded  together, 
were  piled  in  hideous  heaps,  some  bodies,  which  had  lain  for  hours  under  the  con- 
centric fire  of  the  battle,  being  perforated  with  wounds.  The  writhing  of  the 
wounded  beneath  the  dead  moved  these  masses  at  times ;  while  often  a  Lifted  arm 
or  quivering  limb  told  of  an  agony  not  quenched  by  the  Lethe  of  death  around." 

*  It  was  during  this  fearful  battle  that  Grant  sent  his  famous  dispatch,  "  I  pro- 
pose to  fight  it  out  on  this  line  if  it  takes  all  summer  ". 

t  Lossing  asserts  that  "  in  twenty  minutes,  10,000  Union  soldiers  were  killed  or 
wounded  ",  but  Badeau  admits  only  7,000  in  all,  and  claims  that  Cold  Harbor  was 
but  a  part  "  of  the  unceasing  play  of  the  terrible  hammer  by  which  Grant  was 
crusiiing  the  Confederate  army". 

$  Grant  had  arranged  for  three  co-operative  movements  to  divide  the  strength  of 
the  Confederate  army :  1.  General  Sigel,  with  ten  thousand  men,  was  to  advance  up 
the  Shenandoah  Valley  and  threaten  the  railroad  communication  with  Richmond. 
He  was,  however,  totally  routed  at  New  Market  (May  15).  General  Hunter,  who  super 


EPOCH     V.  [1864. 


Attack  on  Petersburg.  —  Grant  now  rapidly  pushed  his 
army  over  the  James,  and  fell  upon  Petersburg  ;  but  here 
again  Lee  was  ahead,  and  the  works  could  not  be  forced. 
Grant  was  therefore  compelled  to  throw  up  intrenchments 
and  sit  down  in  front  of  the  Confederate  lines.  The  cam- 
paign now  resolved  itself  into  a  siege  of  Richmond,  with 
Petersburg  as  its  advanced  post. 

The  Effect.  —  The  campaign  had  cost  the  Union  army 
forty  thousand  men,  and  the  Confederates  thirty  thou- 
sand.* The  weakened  capabilities  of  the  South  were  now 
fairly  pitted  against  the  almost  exhaustless  resources  of  the 
North.  Grant's  plan  was  to  keep  constantly  hammering 
Lee's  army,  conscious  that  it  was  the  last  hope  of  the  Con- 
federacy. The  idea  of  thus  annihilating  an  army  was  terri- 
ble; yet  it  seemed  the  only  way  of  closing  the  awful  struggle. 

The  Siege  of  Richmond  continued  until  the  spring  cam- 
paign of  1865.  It  was  marked  by  two  important  events  : 

1.  Mine  Explosion  (July  30).  —  From  a  hidden  ravine  in 
front  of  Petersburg,  a  mine  had  been  dug  underneath  a 
strong  Confederate  fort.  Just  at  dawn,  the  blast  of  eight 
thousand  pounds  of  powder  was  fired.  Several  cannon,  the 

seded  him,  defeated  the  Confederates  at  Piedmont  (June  5),  but  pushing  on  to  Lynch- 
burg  with  about  twenty  thousand  men,  he  found  it  too  strong,  and  prudently  retired 
into  West  Virginia.  2.  On  the  night  that  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  crossed  the  Rapi- 
dan,  General  Butler,  with  thirty  thousand  men,  ascended  the  James  River,  under  the 
protection  of  gun-boats,  and  landed  at  Bermuda  Hundred.  After  some  trifling  suc- 
cesses, he  was  surprised  in  a  dense  fog  by  Beauregard,  and  driven  back  into  his 
defenses  with  considerable  loss.  Beauregard  then  threw  intrenchments  across  the 
narrow  strip  which  connects  Bermuda  Hundred  with  the  main  land,  and,  as  Grant 
tersely  said,  "  hermetically  sealed  tip  "  the  Union  force  from  any  further  advance. 
3.  General  Sheridan,  while  the  army  was  at  Spottsylvania,  passed  in  the  rear  of  the 
Confederate  position,  destroyed  miles  of  railroad,  recaptured  four  hundred  prisoners 
en  route,  and  defeated  a  cavalry  force  with  the  loss  of  their  leader,  General  J.  E.  B. 
Stuart,  the  best  cavalry  officer  in  the  South. 

*  The  above  statement  of  the  enormous  losses  of  this  campaign  is  based  upon  the 
most  recent  data.  Careful  authorities,  however,  have  placed  the  Union  loss  as  high 
as  over  seventy  thousand,  while  certain  Southern  writers  put  the  Confederate  as  low 
as  nineteen  thousand.  It  is  impossible  to  reconcile  the  different  accounts. 


1864.]  THE  'CIVIL    WAR.  263 

garrison  of  three  hundred  men,  and  huge  masses  of  earth 
were  thrown  high  in  air.  The  Federal  guns  opened  fire  at 
once  along  the  entire  line.  An  assaulting  column  rushed 
forward,  but  stopped  in  the  crater  produced  by  the  explosion. 
The  Confederates,  rallying  from  their  confusion,  concen- 
trated from  every  side,  and  poured  shot  and  shell  upon  the 
struggling  mass  of  men  huddled  within  the  demolished  fort. 
To  retreat  was  only  less  dangerous  than  to  stay,  yet  many  of 
the  soldiers  jumped  out  of  this  slaughter-pen  and  ran  head- 
long back  to  the  Union  lines.  The  Federals  lost  about  four 
thousand  men  in  this  ill-starred  affair. 

2.  Attack  upon  the  Weldon  Railroad  (August  18). — By 
threatening  Richmond  upon  the  north,  Grant  induced  Lee 
to  move  troops  to  that  city  from  Petersburg.  The  oppor- 
tunity was  at  once  seized,  and  the  Weldon  Railroad  capt- 
ured. Lee,  aware  of  the  great  importance  of  this  means 
of  communication  with  the  South,  for  several  days  made 
desperate  attempts  for  its  recovery.  They  were,  however, 
unsuccessful,  and  the  Union  lines  were  permanently  ad- 
vanced to  this  point. 

Early's  Raid. — Hunter's  retreat  (p.  262)  having  laid  open 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,  Lee  took  advantage  of  it  to  threaten 
Washington,  hoping  thus  to  draw  off  Grant  from  the  siege 
of  Richmond.  General  Early,  with  twenty  thousand  men, 
accordingly  hurried  along  this  oft-traveled  route.  Defeating 
General  Wallace  at  MONOCACY  RIVER,  he  appeared  before  FORT 
STEVENS,  one  of  the  defenses  of  Washington  (July  11).  Had 
he  rushed  by  forced  marches,  he  might  have  captured  the 
city ;  but  he  stopped  a  day.  Re-inf orcements  having  now 
arrived,  he  was  compelled  to  retreat.  Laden  with  booty,  he 
rapidly  recrossed  the  Potomac ;  but,  not  being  pursued,  he 
returned,  and  sent  a  party  of  cavalry  into  Pennsylvania. 
They  entered  Chambersburg,  and,  on  failing  to  obtain  a  ran- 


264 


EPOCH     V. 


[1864. 


worn  of  $500,000,  set  fire  to  the  village,  and  escaped  safely 
back  into  the  Shenandoah. 

Sheridan's  Campaign. — Sheridan  was  now  put  in  com- 
mand of  all  the  troops  in  this  region.     He  defeated  Early  at 


••  TURN, BOYS,  TURN;  WE'RE  GOING  BACK." 

WINCHESTER  and  FISHER'S  HILL,  and  in  a  week  destroyed  half 
his  army,  and  sent  the  rest  "  whirling  up  the  valley  of  the 
Shenandoah  ".*  Early  was  quickly  reinforced,  and,  return- 
ing during  Sheridan's  absence,  surprised  his  army  at  CEDAR 
CREEK  (October  19),  and  drove  it  in  confusion.  Sheridan 
arrived  at  this  critical  moment,!  reformed  his  ranks,  ordered 
an  advance,  and,  attacking  the  Confederates,  now  busy 

*  In  order  to  prevent  any  further  raids  upon  Washington  from  this  direction, 
Sheridan  devastated  the  valley  so  thoroughly  that  it  was  said  that  "  if  a  crow  wants 
to  fly  down  the  Shenandoah,  he  must  carry  his  provisions  with  him  ". 

t  Early 's  attack  was  made  under  cover  of  a  dense  fog  and  the  darkness  of  the  early 
morning.  General  Wright,  the  Union  commander,  though  wounded,  remained  on 
the  field  and  managed  to  get  his  troops  into  a  new  position,  about  seven  miles  in 
the  rear.  Sheridan  heard  the  cannonading,  while  riding  from  Winchester,  nearly 
twenty  miles  from  Cedar  Creek.  Knowing  the  importance  of  his  presence,  he  put 
spurs  to  his  coal-black  sfceed,  and  never  drew  rein  for  almost  twelve  miles,  when,  his 
horse  covered  with  foam,  he  dashed  to  the  new  front.  As  he  passed  the  fugitives 


1864.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  265 

plundering  the  captured  camp,  routed  them  with  great 
slaughter. 

The  Effect.  —  This  campaign  of  only  a  month  was  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  of  the  war.  Sheridan  lost  seventeen 
thousand  men,  but  he  virtually  destroyed  Early's  army. 
This  was  the  last  attempt  to  threaten  Washington. 
•>>(  Red  River  Expedition.* — A  joint  naval  and  land  expe- 
dition, under  the  command  of  General  Banks,  was  sent  up 
the  Red  River  in  the  hope  of  destroying  the  Confederate 
authority  in  that  region  and  in  Texas  (map  opp.  p.  222). 
Fort  de  Russy  was  taken  (March  14),  whence  Banks  moved,- 
on  toward  Shreveport.  The  line  of  march  became  extended 
a  distance  of  nearly  thirty  miles  along  a  single  road.  At 
SABINE  CROSS  ROADS  (April  8),  the  Confederate  forces,  under 
General  Dick  Taylor,  attacked  the  advance,  and  a  minia- 
ture Bull  Run  retreat  ensued.  The  Union  troops,  however, 
rallied  at  PLEASANT  HILL,  and  the  next  day,  re-inf orcements 
coming  up  from  the  rear,  they  were  able  to  repulse  the 
Confederates.  The  army  thereupon  returned  to  New  Or- 
leans,! an(i  Banks  was  relieved  of  the  command. 

along  the  road,  he  shouted,  "  Turn,  boys,  turn ;  we're  going  back."  Under  the  mag 
netism  of  his  presence,  the  men  followed  him  back  to  the  fight  and  victory. 

*  Troops  having  been  sent  from  Vicksburg  to  join  the  Red  River  expedition,  West 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky  were  left  exposed  to  attack  from  the  Confederates.  For- 
rest, with  five  thousand  men,  captured  Union  City,  Tenn.,  with  its  garrison  of  about 
five  hundred  troops,  occupied  Hickman,  and  advanced  rapidly  upon  Paducah,  Ky. 
This,  protected  by  the  gun-boats,  maintained  so  stout  a  defense,  that  Forrest  retired. 
Moving  south,  he  next  fell  upon  Fort  Pillow  (April  12).  His  men  crept  along  under 
shelter  of  a  ravine  until  very  near,  and  then  charged  upon  the  intrenchments. 
Rushing  into  the  fort,  they  raised  the  cry  "No  quarter!"  "The  Confederate  offi- 
cers ",  says  Pollard,  "  lost  control  of  their  men,  who  were  maddened  by  the  sight  of 
negro  troops  opposing  them  ",  and  an  indiscriminate  slaughter  followed. 

t  Porter,  who  commanded  the  gun-boats  in  the  Red  River,  hearing  of  Banks' 
retreat,  attempted  to  return  with  his  fleet ;  but  the  river  fell  so  rapidly  that  this  be- 
came impossible.  It  was  feared  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  blow  up  the  vessels  to 
prevent  their  falling  into  the  enemy's  hands,  when,  by  the  happy  suggestion  of  Colo- 
nel Bailey,  formerly  a  Wisconsin  lumber-man,  they  were  saved.  He  constructed  a 
series  of  wing-dams  below  the  rapids,  and,  when  the  water  rose,  the  boats  were  safely 
floated  over.  This  skillful  expedient  was  almost  the  only  relieving  feature  of  the 


266  EPOCH    V.  [1864. 

The  Effect.  —  This  campaign  was  a  great  Confederate  tri- 
umph.* Banks  lost  five  thousand  men,  eighteen  guns,  and 
large  supplies. 

THE     WAR     ON     THE     SEA     AND     THE     COAST. 

The  Expedition  against  Mobile  (August  5)  was  under 
the  command  of  Admiral  Farragut.  That  he  might  over- 
see the  battle  more  distinctly,  he  took  his  position  in  the 
rigging  of  his  flag-ship — the  Hartford.  The  vessels,  lashed 
together  in  pairs  for  mutual  assistance,  in  an  hour  fought 
their  way  past  the  Confederate  forts,  and  engaged  the 
iron-clad  fleet  beyond.  After  a  desperate  resistance,  the 
great  iron-ram  Tennessee  was  taken,  and  the  other  ves- 
sels were  captured  or  put  to  flight.  The  forts  were  soon 
after  reduced,  and  the  harbor  was  thenceforth  closed  to 
blockade  runners,  f 

The  Expedition  against  Fort  Fisher,  which  defended 
the  harbor  of  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  was  commanded  by  Commo- 
dore Porter.  It  consisted  of  seventy  vessels  and  a  land  force 
under  General  Butler.  After  a  fierce  bombardment  (Decem- 
ber 24,  25),  Butler  decided  that  the  fort  could  not  be  taken 
by  assault,  and  the  army  returned  to  Fort  Monroe.  Commo- 

campaign,  which  was  believed  by  some  to  have  been  undertaken  simply  as  a  gigan- 
tic cotton  speculation  in  behalf  of  certain  parties,  who  seemed  to  be  more  intent  on 
gathering  that  staple  than  on  conserving  the  interests  of  the  Union  cause.  The  fail- 
ure was,  therefore,  at  the  North  a  source  of  great  mortification  and  reproach. 

*  General  Steele,  who  commanded  in  Arkansas,  had  moved  from  Little  Rock  to 
co-operate  in  this  advance ;  but,  on  nearing  Shreveport,  learned  of  Banks'  retreat. 
He  immediately  turned  around,  and,  with  great  difficulty  and  severe  fighting,  man- 
aged to  escape  back  to  little  Rock.  This  disaster  enabled  the  Confederates  to  re- 
cover half  of  the  State. 

t  The  city  of  Mobile  was  not  captured  -until  the  next  year,  when  Generals  Gran- 
ger's, Steele's,  and  A.  J.  Smith's  commands  were  collected  for  this  purpose  by  Gen. 
Canby.  The  forts  were  gallantly  defended  by  General  Maury,  but  were  taken  within 
less  than  two  weeks.  The  city  itself  was  evacuated  April  11.  The  next  day,  the 
Union  troops  entered,  ignorant  that  Lee  had  surrendered  three  days  before,  and 
that  the  Confederacy  was  dead. 


1864.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  267 

dore  Porter,  dissatisfied  with  the  result,  lay  off  the  place,  and 
asked  for  a  second  trial.  The  same  troops,  with  fifteen  hun- 
dred additional  men,  were  sent  back  under  General  Terry. 
Protected  by  a  terrible  fire  from  the  fleet,  a  column  of  sailors 
and  one  of  soldiers  worked  their  way,  by  a  series  of  trenches, 
within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  fort.  At  the  word,  the  former 
leaped  forward  on  one  side  and  the  latter  on  another.  The 
sailors  were  repulsed,  but  the  soldiers  burst  into  the  fort.  The 
hand-to-hand  fight  within  lasted  for  hours.  Late  at  night, 
the  garrison,  hemmed  in  on  all  sides,  surrendered  (January 
15,  1865).  One  knows  not  which  to  admire  the  more,  the 
gallantry  of  the  attack  or  the  heroism  of  the  defense.  In 
such  a  victory  is  glory,  and  in  such  a  defeat,  no  disgrace. 

The  Blockade  was  now  so  effectual  that  the  prices  of  all 
imported  goods  in  the  Confederate  States  were  fabulous.*  Led 
by  the  enormous  profits  of  a  successful  voj^age,  foreign  mer- 
chants were  constantly  seeking  to  run  the  gauntlet.  Their 
swift  steamers,  long,  narrow,  low,  of  a  mud  color,  and  making 
no  smoke,  occasionally  escaped  the  vigilance  of  the  Federal 
squadron.  During  the  war,  it  is  said,  over  fifteen  hundred 
blockade  runners  were  taken  or  destroyed.  With  the  capture 
of  Fort  Fisher,  the  last  Confederate  port  of  entry  was  sealed. 

*  Flour  brought,  in  Confederate  currency,  $40  per  barrel ;  calico,  $30  per  yard ; 
coffee,  850  per  pound ;  French  gloves,  $150  per  pair ;  and  black  pepper,  $300  per  pound. 
Dried  sago,  raspberry,  and  other  leaves  were  substituted  for  the  costly  tea.  Woolen 
clothing  was  scarce,  and  the  army  depended  largely  on  captures  of  the  ample  Federal 
stores.  Pins  were  so  rare  that  they  were  picked  up  with  avidity  in  the  streets.  Paper 
was  so  expensive  that  matches  could  no  longer  be  put  in  boxes.  Sugar,  butter,  and 
white  bread  became  luxuries  even  for  the  wealthy.  Salt  being  a  necessity,  was  econ- 
omized to  the  last  degree,  old  pork  and  fish  barrels  being  soaked  and  tho  water  evapo- 
rated so  that  not  a  grain  of  salt  might  be  wasted.  Women  wore  garments  that  were 
made  of  cloth  carded,  woven,  spun,  and  dyed  by  their  own  hands.  Large  thorns  were 
fitted  with  wax  heads  and  made  to  serve  as  hair-pins.  Shoes  were  manufactured 
with  wooden  soles,  to  which  the  uppers  were  attached  by  means  of  small  tacks.  As 
a  substitute  for  the  expensive  gas,  the  "  Confederate  candle  "  was  used.  This  con- 
sisted of  a  long  wick  coated  with  wax  and  resin,  and  wound  on  a  little  wooden  frame, 
at  the  top  of  which  was  nailed  a  bit  of  tin.  The  end  of  the  wick  being  passed  through 
ft  hole  in  the  tin,  was  lighted  and  uncoiled  as  needed. 


268  EPOCH     V.  [1864. 

Confederate  Cruisers  had  now  practically  driven  the 
American  commerce  from  the  ocean.  They  were  not  priva- 
teers, like  those  named  on  p.  222,  for  they  were  built  in  En- 
gland and  manned  by  British  sailors,  and  were  only  officered 

and  commissioned  by 
the  Confederate  govern- 
ment. They  sailed  to  and 
fro  upon  the  track  of 
American  ships,  recklessly 
plundering  and  burning, 
or  else  bonding  them  for 

SINKIXQ   TI1E  ALABAMA. 

heavy  sums. 

The  Alabama  was  the  most  noted  of  these  British  steam- 
ers. Against  the  urgent  remonstrances  of  the  United 
States  Minister  at  the  Court  of  England,  she  was  allowed 
to  sail,  although  her  mission  was  well  known.  An  English 
captain  took  her  to  the  Azores,  where  other  English  ves- 
sels brought  her  arms,  ammunition,  and  the  Confederate 
Captain  Semmes  with  additional  men.  Putting  out  to 
sea,  he  read  his  commission  and  announced  his  purpose. 
After  capturing  over  sixty  vessels,  he  sailed  to  Cherbourg, 
France.  While  there,  he  sent  out  a  challenge  to  the  national 
ship-of-war  KEABSARGE  (keer'  sarj).  This  was  accepted,  and 
a  battle  took  place  off  that  harbor.  Captain  Winslow,  of 
the  Kearsarge,  so  maneuvered  that  the  Alabama  was  com- 
pelled to  move  round  in  a  circular  track,  while  he  trained 
his  guns  upon  her  with  fearful  effect.  On  the  seventh  rota- 
tion, the  Confederate  vessel  ran  up  the  white  flag  and  soon 
after  sunk.  Captain  Winslow  rescued  a  part  of  the  sinking 
crew,  and  others  were  picked  up,  at  his  request,  by  the 
Deer-hound,  an  English  yacht ;  but  this  vessel  steamed  off 
to  the  British  coast  with  those  she  had  saved,  among  whom 
was  Captain  Semmes. 


1864.]  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  269 

The  Sanitary  and  Christian  Commissions  were  "  splen- 
did examples  of  organized  mercy  ",  furnished  by  the  people 
of  the  North.  They  devised  and  provided  every  possible 
comfort  for  the  sick  and  wounded,  besides  distributing 
religious  reading  to  every  soldier  in  the  field.  Ambulances, 
stretchers,  hot  coffee,  postage-stamps,  paper  and  envelopes, 
prayer-meetings,  medicines,  Christian  burial,  —  no  want  of 
body  or  soul  was  overlooked.  "  Homes  "  and  "  Lodges  "  for 
men  on  sick-leave,  and  for  those  not  yet  under  or  just  out  of 
the  care  of  the  government,  or  who  had  been  left  by  their 
regiments ;  "  Feeding  Stations  "  for  the  tired  and  hungry  ; 
and  even  "  Homes  for  the  Wives,  Mothers,  and  Children  of 
Soldiers  "  who  had  come  to  visit  their  sick  or  wounded  were 
established.  On  every  flag-of-truce  boat,  were  placed  cloth- 
ing, medicines,  and  cordials  for  the  prisoners  who  had  been 
exchanged.  "With  boundless  mercy,  they  cared  for  all  while 
living,  and  gave  Christian  burial  and  marked  graves  to  the 
dead.  Over  seventeen  millions  of  dollars  in  money  and 
supplies  were  expended  by  these  two  Commissions. 

Political  Affairs. — At  the  North,  there  was  much  dissat- 
isfaction with  the  conduct  of  the  war.  The  debt  had  become 
about  $2,000,000,000.  In  July  of  this  year,  paper  money 
reached  its  greatest  depreciation,  and  it  required  two  dollars 
and  ninety  cents  in  greenbacks  to  buy  one  dollar  in  gold. 
It  was  at  the  time  of  Grant's  repulse  from  Cold  Harbor 
and  of  Early's  raid.  Yet,  in  the  midst  of  these  discour- 
agements, Abraham  Lincoln  was  renominated  by  the 
republican  party.  George  B.  McClellan  was  the  demo- 
cratic candidate;  he  stood  firmly  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  war,  and  the  maintenance  of  the  Union,  but  was  not 
in  full  sympathy  with  the  policy  of  the  administration. 
He  carried  only  three  States.  Lincoln  had  a  popular  ma- 
jority of  over  four  hundred  thousand. 


270  EPOCH    V.  [1864 

General  Review  of  the  Fourth  Year  of  the  War. — The 
Confederates  had  gained  the  battles  of  Olustee,*  Sabine 
Cross  Roads,  Bermuda  Hundred,  Spottsylvania,  New  Market, 
Cold  Harbor,  and  Monocacy  River ;  they  had  defeated  the 
expeditions  into  Florida  and  the  Red  River  country,  the 
two  attacks  upon  Petersburg,  and  one  against  Fort  Fisher, 
and  yet  held  Grant  at  bay  before  Richmond.  They  had, 
however,  lost  ground  on  every  side.  Of  the  States  east  of 
the  Mississippi,  only  North  and  South  Carolina  were  fully 
retained.  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  Geor- 
gia, and  Florida  were  overrun  by  the  Union  armies.  The 
Federals  had  gained  the  battles  of  Pleasant  Hill,  Resaca, 
Dallas,  Kenesaw,  Atlanta,  Winchester,  Fisher's  Hill,  Cedar 
Creek,  and  Nashville.  They  had  captured  Fort  de  Russy, 
the  forts  in  Mobile  harbor,  and  Fort  McAlister,  and  had 
taken  Atlanta  and  Savannah.  Sherman  had  swept  across 
Georgia  ;  Sheridan  had  devastated  the  Shenandoah,  driving 
its  defenders  before  him ;  Thomas  had  annihilated  Hood's 
army ;  Grant  held  Lee  firmly  grasped  at  Richmond,  and 
the  navy  swept  the  entire  coast. 

1865. 

The  Situation. — The  plan  of  the  campaign  was  very  sim- 
ple. The  end  of  the  war  was  clearly  at  hand.  Sherman  was 
to  move  north  from  Savannah  against  Johnston,  and  then 
join  Grant  in  the  final  attack  upon  Lee.  Sheridan,  with  ten 
thousand  troopers,  had  swept  down  from  the  Shenandoah, 
cut  the  railroads  north  of  Richmond,  and  taken  his  place 

*  This  battle  ended  an  expedition  fitted  out  by  General  Gillmore,  at  Hilton  Head, 
S.  C.,  to  recover  Florida.  After  some  success,  his  troops,  under  General  Seymour, 
advanced  to  Olustee,  where  (February  20)  they  met  a  disastrous  defeat  and  were 
forced  to  relinquish  much  they  had  gained.  The  men  were  afterward  taken  to  Vir- 
ginia to  engage  in  more  important  work. 


1865.] 


THE     CIVIL    WAR. 


271 


in  the  Union  lines  before  Petersburg.  Wilson,  with  thirteen 
thousand  horsemen,  rode  at  large  through  Alabama  and 
Georgia,  and  at  Macon  held  a  line  of  retreat  from  Virginia 
westward.  Stoneman,  with  five  thousand  cavalry  from 
Tennessee,  poured  through  the  passes  of  the  Alleghanies 
and  waited  in  North  Carolina  for  the  issue  in  Virginia. 


SHERMAN'S  ARMY  OTT  ITS  MARCH  TO  THE  SEA. 

Sherman's  March  through  the  Carolinas.— In  the  mean- 
time, Sherman  had  given  his  troops  only  a  month's  rest  in 
Savannah.  Early  in  February,  they  were  put  in  motion 
northward.  There  was  no  waiting  for  roads  to  dry  nor  for 
bridges  to  be  built,  but  the  troops  swept  on  like  a  tornado. 
Rivers  were  waded,  and  "  one  battle  was  fought  while  the 
water  was  up  to  the  shoulders  of  the  men  ".  The  army,  sixty 
thousand  strong,  moved  in  four  columns,  with  a  front  of 


272  EPOCH    V.  [1865. 


fifty  miles.  Cavalry  and  foragers  swarmed  on  the 
flanks.  Before  them  was  terror  ;  behind  them  were  ashes. 

Columbia  was  captured  (Feb.  17).  That  night,  nearly  the 
entire  city  was  burned  to  the  ground.  Charleston,  threat- 
ened in  the  rear,  was  evacuated  the  next  day.  In  this  emer- 
gency, Johnston  was  recalled  to  the  command  of  the  Confed- 
erates. He  gathered  the  scattered  troops  and  vigorously 
opposed  Sherman's  advance.  After  fierce  engagements  at 
AVERYSBORO  and  BENTONTILLE,  he  was  driven  back.  While 
Johnston  was  now  guarding  the  route  to  Raleigh,  Sherman 
pressed  forward  to  Goldsboro,  in  order  to  join  Schofield, 
who  had  made  his  way  thither  from  Wilmington,  and 
Terry,  who  had  come  up  from  New  Bern.  Soon,  the  three 
armies  united,  and  100,000  men  upheld  the  flag  of  the  Union 
along  the  banks  of  the  JSTeuse.*  Sherman  then  went  to  City 
Point,  to  arrange  with  Grant  the  plan  of  the  final  struggle. 

Siege  of  Richmond.  —  Lee's  position  was  fast  becoming 
desperate.  His  only  hope  lay  in  getting  out  of  Richmond  and 
joining  with  Johnston.  Their  united  armies  might  prolong 
the  struggle.  Grant  was  determined  to  prevent  this,  and 
compel  Lee  to  surrender,  as  he  had  forced  Pemberton  to  do. 

Attack  on  Fort  Steadman  (March  25).  —  Lee  decided  to 
attack  Grant's  line,  in  order  to  hide  his  plan  of  retreat,  and 
especially  in  the  hope  that  Grant  would  send  troops  from  the 

"V"^*" 

c  left  to  succor  the  threatened  point.  In  that  case,  he  would 
slip  out,  with  the  main  body  of  his  army,  by  the  nearest  road 
southward,  which  ran  close  by  the  Union  left.  The  assault 
was  made  on  Fort  Steadman,  but  it  was  a  signal  failure. 
Three  thousand  out  of  five  thousand  engaged  in  the  attempt 

*  The  distance  traversed  by  the  army  in  going  from  Savannah  to  Goldsboro  was 
about  425  miles.  The  country  was  generally  wild  and  swampy.  To  make  the  mud 
roads  passable,  each  columa  "  corduroyed  "  with  rails  and  logs  over  a  hundred  miles, 
besides  building  bridges  across  the  many  streams  and  rivers.  Yet  in  fifty  days  after 
breaking  camp  upon  the  Savannah,  the  troops  bivouacked  upon  the  Neuse. 


1865.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  273 

were  lost.  To  make  matters  worse,  a  Union  assault  followed 
directly  afterward,  and  a  portion  of  the  Confederate  outer 
defenses  was  captured.  Thus  Grant's  grip  was  only  tight- 
ened. He  had  made  no  change  in  the  position  of  his  troops, 
and  this  sortie  neither  hastened  nor  delayed  the  grand  final 
attack. 

Battle  of  Five  Forks  (April  1). — This  movement  began 
ednesday  morning,  March  29.  Sheridan  with  his  cavalry 
j— nine  thousand  sabers,  and  heavy  columns  of  infantry, 
pushed  out  from  Grant's  left  wing,  to  get  around  in  Lee's 
j"rear.  Cloaking  his  plan  by  a  thick  screen  of  cavalry  to  con- 
>  ceal  the  movements  of  his  infantry,  he  threw  a  heavy  force 
\^)  behind  the  Confederate  position  at  FIVE  FORKS.*  Assailed 
in  front  and  rear,  the  garris'on  was  overwhelmed,  and  five 
thousand  men  were  taken  prisoners. 

The  Effect  of  this  brilliant  affair  was  at  once  to  render 
Lee's  position  untenable.  His  right  was  turned  and  his  rear 
threatened. 

Capture  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond  (April  2,  3). — The 
next  morning,  at  four  o'clock,  the  Union  army  advanced  in  an 
overwhelming  assault  along  the  whole  front.  By  noon,  the 
Confederate  line  of  intrenchments,  before  which  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  had  lain  so  long,  was  broken,  and  thousands 
of  prisoners  were  captured.  That  night,  Petersburg  and 
Richmond  were  evacuated.  The  next  mcrning,  the  Union 
troops  took  possession  of  the  Confederate  capital,!  the 

*  Five  Forks  is  situated  twelve  miles  south-west  from  Petersburg.  (See  map  oppo- 
site p.  223,  and  of  VTth  Epoch.) 

t  Sunday,  the  day  before,  the  Confederate  President,  Davis,  was  at  church,  when  a 
note  was  handed  him  by  a  messenger.  It  was  from  Lee,  informing  him  that  the  Con- 
federate army  was  about  to  leave  Richmond.  His  pallid  face  and  unsteady  footsteps, 
as  he  passed  out,  betrayed  the  news.  Pollard  says :  "  Men,  women,  and  children 
rushed  from  the  churches,  passing  from  lip  to  lip  news  of  the  impending  fall  of  Rich- 
mond. .  ...  It  was  late  in  the  afternoon  when  the  signs  of  evacuation  became 
apparent  to  the  incredulous.  Suddenly,  as  if  by  magic,  the  streets  became  filled  with 
men,  walking  as  though  for  a  wager,  and  behind  them  excited  negroes  with  trunks, 


EPOCH     V.  [1868. 

coveted  goal  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  for  four  long 
bloody  years. 

Lee's  Surrender. — Meanwhile,  Lee,  having  only  the 
wreck  of  that  proud  array  with  which  he  had  dealt  the  Union 
army  so  many  crushing  blows,  hurried  west,  seeking  some 
avenue  of  escape.  Grant  urged  the  pursuit  with  untiring 
energy.  Sheridan,  "  with  a  terrible  daring  which  knew  no 
pause,  no  rest ",  hung  on  his  flanks.  Food  now  failed  the 
Confederates,  and  they  could  get  only  the  young  shoots  of 
trees  to  eat.  If  they  sought  a  moment's  repose,  they  were 
awakened  by  the  clatter  of  pursuing  cavalry.  Lee,  like  a 
hunted  fox,  turned  hither  and  thither ;  but,  at  last,  Sheridan 
planted  himself  squarely  across  the  front.  Lee  ordered  a 
charge.  His  half-starved  troops,  with  a  rallying  of  their  old 
courage,  obeyed.  But  the  cavalry  moving  aside,  as  a  curtain 
is  drawn,  revealed  dense  bodies  of  infantry  in  battle  line, 
The  Civil  War  was  about  to  end  in  one  of  its  bloodiest  trage- 
dies, when  the  Confederate  advance  was  stopped.  General 
Grant  had  already  sent  in  a  note  demanding  the  surrender 
of  the  army.  Lee  accepted  the  terms ;  *  and,  in  the  after- 
noon of  April  9,  the  remains  of  the  Army  of  Virginia  laid 

bundles,  and  luggage  of  every  description.  All  over  the  city,  it  was  the  same — wagons, 
trunks,  bandboxes,  and  their  owners,  a  mass  of  hurrying  fugitives  filling  the  streets. 
Night  came,  and  with  it  confusion  worse  confounded.  There  was  no  sleep  for  human 
eyes  in  Richmond  that  night.  About  the  hour  of  midnight,  hundreds  of  barrels  of 
liquor  were  rolled  intc  the  street,  and  the  heads  knocked  in,  by  order  of  the  City 
Council,  to  prevent  a  worse  disorder.  As  the  work  progressed,  some  straggling  sol- 
diers managed  to  get  hold  of  a  quantity  of  the  liquor.  Prom  that  moment,  law  and 
order  ceased  to  exist."  By  order  of  General  Ewell,  the  four  principal  tobacco  ware- 
houses, in  different  parts  of  the  city,  were  fired,  and  soon  the  flames  became  unman- 
ageable. "  Morning  broke  upon  a  scene  such  as  those  who  witnessed  it  can  never 
forget.  The  roar  of  an  immense  conflagration  sounded  in  their  ears ;  tongues  of  flame 
leaped  from  street  to  street ;  and  in  this  baleful  glare  were  to  be  seen,  as  of  demons, 
the  figures  of  busy  plunderers,  moving,  pushing,  rioting  through  the  black  smoke, 
bearing  away  every  conceivable  sort  of  plunder." 

*  The  officers  and  men  were  allowed  to  go  home  on  their  paroles  not  to  take  up 
arms  against  the  "United  States  until  exchanged,  and  the  former  to  retain  their  pri- 
vate baggage  and  horses.  After  the  surrender  had  been  concluded.  General  Lee  said 


1865.J  THE     CIVIL    WAR.  275 

down  their  arms  near  Appomattox  Court  House,  and  then 
turned  homeward,  no  longer  Confederate  soldiers,  but 
American  citizens. 

The  Effect. — This  closed  the  war.  The  other  Confederate 
armies  promptly  surrendered.*  Jefferson  Davis  fled  south- 
ward, hoping  to  escape,  but  was  overtaken  near  Irwinsville, 
Georgia  (May  10),  and  sent  a  prisoner  to  Fort  Monroe 

Cost  of  the  War. — In  the  Union  armies,  probably  three 
hundred  thousand  men  were  killed  in  battle  or  died  of 
wounds  or  disease,  while  doubtless  two  hundred  thousand 
more  were  crippled  for  life.  If  the  Confederate  armies 
suffered  as  heavily,  the  country  thus  lost  one  million  able- 
bodied  men.  The  Union  debt,  when  largest  (Aug.  31, 
1865),  was  $2,844,000,000.  The  Confederate  war  debts 
were  never  paid,  as  that  government  was  overthrown. 

Assassination  of  Lincoln.  —  In  the  midst  of  the  uni- 
versal rejoicings  over  the  advent  of  peace,  on  the  evening  of 
April  1 4  the  intelligence  was  flashed  over  the  country  that 
Lincoln  had  been  assassinated,  f  While  seated  with  his 
wife  and  friends  in  his  box  at  Ford's  Theater,  he  was 
shot  by  John  Wilkes  Booth, J  who  insanely  imagined  he 

that  he  had  forgotten  to  mention  that  many  of  his  soldiers  rode  their  own  horses. 
Grant  at  once  replied  that  such  should  keep  their  horses  to  aid  them  in  their  future 
•work  at  home.  The  two  armies  so  fiercely  opposed  for  four  years  parted  with  no 
words  but  those  of  sympathy  and  respect — an  assured  presage  of  a  day  when  all  the 
wounds  of  the  cruel  war  should  be  fully  healed.  The  Confederate  accounts  place  the 
number  who  surrendered  at  8,000.  The  Federal  authorities,  however,  state  that 
28,350  officers  and  men  were  paroled  at  Appomattox  C.  H.,  and  22,633  small  arms 
were  given  up.  The  total  number  paroled  from  all  the  Confederate  armies  was 
174,223. 

*  The  last  flght  of  the  war  happened  near  Brazos  Santiago,  Texas,  May  13.  A  small 
expedition  sent  out  to  surprise  a  Confederate  camp  was  overtaken,  on  its  return,  by  a 
larger  force  and  defeated  with  a  loss  of  eighty  men. 

t  A  nearly  fatal  attempt  was  also  made  at  the  same  time  upon  William  H.  Seward, 
Secretary  of  State,  who  was  lying  sick  in  his  bed  at  home. 

$  Booth  stealthily  entered  the  box,  fastened  the  door,  that  he  might  not  be  followed, 
shot  the  President,  then,  waving  his  pistol,  shouted,  "  Sic  semper  tyrannis  "  (so  be  it 
always  to  tyrants),  and  leaped  to  the  stage  in  front.  As  he  jumped,  the  American 


276 


EPOCH    V. 


[1865. 


was  ridding  his  country  of  a  tyrant.  The  stricken  President 
was  carried  to  a  private  house  near  by,  where,  about  his 
unconscious  body,  gathered  the  most  prominent  men  of 
the  nation,  who  mourned  and  watched,  waiting  in  vain  for 
some  sign  of  recognition,  until  the  next  morning,  when  he 


DEATH   OF   UtNKKAL  J.    E. 


died.  The  funeral  was  held  on  the  19th.  It  was  a  day  of 
mourning  throughout  the  land.  In  most  of  the  cities  and 
towns,  funeral  orations  were  pronounced.  The  body  was 
borne  to  Springfield  over  the  same  route  along  which  Lin- 
coln had  come  as  President  elect  to  Washington.  The 

flag  draped  before  the  box — mute  avenger  of  the  nation's  chief, — caught  his  spur,  and, 
throwing  him  heavily,  broke  his  leg.  The  assassin,  however,  escaped  in  the  confu- 
sion, mounted  a  horse  waiting  for  him,  and  fled  into  Maryland.  He  was  at  length 
overtaken  in  a  barn  near  Bowling  Green,  Va.,  where  he  stood  at  bay.  The  building 
was  flred  to  drive  him  out,  but,  being  determined  to  defend  himself  against  arrest,  he 
was  shot  by  one  of  the  soldiers.  The  accomplices  of  Booth  were  arrested,  tried,  and 
convicted.  Harold,  Payne,  Atzerott,  and  Mrs.  Surratt  were  hanged  ;  Arnold,  Mudd, 
and  O'Laughlin  wore  imprisoned  for  life ;  and  Spangler  was  sentenced  for  six  years. 


1865.]  THE     CIVIL     WAR.  277 

procession  may  be  said  to  have  extended  the  entire  dis- 
tance. The  churches,  principal  buildings,  and  even  the 
engines  and  cars  were  draped  in  black.  Almost  every  citi- 
zen wore  the  badge  of  mourning,/  -  —  - 

States  Added  during  this  Epoch.  —  West  Virginia,  the 
thirty-fifth  State,  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  June  19, 
1863.  During  the  Civil  War,  this  portion  of  Virginia  re- 
maining loyal,  it  was  organized  as  a  separate  State. 

Nevada,  the  thirty-sixth  State,  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  October  31,  1864.  Its  name  was  derived  from  the 
range  of  mountains  on  the  west,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  a  Span- 
ish title,  signifying  "  Snow-covered  mountains  ".  It  was  the 
third  State  carved  out  of  the  territory  acquired  by  the 
Mexican  war,  Texas  being  the  first,  and  California  the  sec- 
ond. Its  first  settlement  was  at  Carson  City.  It  is  one  of 
the  richest  mineral  States  in  the  Union. 


CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1861.  Abraham  Lincoln  inaugurated,  March  4     ........  215 

Port  Sumter  fired  upon,  April  12    ..........  216 

Massachusetts  troops  fired  upon  in  Baltimore,  April  19         ....  217 

Battle  of  Philippi,  Va.,  June  3         ..........  218 

Big  Bethel,  Va.,  June  10  ..........  218 

Boonville,  Mo.,  June  17    ..........  221 

Carthage,  Mo.,  July  5       .....       ......  221 

Rich  Mountain,  Va.,  July  11  .........  218 

Carrick's  Ford,  Va.,  July  14   .........  218 

Battle  of  Bull  Run,  Va.,  July  21     ..........  219 

"         Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  August  10    ........  221 

Forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet,  N.  C.,  captured,  August  29         .....  222 

Battle  of  Carnifex  Ferry,  Va.,  September  10      .......  218 

"         Lexington,  Mo.,  September  20       ........  221 

"         Ball's  Bluff,  Va.,  October  21  ......       ...  220 

Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  taken,  November  7    .........  222 

Battle  of  Belmont,  Mo.,  November  7     .........  221 

Seizure  of  Mason  and  Slidell,  November  8  .......  223 

Skirmish  of  Dranesville,  Va.,  December  30        .......  221 

1862.  Battle  of  Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  January  19        ........  224 

Fort  Henry,  Tenn.,  taken,  February  6  ....,,,,,  224 


278  EPOCH    V.  [1862. 

PAGE 

1862.  Roanoke  Island,  N.  C.,  taken,  February  8 232 

Port  Donelson,  Tenn.,  taken,  February  16 225 

Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  March  7,  8 230 

"      of  the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac,  March  9 233 

New  Bern,  N.  C.,  taken,  March  14 232 

Battle  of  Shiloh  (Pittsburg  Landing),  Tenn.,  April  6,  7 225 

Island  No.  10  captured,  April  7 227 

Fort  Pulaski,  Ga.,  captured,  April  11 233 

New  Orleans  captured,  April  25 230 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  captured,  April  25        .              232 

Yorktown,  "Va.,  taken,  May  4 235 

Battle  of  "Williamsburg,  Va.,  May  5 236 

Norfolk,  Va.,  surrendered,  May  10 235 

Corinth,  Miss.,  taken,  May  30 227 

Battle  of  Fair  Oaks  or  Seven  Pines,  Va.,  May  31,  June  1       ....  238 

Memphis,  Tenn.,  surrendered,  June  6 227 

Seven-Days  battles,  June  2  5- July  1 239 

Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Va.,  August  9 240 

Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  Va.,  August  29,  30 241 

Battle  of  Richmond,  Ky.,  August  30 228 

"         Chantilly,  Va.,  September  1 241 

"         South  Mountain,  Md.,  September  14 241 

Harper's  Ferry  surrendered,  September  15 241 

Battle  of  Antietam,  Md.,  September  17 241 

"         luka,  Miss.,  September  19 228 

"         Corinth,  Miss.,  October  4 228 

"         Perryville,  Ky.,  October  8                      228 

"         Fredericksburg,  Va.,  December  13 242 

First  attack  on  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  December  29 230 

Battle  of  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  December  31,  and  January  2, 1863    .       .  229 

1863.  Emancipation  Proclamation,  January  1 242,  244 

Arkansas  Post  taken,  January  11 230 

Fort  Sumter,  S.  C.,  bombarded  by  fleet,  April  7        .       .     '.       .       .  254,255 

Grant's  campaign  before  Vicksburg,  May  1-17 244 

Battle  of  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  2,  3 250 

"West  Virginia  admitted  to  the  Union,  June  19 218,  277 

Battle  of  Gettysburg,  Penn.,  July  1-3 252 

Vicksburg,  Miss.,  surrendered,  July  4 245 

Port  Hudson  surrendered,  July  8 245 

Draft  Riot  in  New  York  City,  July  13-16 252 

Fort  "Wagner,  S.  C.,  taken,  September  7 254 

Battle  of  Chickamauga,  Ga.,  September  19,  20 246 

"         Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  November  24, 25 247 

Siege  of  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  raised,  December  4 250 

1864.  Battle  of  Olustee,  Fla.,  February  20 270 

I  ort  de  Russy  captured,  March  14 265 

Fort  Pillow,  Tenn.,  captured,  April  12 265 

Butler  landed  at  Bermuda  Hundred,  May  5 262 

Battle  pf  Wilderness,  Va.,  May  5,  6 260 


1864]  CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY.  279 

PAGE 

1864.  Battle  of  Spottsylvania,  Va.,  May  8-12 260 

Resaca,  Ga.,  May  14, 15 257 

"         New  Market,  Va.,  May  15 261 

"         Dallas,  May  25-28 357 

"         Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  June  3 261 

"         Lost  Mountain,  Ga.,  June  15-17 257 

Battle  between  the  Kearsarge  and  the  Alabama,  June  19     ....  268 

Battle  of  Kenesaw  Mt.,  Ga.,  June  27 \  257 

"         Monocacy,  Md.,  July  9 263 

Battles  before  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  20,  22,  28 257 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  burned,  July  30 264 

Mine  explosion,  Petersburg,  Va.,  July  30 262 

Farragut  entered  Mobile  Bay,  Ala.,  August  5 266 

"Weldon  Railroad  seized,  August  18 263 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  taken,  September  2 257 

Battle  of  Winchester,  Va.,  September  19 264 

"         Fisher 's  Hill,  Va.,  September  22 264 

"         Cedar  Creek,  Va.,  October  19 264 

Nevada  admitted  to  the  "Union,  October  31 277 

Fort  McAlister,  Ga.,  taken,  December  13 259 

Battle  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  December  15,  10 258 

1865.  Fort  Fisher,  N.  C.,  taken,  January  15 267 

Columbia,  S.  C.,  taken,  February  17 272 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  taken,  February  18 272 

Battles  of  Averysboro  and  Bentonville,  N.  C.,  March  15, 18         ...  272 

Attack  on  Fort  Steadman,  Va.,  March  25 272 

Battle  of  Five  Forks,  Va.,  April  1  .       .       . 273 

Petersburg  and  Richmond  taken,  April  2,  3 273 

Lee's  army  surrendered,  April  9 274,  275 

President  Lincoln  assassinated,  April  14 275 

Johnston's  army  surrendered,  April  26 

Jefferson  Davis  captured,  May  10  ., 275 


REFERtNCES    FOR    READING. 

Draper,  Greeley,  Stephens,  Abbott,  Pollard,  Lossing,  and  Headley  on  the  Civil  War.— Nich- 
ols'1 Story  of  the  Great  March. — Swintori's  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  Twelve  Decisive  Battles.— 
DaJbney's  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson. — Badeau's  Military  History  of  General  Grant. — Headley's 
Farragut,  and  Our  Naval  Commanders.— Coffin's  Days  and  Nights  on  the  Battle  Field.— Boyn- 
toris  American  Navy.— Stilled  IRstory  of  the  Sanitary  Commission.— Johnston's  Narrative  of 
Military  Operations.— Harper's  Pwtorial  History  of  the  War.—DuyckincK's  History,  and  Lives 
of  Eminent  Americans.— Harrington 's  Inside.— GUlmore's  Among  the  Guerrillas,  and  Down  in 
Tennessee.— W.  G.Simms'  War  Poetry  of  the  South.— Richardson's  Field,  Dungeon,  and  Escape. 
—Hotchkiss  and  Allan's  Battle  Fields  of  Virginia.— Early' s  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.— 
Whittier's  In  War  Time  (Poem).— Cooke's  Life  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee.— Memoirs  of  Gen. 
W.  T.  Sherman. — Davis''  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Southern  Confederacy. — A  Series  of  Articles  on 
the  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,  Century  Magazine,  Vol.  29.— Campaigns  of  the  Civil 
War.— Coffin's  "  The  Boys  of  '61."— Personal  Memoirs  of  General  IT.  S.  Grant. 


280 


BLACKBOARD     ANALYSIS. 


'  1.  Inauguration  of  Lincoln. 

2.   Condition  of  the  Country. 

3.  Capture  of  Fort  Sumter. 

"  1.  Capture  of  Arlington  Heights. 

-  . 

2.  Battle  of  Big  Bethel.               ,  a_  Genera[  McClellan_ 

<o  «. 

00 

4.  War  in  Virginia. 

3.  Campaign  in  West  Virginia,  i   b.  General  Rosecrans. 
4.  Battle  of  Bull  Kun.                 >  c'  Gencral  Lee- 

r-l 

5.  Ball's  Bluff. 

5.  War  in  Missouri. 

6.  War  on  the  Sea  and  (  }•  ^Expeditions. 

the  Coast.                    \  3.  Trent  Affair. 

.7.  General  Review  of  the  First  Year  of  the  War. 

'1.  The  Situation. 

'  1.  The  Federal  Strategy. 

2.  Capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson. 

3.  Battle  of  Shiloh. 

4.  Capture  of  Island  No.  10. 

2.  War  in  the  West. 

5.  Bragg's  Expedition. 

6.  Battles  of  luka  and  Corinth. 

7.  Battle  of  Murfreesboro. 

8.  First  Vicksburg  Expedition. 

9    War  in  Missouri 

f  1.  Capture  of  New  Orleans. 
8.    War    on    the    Sea  aild   1   2.  Burnside's  Expedition. 

the  Coast.                    |  3-  Florida  and  Georgia  Expeditions. 

« 

I  4.  Merrimac  and  Monitor.               a    ^           Yorktmen. 

CD  •< 

b.  Battle  of  miliamsburg. 

00 

1  c.  Richmond  Threatened. 

rH 

. 

'  1.  The  Peninsular  Campaign.    4  d.  Jackson  in  the  Shenandoah 

• 

\  e.  Battle  of  Fair  Oaks. 

PH 

t.   The  Union  Army  Checked. 

•'"" 

I  g.  Seven-Days  Battles. 

r*" 

f  a.  The  Situation. 

* 

4.  War  in  the  East. 

2.  Campaign  against  Pope.        <  b.  Lee's  Plan. 
L  c.  Second  Battle  of  Bull  Kun. 

.  "i 

f  a.  The  Situation. 

r 

3   Invasion  of  MarTlanil              J  b-  Battle  of  South  Mountain. 
Maryland.            <  c    Capture  of  Harper's  Ferry. 

H 

.  4.  Battle  of  Fredericksbure.        «•  d'  Battle  °f  Anti<*"m- 

O 

^5.   General  Review  of  the  Second  Year  of  the  War. 

H 

r  1.  The  Situation. 

w. 

2.  Second       Expedition  f  J-  grant's  Plan. 

no-am  at  Vir>VH>inrcr          1   2.  Movement  against  Pemberton. 
against   VICKSDurg.         1,  3.  Siege  of  Vicksburg. 

. 

OS 

to  •< 

00 

3.  War  in  Tennessee  and  /  '•  Snff,sitlia,ii,0.n: 

Oonro-in                        I  2-  Battle  °f  Chickamauga. 
ueorgia.                      |_  s_  Battle  of  Chattanooga. 

rH 

4.  War  in  East  Tennessee. 

H 

K     War.  in   +l,Q  T?oef               5  *•  Battle  of  Chancellorsville.                     ,  ,     ,     .    „,  „ 
5.    War  in  the  East.              }  2.  Lee's  Second  Invasion  of  the  North.  {  »'  ^t'lHf  Gettysburg 

o 

6.  War  on  the  Sea  and  the  Coast. 

PH 

>.  7.  General  Review  of  the  Third  Year  of  the  War. 

H 

'  1.  The  Situation. 

2.  War  in  Tennessee  and 
Georgia. 

'  1.  Advance  upon  Atlanta. 
2.  Capture  of  Atlanta. 
3.  Hood's  Invasion  of  Tenn. 

.  4.  Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea. 

'  1.  Battle  of  the  Wilderness. 

2.  Battle  of  Spottsylvania. 

•*' 

3.  War  in  Virginia. 

1"  lSklCpetrsbubrg:            \  »;  SS^SST" 
£  liaer!y'sRRaiidhm0nd-                  *  *•  ^Xn^heWMon  Railroad 

rH 

.  7.  Sheridan's  Camoaien  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

4.  Red  River  Expedition. 

K     wr,,,           t\.      a            A    f1-  Expedition  against  Mobile. 
5.    War   on   the    Sea   and    1  2.  Expedition  against  Fort  Fisher. 
the  Coast.                  1  S.  The  Blockade. 

I  4.  Confederate  Cruisers. 

6.  The  Sanitary  and  Christian  Commissions. 

7.  Political  Affairs  at  the  North. 

^8.  General  Review  of  the  Fourth  Year  of  the  War. 

'1.  Situation. 

2.  Sherman's  March  through  the  Carolinas. 

f  1.  Lee's  Hope  aud  Grant's  Plan. 

id 

3.  Siege  of  Richmond.     J  £  ^SStaSn^/^""- 

00  " 
v  rH 

I  4.  Capture  of  Petersburg  aud  Richmond, 

4.  Lee's  Surrender. 

5.  Cost  of  the  War. 

6.  Assassination  of  Lincoln. 

^7.  States  added  during  this  Epoch. 

TERRITORIAL 

DEVELOPMENT 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES 

SALE  OF  MILES 


H  ¥1 


*™       RECONSTRUCTION  AND 


PASSING  EVENTS. 


JOHNSON'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(SEVENTEENTH   PRESIDENT:    1865-1869.) 

THE  death  of  Lincoln  produced  no  disorder,  and  within 
three  hours  thereafter  the  Vice-President,  Andrew 
Johnson,  quietly  assumed  the  duties  of  the  Presidency. 

Disbanding-  of  the  Army. — At  the  close  of  the  war,  the 
Union  army  numbered  1,000,000  soldiers.  Within  six 
months,  they  had  nearly  all  returned  home.  Thus  the 
mightiest  host  ever  called  to  the  field  by  a  republic  went 
back  without  disturbance  to  the  tranquil  pursuits  of  civil 
life.  In  a  short  time,  there  was  nothing  to  distinguish  the 
soldier  from  the  citizen,  except  the  recollection  of  his 
bravery.  Other  nations  prophesied  that  such  a  vast  army 

Questions  on  the  Geography  of  the  Sixth  Epoch. — Locate  Raleigh.  Heart's  Con- 
tent, and  St.  John's,  Newfoundland  (see  map,  Epoch  II.).  Alaska.  St.  Albans,  Vt. 
Buffalo.  Mt.  Pleasant,  O.  (map,  Epoch  V.).  West  Point.  Chicago.  Boston.  Duluth. 
Puget's  Sound.  San  Francisco.  Klamath  Lava  Beds,  Oregon. 

*  Andrew  Johnson  was  born  in  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  1808  ;  died,  1875.  When  ten  years 
old,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor.  Never  having  been  at  school,  he  yet  determined  to 
secure  an  education.  From  a  fellow- workman,  he  learned  the  alphabet,  and  from  a 
friend,  something  of  spelling.  Thenceforth,  after  working  ten  to  twelve  hours  per 
day  at  his  trade,  he  spent  two  or  three  hours  every  night  in  study.  In  1826,  he  went 
west  to  seek  his  fortune,  with  true  filial  affection  carrying  with  him  his  mother, 
who  was  dependent  on  his  labor  for  support.  After  his  marriage  at  Greenville,  Tenn. , 


282  EPOCH     VI.  [1865. 

could  not  be  disbanded  peaceably.  The  republic,  by  this 
final  triumph  of  law  and  order,  proved  itself  the  most 
stable  government  in  the  world.* 

Domestic  Affairs. — Reconstruction  Policy  of  the  Presi- 
dent.— Johnson  recognized  the  State  governments  that, 
during  the  war,  had  been  formed  in  Virginia,  Tennessee; 
Arkansas,  and  Louisiana,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Union  army.  In  the  other  States,  he  appointed  provisional 
governors,  and  authorized  the  calling  of  conventions  to 
form  loyal  governments.  These  conventions  accordingly 
met,  repealed  the  ordinances  of  secession,  repudiated  the 
Confederate  war  debt,  and  ratified  the  amendment  which 
Congress  had  offered  abolishing  slavery.  On  these  condi- 
tions, Johnson  claimed  that  the  States,  having  never  been 
legally  out  of  the  Union,  should  be  restored  to  their  rights 
in  the  Union.  He  also  issued  a  proclamation  of  pardon  to 
those  who  had  engaged  in  secession,  except  certain  classes,  f 
on  the  condition  of  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
United  States, 

In  1868,  on  Christmas  day — most  fitting  time  for  deeds 
of  good-will — a  UNIVERSAL  AMNESTY  was  declared. 

The  Thirteenth  Amendment,  abolishing  slavery,  having 
been  ratified  by  the  States,  was  declared  (December  18, 
1865)  duly  adopted  as  a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

he  continued  his  studies  under  the  instruction  of  his  wife,  pursuing  his  trade  as 
before  by  day.  His  political  life  commenced  with  his  election  as  alderman.  He  was 
successively  chosen  mayor,  member  of  legislature,  presidential  elector,  State  senator, 
congressman,  governor,  and  United  States  senator. 

*  A  grand  review  of  the  armies  of  Grant  and  Sherman,  two  hundred  thousand 
strong,  took  place  in  the  presence  of  the  President  and  his  Cabinet.  For  twelve  hours, 
this  triumphal  procession,  thirty  miles  long,  massed  in  solid  column  twenty  men 
deep,  rolled  through  the  broad  avenues  of  the  Capital. 

t  Many  of  the  persons  thus  excluded  obtained  pardons  from  the  President  by  per- 
sonal application.  One  complaint  against  him  was  the  readiness  with  which  he 
granted  such  pardons. 


1865.]  JOHNSON'S   ADMINISTRATION.  283 

Public  Debt. — The  annual  interest  on  the  debt  was  now 
(August  31,  1865)  over  $150,000,000.  The  revenue  from 
duties  on  imported  goods,  taxes  on  manufactures,  incomes, 
etc.,  and  from  the  sale  of  revenue  stamps,  was  $322,000,000. 
This  provided  not  only  for  the  current  expenses  of  the 
government,  and  the  payment  of  interest,  but  also  for  the 
gradual  extinction  of  the  debt.  It  is  a  striking  evidence  of 
the  abundant  resources  of  the  country  that,  in  1866,  be- 
fore all  the  extra  troops  called  out  by  the  war  had  been 
discharged,  the  debt  had  been  diminished  $71,000,000. 

Reconstruction  Policy  of  Congress. — On  the  assembling  of 
Congress,  decided  ground  was  taken  against  the  policy  of 
the  President.  It  was  claimed  that  Congress  alone  had 
power  to  prescribe  the  conditions  for  the  admission  of  the 
seceded  States.  His  proclamation  and  orders  were  treated 
as  of  no  value.  The  Freedmen's  Bureau,  Civil  Rights,  and 
Tenure-of-OfB.ce  bills  *  were  all  passed  over  the  President's 
veto. 

The  Seceded  States  Admitted. — Tennessee  promptly  rati- 
fied the  Fourteenth  Amendment,  and  was  restored  to  her 
former  position  in  the  Union.  The  other  provisional  gov- 
ernments having  refused  to  do  so,  a  bill  was  passed  placing 
those  States  under  military  rule.  The  generals  in  com- 
mand caused  a  registry  of  voters  to  be  made,  and  elections 
to  be  held  for  conventions  to  remodel  the  State  constitu- 
tions. After  a  bitter  and  protracted  struggle,  governments 
were  finally  established  in  Arkansas,  Alabama,  Florida, 
Louisiana,  and  North  and  South  Carolina, f  and  their  repre- 

*  The  first  bill  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a  department  of  the  national 
government  for  the  care  and  protection  of  the  freedmen,  i.e.,  the  emancipated 
slaves,  and  also  of  the  destitute  whites  at  the  South.  The  second  bill  guaranteed  to 
the  negroes  the  rights  of  citizenship.  The  third  bill  made  the  consent  of  the  Senate 
necessary  to  the  removal  by  the  President  of  any  person  from  a  civil  office. 

t  As  a  requisite  demanded  by  Congress  for  holding  office,  every  candidate  was 
obliged  to  swear  that  he  had  not  participated  in  the  secession  movement.  Since 


284  EPOCH     VI.  [1868. 

sentatives  admitted  to  Congress  (1868),  over  the  Presi- 
dent's veto,  after  an  unrepresented  period  of  seven  years: 

Impeachment  of  the  President. — The  constantly-increas- 
ing hostility  between  the  President  arid  Congress  came  to 
an  issue  when  the  former  attempted  to  remove  Edwin  M. 
Stanton,  Secretary  of  War.  This  being  considered  a  viola- 
\  lation  of  the  Tenure-of-Office  bill,  the  impeachment  of  the 
President  was  at  last  ordered  (1868).  After  a  tedious  trial, 
he  was  acquitted,  the  two  thirds  majority  necessary  for 
conviction  lacking  one  vote. 

Tti&  FourteentJi  Amendment  proposed  by  Congress,  guar- 
\^  anteeing  equal  civil  rights  to  all,  regardless  of  race  or  color, 
and  basing  representation  in  each  State  on  the  number  of 
voters,  was  adopted  (July  28,  1868). 

Fenian  Excitement  (1866). — The  Fenians,  a  secret  so- 
ciety organized  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  Ireland  from 
British  rule,  crossed  the  Canadian  frontier  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
and  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  in  large  numbers.  President  Johnson 
issued  a  proclamati9n  declaring  the  movement  a  violation 
of  our  neutrality,  and  sent  thither  General  Meade  to  exe- 
cute the  laws.  After  some  skirmishing  with  British  troops, 
the  expedition  returned. 

Foreign  Affairs. — Purchase  of  Alaska  (October,  1867). — 
Through  the  diplomacy  of  "William  H.  Seward,  Secretary 
of  State,  Alaska  was  purchased  of  Russia  for  $7,200,000 
in  gold.  It  contains  about  500,000  square  miles,  but  is 
principally  valuable  for  its  harbors,  furs,  and  fisheries. 

The  French  in  Mexico. — While  the  United  States  was  ab- 
sorbed in  the  Civil  War,  Napoleon  III.,  Emperor  of  France, 
took  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  secure  a  foothold  in 

few  Southerners  could  take  this  "iron-clad  oath",  as  it  was  termed,  most  of  the 
representatives  were  Northern  men  who  had  gone  south  after  the  war,  and  were, 
therefore,  called  "  carpet-baggers  ". 


1867.] 


JOHNSON'S     ADMINISTRATION. 


285 


America.  By  the  assistance  of  the  French  army,  the  im- 
perialists of  Mexico  defeated  the  liberals,  and  Maximilian, 
Archduke  of  Austria,  was  chosen  emperor.  The  United 
States  government  protested  against  the  measure,  but  was 
unable  to  enforce  the  "Monroe  doctrine".  When  the 
American  people  were  relieved  from  the  pressure  of  civil 
strife,  they  turned  their  attention  to  the  Mexicans  hope- 


LANDING   THE    ATLANTIC  CABLE   AT   HEARTS  CONTENT. 

lessly  struggling  for  liberty,  and  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment demanded  of  Napoleon  the  recall  of  the  French 
troops.  Maximilian,  deprived  of  foreign  aid,  was  defeated, 
and,  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Mexican  liberals,  was 
shot  (June  19,  1867).  This  ended  the  dream  of  French 
dominion  on  this  continent. 

Laying  of  the  Atlantic  Cable. — While  these  great  polit- 
ical events  were  happening,  science  achieved  a  peaceful 
triumph  whose  importance  far  transcended  the  victories  of 


286  EPOCH     VI.  [1866. 

diplomatic  or  military  skill.  A  telegraphic  cable  1,864 
miles  in  length,  was  laid  from  Valentia  Bay,  in  Ireland, 
to  Heart's  Content,  Newfoundland.*  The  two  continents 
were  thus  brought  into  almost  instant  communication. 

Treaty  with  China  (1868).  —  An  embassy  from  the 
Chinese  Empire,  under  the  charge  of  Ansou  Burlingame, 
American  ambassador  to  China,  visited  the  United  States. 
It  was  the  first  event  of  its  kind  in  the  history  of  that 
exclusive  nation.  A  treaty  was  perfected,  granting  to 
us  valuable  commercial  privileges. 

Political  Parties.  —  The  republican  party  nominated 
General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois,  for  President,  and 
Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana,  for  Yice-President.  The 
democratic  party  nominated  Horatio  Seymour,  of  New 
York,  and  General  Frank  P.  Blair,  of  Missouri.  Virginia, 
Mississippi,  and  Texas  were  not  allowed  to  vote.  As  the 
other  Southern  States  had  been  "reconstructed",  had 
granted  negro  suffrage,  and  enforced  a  strict  registry  law, 
they  were  permitted  to  participate  in  the  election.  Grant 
and  Colfax  were  elected. 

*  The  success  of  this  enterprise  was  due  to  the  energy  of  Cyrus  W.  Field.  In 
1850,  the  line  was  finished  from  New  York  to  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  a  distance 
of  over  1,000  miles.  A  company  was  then  formed  with  a  capital  of  about  $1,750,000. 
A  cable  was  made,  but  in  an  attempt  to  lay  it  (August,  1857),  the  cable  parted.  A 
second  attempt,  in  June,  1858,  failed  after  repeated  trials.  A  third  effort,  in  July, 
was  successful.  A  message  was  sent  from  the  Queen  of  England  to  the  President, 
and  a  reply  transmitted.  A  celebration  was  held  in  New  York  in  honor  of  the 
event,  but  on  that  very  day  (September  1)  the  cable  ceased  to  work.  The  time  and 
money  spent  seemed  a  total  loss.  Mr.  Field  alone  was  undismayed.  The  company 
was  revived,  $3,000,000  were  subscribed,  and  a  new  cable  was  manufactured.  In 
July,  1865,  the  Great  Eastern  commenced  laying  this  cable,  but  in  mid-ocean  it 
parted  and  sunk  to  the  bottom.  Again  Mr.  Field  wen  to  work,  raised  a  new  com- 
pany with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000,  and  made  a  third  cable.  The  Great  Eastern 
sailed  with  this  in  June,  1866,  and  successfully  accomplished  the  feat.  To  make 
the  triumph  more  complete,  the  vessel  sailed  back  to  the  very  spot  where  the  cable 
of  1865  had  parted,  and,  dropping  grappling-irons,  caught  the  lost  cable,  brought 
it  to  the  surface,  and,  splicing  it,  laid  the  remaining  portion.  The  two  cables  were 
found  to  work  admirably.  A  dispatch  has  been  sent  across  the  ocean  by  a  battery 
made  in  a  gun-cap. 


1869.]  GRANT'S   ADMINISTRATION.  287 

G-RANT'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(EIGHTEENTH  PRESIDENT— TWO  TERMS:    1869-1877.) 

Domestic  Affairs. — Pacific  Railroad. — The  year  1869 
was  made  memorable  by  the  opening  of  this  road,  which 
completed  the  union  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific. 
The  traveler  can  now  pass  from  New  York  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, a  distance  of  about  3,300  miles,  in  less  than  a  week. 
This  great  highway  has  linked  the  West  to  the  East  by 
iron  bands,  has  carried  thousands  of  pioneers  into  the 
hitherto  wild  country  along  its  route,  developed  fresh 
sources  of  industry  and  mines  of  wealth,  and  opened  the 
United  States  to  the  silks,  teas,  and  spices  of  Asia. 
American  ingenuity  has  solved  the  problem  which  foiled 

*  Hiram  Ulysses  Grant  was  born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Ohio,  April  27,  1822.  He 
was  unwilling  to  follow  his  father's  trade,  that  of  a  tanner,  and,  at  seventeen,  he 
secured  an  appointment  to  West  Point.  His  name  having  been  wrongly  regis- 
tered, Grant  vainly  attempted  to  set  the  matter  right,  but  finally  accepted  his 
"manifest  destiny",  assumed  the  change  thus  forced  upon  him,  and  thenceforth 
signed  himself  "Ulysses  Simpson",  the  latter  being  his  mother's  family  name. 
Two  years  after  completing  his  four-years  course  as  cadet,  the  Mexican  War  broke 
out,  in  which  Grant  conducted  himself  with  great  gallantry,  receiving  especial 
mention  and  promotion.  He  then  retired  to  private  life,  where  ho  remained  until 
the  opening  of  the  Civil  War.  Having  been  appointed  to  command  a  company  of 
volunteers,  he  took  it  to  Springfield,  where  he  became  aid  to  Governor  Tates,  and 
was  finally  commissioned  as  colonel  of  the  21st  Illinois  regiment.  His  military  and 
political  career  was  henceforth  a  part  of  the  country's  history.  A  plain,  quiet, 
gentle,  unostentatious,  reticent  man,  he  attracted  little  attention  to  himself  per- 
sonally. But  his  inflexible  resolution,  that  held  steadily  to  its  purpose  through 
every  delay  and  disaster ;  his  fertility  of  resource  to  meet  each  movement  of  his 
wary  opponents ;  his  power  of  handling  great  masses  of  men,  and  of  maneuvering 
in  concert  the  widely-separated  Federal  armies;  his  unruffled  calmness,  alike  in 
moments  of  defeat  and  of  triumph ;  his  quick  decision  and  prompt  action  in  a  great 
emergency,  as  if  he  had  foreseen  and  prepared  for  it ;  above  all,  his  sublime  faith 
in  his  ultimate  and  perfect  success,  inspired  his  companions-in-arms  with  an  intense 
devotion,  and  made  him  seem  to  them  the  very  "  incarnation  of  the  cause  for  which 
they  were  fighting  ".  After  the  close  of  his  presidential  terms,  he  made  the  tour  of 
the  world.  During  this  extended  journey,  he  was  every-where  received  with 
marked  enthusiasm  and  honor,  and  his  dignified  and  consistent  conduct  shed  luster 
upon  the  country  ho  represented.  He  died  at  Mount  McGregor,  N.  Y.,  July  23, 1885. 
People  from  all  parts  of  the  once-severed  country  united  in  sympathy  for  his  loss. 


288  EPOCH     VI.  [1869. 

Columbus  and  the  olden  navigators.  It  has  made  for 
itself  a  route  to  India. 

The  Fifteenth  Amendment,  which  guarantees  to  all  the 
right  of  suffrage,  irrespective  of  "race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude  ",  having  been  ratified  by  the  requi- 
site number  of  States,  was  formally  announced  as  a  part 
of  the  Constitution  (March  30,  1870). 

Prosperity  of  the  Country. — The  nation  rapidly  recovered 
from  the  effects  of  war.  The  price  of  gold  fell  to  110,  and 
the  national  debt  was  reduced  $200,000,000  during  the 
first  two  years  of  this  administration.  The  bitter  feelings 
engendered  by  fraternal  strife  fast  melted  away.*  The  cen- 
sus of  1 8  70  showed  that  the  population  of  the  United  States 
was  over  38,000,000,  an  increase  of  about  7,000,000,  while 
the  manufacturing  establishments  of  the  country  had  nearly, 
if  not  quite,  doubled  in  number  and  value  during  the  pre- 
ceding decade. 

Fires. — 1.  A  great  fire  broke  out  in  Chicago,  Sunday 
night,  October  8,  1871.  For  two  days,  it  raged  with  tre- 
mendous violence,  devastating  3,000  acres.  Twenty-five 
thousand  buildings  were  burned,  $200,000,000  worth  of 
property  was  destroyed,  and  100,000  persons  were  ren- 


*  Though  the  nation  was  still  agitated  by  political  strife— the  ground-swell,  as  it 
were,  of  the  recent  terrible  storm— the  country  was  rapidly  taking  on  the  appearance 
and  ways  of  peace.  The  South  was  slowly  adjusting  herself  to  the  novel  conditions 
of  free  labor.  The  soldiers  retained  somewhat  their  martial  air ;  but  "  blue-coats  " 
and  "  gray-coats "  were  every- where  to  be  seen  engaged  in  quiet  avocations.  The 
ravages  of  war  were  fast  disappearing.  Nature  had  already  sown  grass  and  quick- 
growing  plants  upon  the  battle-fields  where  contending  armies  had  struggled. 

"  There  were  domes  of  white  blossoms  where  swelled  the  white  tent ; 
There  were  plows  in  the  track  where  the  war-wagons  went ; 
There  were  songs  where  they  lifted  up  Rachel's  lament."— B.  F.  Taylor. 

Strangely  symbolical  of  the  new  era  of  growth  which  had  dawned  on  the  nation,  a 
wanderer  over  the  cannon-plowed  slope  of  Cemetery  Ridge  found  a  broken  drum,  in 
which  a  swarm  of  bees  were  building  their  comb  and  storing  honey  gathered  from 
the  flowers  growing  on  that  soil  so  rich  with  Union  and  Confederate  blood. 


1871.]  GRANT'S     ADMINISTRATION.  289 

dered  homeless.  Contributions  for  the  sufferers  were 
taken  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  over  $7,500,000 
were  raised.  2.  During  the  same  autumn,  wide-spread  con- 
flagrations raged  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and 
Michigan.  Entire  villages  were  consumed.  One  thousand 
five  hundred  people  perished  in  Wisconsin  alone.  3.  An 
extensive  fire  occurred  in  Boston,  November  9,  1872.  It 
swept  over  sixty  acres  in  the  center  of  the  wholesale 
trade  of  that  city,  and  destroyed  $70,000,000  worth  of 
property. 

Foreign  Affairs. — Treaty  of  Washington. — The  refusal  of 
the  English  government  to  pay  for  the  damages  to  American 
commerce  caused  by  the  Alabama  and  other  Confederate 
cruisers  (p.  268),  produced  bitter  feeling,  and  even  threat- 
ened war.  A  high  commission,  composed  of  distinguished 
statesmen  and  jurists  from  both  countries,  met  in  Washing- 
ton, and  arranged  the  basis  of  a  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  settling  this  and  other  causes  of 
dispute  (1871).  According  to  its  provisions,  the  claim  for 
losses  was  submitted  to  a  board  of  arbitrators,  who,  hav- 
ing convened  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  awarded  the  United 
States  $15,500,000.  The  difficulty  with  regard  to  the 
North-western  boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
British  America  was  submitted  to  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
and  was  decided  in  favor  of  the  United  States.  Thus,  hap- 
pily, all  danger  of  war  was  averted,  and  the  great  principle 
of  the  settlement  of  disputes  by  peaceful  arbitration  rather 
than  by  the  sword  was  finally  established. 

Proposed  Annexation  of  San  Domingo.* — This  republic, 

*  The  island  of  San  Domingo  is  the  new  world's  classic  land.  Here  Columbus 
founded  the  first  white  colony  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and,  transporting  hither 
animals,  trees,  shrubs,  vines,  and  grains,  grafted  the  old  world  upon  the  new. 
Hither,  also,  flocked  the  adventurous,  ambitious  Spanish  multitude  (p.  26).  Great 
cities  sprung  up,  rivaling  the  majestic  proportions  of  Moorish  capitals.  Mag- 


290 


EPOCH   -VI. 


[1871. 


comprising  a  large  part  of  the  island  of  Hayti,  applied  for 
admission  to  the  United  States.  A  commission  of  eminent 
men,  appointed  by  the  President  to  visit  the  island  and 
examine  its  condition,  reported  favorably.  The  measure, 
however,  was  rejected  by  Congress. 

Political  Parties. — The  liberal  republican  party,  consist- 
ing of  republicans  opposed  to  the  administration,  nomi- 
nated Horace  Greeley,*  of  New  York,  for  the  presidential 
term  commencing  1873.  The  democratic  party  indorsed 


niflcent  enterprises  were  set  on  foot  and  prospered.  Here  Ponce  de  Leon  renewed 
his  ambition,  and  set  forth  afresh  on  an  expedition  to  Porto  Kico,  and  thence  to 
Florida,  in  search  of  the  Fountain  of  Youth  (p.  26).  A  century  before  Henry  Hud- 
son sailed  up  the  noble  river  that  perpetuates  his  name — more  than  a  century  before 
the  Puritans  landed  at  Plymouth  Rock— the  city  of  San  Domingo  was  a  rich  and 
populous  center  of  industry  and  trade. 

*  Horace  Q-reeley  was  born  at  Amherst,  N.  H.,  1811 ;  died,  1872.  At  two  years  of 
age,  he  began  to  study  the  newspapers  given  him  for  anrasement ;  and  at  four,  could 
read  any  thing  placed  before 
him.  At  six,  he  was  able  to 
spell  any  word  in  the  En- 
glish language,  was  some- 
what versed  in  geography 
and  arithmetic,  and  had  read 
the  entire  Bible.  His  passion 
for  books  increased  with  his 
years,  and,  at  an  early  age, 
he  determined  to  be  a  printer. 
At  fifteen,  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  Northern  Spec- 
tator, in  East  Poultney,  Vt. 
His  wages  were  forty  dollars 
a  year,  the  greater  part  of 
which  was  saved  and  sent  to 
his  father,  then  struggling  in 
poverty  upon  a  farm  in  Penn- 
sylvania. The  Spectator  hav- 
ing failed,  in  1831  Greeley 
went  to  New  York.  He  landed 
with  ten  dollars  and  a  scanty 
outfit  tied  in  a  handkerchief. 
Franklin-like,  he  traversed 

the  streets  in  search  of  work,— a  long,  stooping,  stockingless  figure,  in  linen  round- 
about, short  trousers,  and  drooping  hat,  with  his  out-grown  cotton  wristbands  made 
to  meet  with  twine.  Diligence,  integrity,  and  ability  won  him  a  ready  rise  when 


HORACE   GREELEY,   FOUNDER  OF  THE   TRIBUNE. 


1872.]  GRANT'S    ADMINISTRATION.  291 

this  nomination.  The  republicans  renominated  President 
Grant,  who  was  elected. 

Grant's  Second  Term — Domestic  Affairs. — THE  MODOC 

INDIANS  having  refused  to  stay  upon  their  reservation  in 
Oregon,  troops  were  sent  against  them.  The  savages  there- 
upon retreated  to  their  fastnesses  in  the  Lava  Beds.  The 
peace  commissioners,  hoping  to  arrange  the  difficulty,  held 
a  conference  with  the  chiefs.  In  the  midst  of  the  council, 
the  Indians  treacherously  slew  General  Canby  and  Rev. 
Dr.  Thomas,  and  wounded  Mr.  Meachem.  The  Modocs 
were  then  bombarded  in  their  stronghold,  and  finally 
forced  to  surrender. 

Railroad  Panic. — In  the  autumn  of  1873,  Jay  Cooke 
&  Co.,  bankers  of  Philadelphia,  having  engaged  too  exten- 
sively in  railroad  schemes,  failed.  A  financial  crisis 
ensued,  and  hundreds  of  prominent  firms  all  over  the 
Union  were  involved  in  ruin.  A  settled  stringency  of  the 
money  market  and  a  stagnation  of  business  followed. 

Centennial  Anniversaries. — The  year  1875,  being  the 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  first  year  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  was  marked  by  various  centennial  observ- 
ances. April  19,  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord 
were  celebrated  with  patriotic  pride.  May  20,  the  citi- 

employment  was  at  last  secured.  Ten  years  later,  lie  founded  the  New  York  Trib- 
une. He  served  in  Congress  in  1848-'49,  where  he  was  known  for  his  opposition  to 
the  abuses  of  the  mileage  system.  When  civil  war  seemed  imminent,  he  advocated 
a  peaceable  division  of  the  country ;  but  after  it  opened,  he  urged  a  vigorous  prose- 
cution of  hostilities.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  pleaded  for  immediate  conciliation, 
and  was  a  signer  of  the  bail-bond  which  restored  Jefferson  Davis  to  liberty  after 
two-years  imprisonment  in  Port  Monroe.  Horace  Greeley  was  pure,  simple,  and 
conscientious  in  character.  He  had  a  peculiar  disregard  for  dress,  and  neglected 
many  of  the  courtesies  of  society ;  but  he  was  a  true  gentleman  at  heart,  and  pos- 
sessed rare  gifts  in  conversation.  He  was  fond  of  agriculture,  and  spent  his  leisure 
days  on  his  farm  at  Chappaqua.  Just  before  the  close  of  the  presidential  canvass, 
his  wife  died,  and  this,  together  with  the  desertion  of  friends  and  the  excitement 
of  the  contest,  unsettled  his  mind.  He  was  carried  to  a  private  asylum,  where 
he  died  (1872). 


292  EPOCH     VI.  [1875. 

zens  of  Mecklenburg  County,  North  Carolina,  honored  the 
memory  of  those  who,  at  Charlotte,  signed  a  Declaration  of 
Independence  only  ten  days  after  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga. 
June  1 7  witnessed,  at  Bunker  Hill,  an  unprecedented  gath- 
ering from  all  parts  of  the  country,  Northern  and  Southern 
soldiers  vying  in  devotion  to  the  flag  of  the  Union. 

Ttie  Centennial  Exhibition.  —  To  commemorate  the 
signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  an  exhibition 
of  the  arts  and  industries  of  all  nations  was  held  at  Phila- 
delphia, during  the  summer  of  1876.  The  beautiful 
grounds  of  Fairmouiit  Park  were  the  scene  of  this  impos- 
ing display.  The  lower  floor  of  the  Main  Exhibition  Build- 
ing, exclusive  of  the  annexes,  covered  20.02  acres.  There 
were  more  than  two  hundred  smaller  structures  scattered 
over  the  extensive  grounds.*  The  exhibition  lasted  six 
months.  The  total  number  of  visitors  was  9,910,966. 

War  ivith  the  Sioux  (1876).f — The  Sioux  Indians  hav- 
ing refused  to  go  upon  the  reservation  assigned  them  by 
treaty,  a  force  of  regular  troops  was  sent  against  them. 
General  Custer  led  the  advance  with  the  Seventh  Cavalry, 
while  General  Terry  moved  up  the  Big  Horn  to  attack 
them  in  the  rear.  On  the  25th  of  June,  General  Custer 
suddenly  came  upon  the  enemy.  "Without  waiting  for 
support,  he  detached  Colonel  Reno  with  three  companies  to 
fall  upon  the  back  of  the  Indian  village,  while  he  charged 
the  savages  in  front.  A  desperate  conflict  ensued.  Gen- 
eral Custer,  his  two  brothers,  his  nephew,  and  every  one 

*  See  Barnes1  Hundred  Tears  of  American  Independence,  a  chapter  of  which  is 
devoted  to  the  Centennial  Exhibition. 

t  A  conference  at  Fort  Laramie,  June,  1866,  could  not  prevail  upon  the  Indian 
chiefs  present  to  cede  a  wagon  route  to  Montana,  but  troops,  under  Colonel  Carrington, 
of  the  18th  Infantry,  established  military  posts  on  the  line.  Red  Cloud  and  others 
at  once  began  war.  The  massacre  of  Fetterman's  party  of  81  officers  and  men,  De- 
cember 21,  1866,  which  was  as  tragic  as  that  of  General  Ouster's  command,  closed 
the  first  of  a  series  of  hostilities  which  lasted  for  twelve  years  thereafter. 


Battle    of  the    Big    Horn. —  Death    of  Custer. 


1876.]  GRANT'S     ADMINISTRATION.  293 

of  his  men  were  killed.  Colonel  Reno  was  surrounded, 
but  held  his  ground  on  the  bluffs  until  reinforcements 
arrived.  The  Indians  were  soon  beaten  on  every  hand. 

Political  Parties.  —  The  republican  party  nominated 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio,  for  President,  and  Wm.  A. 
Wheeler,  of  New  York,  for  Yice-President.  The  demo- 
cratic party  chose  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  of  New  York,  and 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  of  Indiana.  The  independent 
greenback  party  selected  Peter  Cooper,  of  New  York,  and 
Samuel  F.  Gary,  of  Ohio.  This  presidential  campaign 
was  so  hotly  contested  between  the  republicans  and  the 
democrats,  and  such  irregularities  were  charged  against 
the  elections  in  Oregon,  South  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Loui- 
siana, that  both  these  parties  claimed  the  victory.  In 
order  to  settle  the  dispute,  Congress  agreed  to  refer  the 
contested  election  returns  to  a  JOINT  ELECTORAL  COMMIS- 
SION, composed  of  five  senators,  five  representatives,  and 
five  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court.  This  body  decided 
that  185  electoral  votes  had  been  cast  for  Hayes  and 
Wheeler,  and  184  for  Tilden  and  Hendricks.  The  repub- 
lican candidates  were  therefore  declared  to  be  elected.* 

*  The  principal  political  questions  which,  agitated  the  country  during  this  cam- 
paign were  the  Southern  policy  of  the  government,  and  the  civil  service  reform. 
(1.)  It  was  held  on  one  side  that  negroes  and  republicans  at  the  South  were  intimi- 
dated by  force  and  prevented  from  voting,  and  that  the  presence  of  the  United 
States  troops  was  necessary  to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  of  the  citizens,  free 
discussion,  a  free  ballot,  and  an  enforcement  of  the  laws.  It  was  asserted,  on  the 
other  side,  that  the  use  of  the  troops  for  such  purposes  was  unconstitutional ;  that 
the  intimidation  was  only  imaginary,  or  could  be  readily  controlled  by  the  local 
authorities ;  and  that  the  presence  of  the  military  provoked  violence,  and  was  a 
constant  insult  and  menace  to  the  States.  (2.)  President  Jackson,  as  we  have  seen 
(p.  175),  introduced  into  our  politics  the  principle  of  "rotation  in  office".  This 
policy  steadily  gained  favor  until  Marcy's  maxim,  "To  the  victors  belong  the 
spoils  ",  became  the  commonly-accepted  view ;  and,  after  every  important  election, 
the  successful  party  was  accustomed  to  fill  even  the  menial  offices  of  government 
with  its  favorites.  Under  such  a  system,  the  qualification  of  the  applicant  was  of 
much  less  importance  than  the  service  he  had  done  the  party.  Hayes  promised  to 
make  "  no  dismissal  except  for  cause,  and  no  promotion  except  for  merit ". 


294 


EPOCH     VI. 


[1877. 


HAYES'    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(NINETEENTH   PRESIDENT :    1877-1881.) 

Domestic  Affairs.  —  U.  3.  Troops  at  the  South  Wiih- 
drawn.  —  President  Hayes'  Southern  policy  was  one  of 
conciliation.  The  troops  which  had  hitherto  sustained 


RIOT  AT   PITTSBURGH,    PA. 

the  republican  State  governments  in  South  Carolina  and 
Louisiana  were  withdrawn,  and  democratic  officials  at  once 
took  control  of  the  local  affairs. 

*  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  born  in  Delaware,  Ohio,  1822.  At  sixteen,  he  entered 
Kenyon  College,  where  he  was  graduated  as  valedictorian  of  his  class.  After  pass- 
ing through  the  Harvard  Law  School,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  he  received  a  commission  as  major  of  the  Twenty- 
third  Ohio  Volunteers.  In  camp,  he  proved  attentive  to  the  wants  of  his  men ;  in 
battle,  he  inspired  them  with  his  own  dashing  bravery.  While  yet  in  the  field, 
he  was  elected  to  Congress,  where  he  served  two  terms.  Soon  after,  he  was  chosen 
governor  of  Ohio,  being  twice  re-elected — the  last  time  after  a  brilliant,  hard-money 
campaign  which  attracted  national  attention. 


1877.]  HAYES'     ADMINISTRATION.  295 

Changes  in  Currency. — In  1873,  Congress  demonetized 
silver,  and  made  gold  the  sole  standard  of  our  currency. 
Opposition  arose,  and,  in  1878,  a  bill  was  passed  making 
silver  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  all  debts. 

Gold  and  silver  soon  came  into  general  circulation, 
and  in  December,  1879,  gold,  for  the  first  time  since 
January,  1862,  sold  in  New  York  at  par. 

Foreign  Affairs. — Fishery  Award  (1878).  —  Difficulties 
having  arisen  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
concerning  the  fisheries  of  the  North-eastern  coast,  the 
matter  was  referred,  by  the  Treaty  of  Washington  (p.  289), 
to  a  commission  for  adjudication.  This  body  awarded 
Great  Britain  the  sum  of  $5,500,000. 

Treaties  with  China  (1880).  —  Two  treaties  between 
China  and  the  United  States  were  signed  at  Pekin, — one 
in  relation  to  commerce,  and  the  other  granting  to  our 
government  the  regulation  of  the  Chinese  immigration. 

Political  Parties. — The  nominees  for  President  and  Vice- 
President  were :  republican,  James  A.  Garfield  of  Ohio, 
and  Chester  A.  Arthur  of  New  York  ;  democratic,  Winfield 
S.  Hancock  of  Pennsylvania,  and  William  H.  English  of 
Indiana ;  greenback-labor,  James  B.  Weaver  of  Iowa,  and 
Benjamin  J.  Chambers  of  Texas.  The  republican  candi- 
dates were  elected. 

GARFIELD  AND   ARTHUR'S   ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWENTIETH   AND   TWENTY-FIBST   PRESIDENTS:    1881-1885.) 

The  Inauguration  of  the  twentieth  President  marked 
the  hundredth  year  after  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary 

*  James  Abram  Garfield  was  born  in  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  1831.  His  father 
cleared  a  small  farm  in  what  was  then  a  wilderness,  and  dying  soon  after  the  birth 
of  his  illustrious  son,  left  his  family  in  great  poverty.  Brought  up  amidst  stern 


296 


EPOCH     VI. 


[1881. 


War,  and  the  twentieth   year  from,  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War. 

Domestic  Affairs. — The  Star  Route  Frauds. — A  gigantic 

scheme  of  fraud  in  con- 

,-"  nection  with    the  let- 

''' 

;£.({<i*  ting  of  mail  contracts 

in  the  West  was  dis- 
covered in  the  Post- 
office  Department. 
Within  two  months, 
contracts  to  the 
amount  of  nearly 
$2,000,000  were  an- 
nulled. 

surroundings,  his  education 
was  neglected ;  but  in  his  eight- 
eenth year  he  was  seized  with 
a  desire  for  knowledge,  and  dur- 

JAMES  A.  GAKFIELD.  ing  One  or  two  winters  attended 

a  school  at  some  distance  from 

his  home,  paying  his  way  by  working  afternoons  and  holidays  at  such  employ- 
ment as  he  could  procure.  After  mastering  the  elementary  branches,  he  taught 
a  district  school,  meanwhile  preparing  himself  for  college.  He  entered  Williams 
College  in  1854,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with  great  credit.  Soon  after, 
he  accepted  a  Professorship  in  Hiram  College,  Ohio.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  Garfield  offered  his  services  to  his  country,  and  was  commissioned  as  Lieut.- 
Colonel,  and,  subsequently,  as  Colonel  of  the  42d  Ohio  Volunteers.  He  took 
part  in  the  siege  of  Corinth  and  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  Major-General.  While  in  the  field,  he  was  elected  to  Congress.  In 
this  new  sphere,  he  found  opportunity  for  the  development  of  those  rare  polit- 
ical abilities  which  he  exhibited  in  so  marked  a  degree.  Well  versed  in  the 
science  of  government,  he  was  a  wise  and  prudent  legislator.  As  a  member  of 
some  of  the  most  important  committees  of  the  House,  he  molded  and  influenced 
many  important  economic  measures,  and  was,  in  1871,  recognized  as  the  leader 
of  his  party  in  the  House.  So  acceptably  had  he  served  his  constituents  during 
his  long  period  of  office  as  Representative,  that  he  was  chosen  United  States 
Senator  from  Ohio.  Before,  however,  he  could  take  his  seat,  he  was  nominated 
for  the  Presidency.  Frank,  generous,  modest,  and  winning  in  manner,  he  was 
beloved  and  respected  even  by  his  political  opponents.  An  earnest  and  dili- 
gent student,  a  profound  thinker  and  an  able  orator,  he  brought  to  the  Presi- 
dency a  wealth  of  knowledge,  accomplishments,  and  experience  such  as  few  of 
our  Presidents  have  possessed. 


1881.]  GARPIELD'S    ADMINISTRATION.  297 

Assassin  a  I  ion  of  J'resident  Gar  field  (1881).— On  the 
morning  of  July  2,  the  country  was  shocked  by  the  news 
that  the  President,  while  standing  in  the  railroad  station 
at  Washington,  had  been  shot.  The  startling  tidings 
produced  an  effect  similar  to  that  occasioned  by  the 
death  of  Lincoln.  The  wounded  President  lay  for  weeks 
hovering  between  life  and  death,  an  example  of  patience, 
fortitude,  and  courage.  In  the  hope  that  sea  air  would 
be  beneficial,  he  was  removed  to  Long  Branch,  N.  J., 
where  he  died  on  the  19th  of  September. 

Accession  of  Arthur* — Arice-President  Arthur  now  took 
the  oath  of  office,  and  assumed  the  duties  of  President. 

Flood  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. — In  the  spring  of  1882, 
a  disastrous  flood  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  rendered 
100,000  persons  homeless. 

The  Brooklyn  Bridge,  f  a  suspension  bridge  connecting 
New  York  and  Brooklyn,  was  completed  in  1883. 

A  Civil  Service  Bill  (p.  293),  was  passed  (1883).  It 
aimed  to  regulate,  by  means  of  examinations,  the  system 
of  civil  service  appointments  and  promotions. 

Letter-postage  was  reduced  from  three  cents  to  two 
cents  for  each  half  ounce  in  1883,  and,  in  1885,  to  two 
cents  an  ounce. 

Alaska. — In  1884,  a  bill  was  approved,  organizing  the 

*  Chester  A.  Arthur  was  born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at 
Union  College,  and,  having  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  where  he  soon 
obtained  a  high  position.  During  the  Civil  War,  he  served  as  Quartermaster- 
General  of  the  State  of  New  York.  In  1872,  he  was  appointed  Collector  of  the  Port 
of  New  York  City,  and  retained  this  post  six  years.  He  died  in  1886. 

t  This  remarkable  structure  was  begun  January  3,  1870.  The  bridge  roadway, 
from  its  terminus  in  Brooklyn  to  its  terminus  in  New  York,  is  5,089  feet  long— a 
little  over  a  mile.  The  height  of  the  towers  is  278  feet.  The  length  of  the  sus- 
pended span,  from  tower  to  tower,  is  1,596  feet,  and  its  height  from  the  water  (high- 
tide),  at  the  center,  is  135  feet.  The  four  great  cables  are  15%  inches  in  diameter, 
each  cable  containing  5,296  parallel  (not  twisted)  galvanized  steel,  oil-coated  wires, 
closely  wrapped,  and  weighing,  with  its  covering,  897%  tons.  The  heat  of  the  sun 
causes  these  cables  to  vary  in  length  as  much  as  six  inches  in  the  course  of  the  day. 


298  EPOCH     VI.  [1884. 

extensive  territory  of  Alaska  into  a  civil  and  judicial 
district,  with  the  temporary  seat  of  government  at  Sitka, 

Foreign  Affairs. — Chinese  Immigration  into  the  United 
States  was  forbidden  for  ten  years  (1882). 

A  Treaty  with  Mexico  was  passed  (1884). 

Political  Parties. — The  nominees  for  President  and  Vice- 
President  were :  democratic,  Grover  Cleveland  of  New  York, 
and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  (p.  293)  of  Indiana;  republican, 
James  G.  Blaine  of  Maine,  and  John  A.  Logan  of  Illinois ; 
people's  party,  B.  F.  Butler  of  Massachusetts,  and  A.  M. 
West  of  Mississippi ;  national  prohibition  party,  J.  P.  St. 
John  of  Kansas,  and  William  Daniel  of  Maryland.  The 
democratic  candidates  were  elected. 

CLEVELAND'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWENTY-SECOND  PRESIDENT:  1885-1889.) 

The  Inauguration  of  the  new  President  brought  the 
democratic  party  into  power  for  the  first  time  since  Bu- 
chanan left  the  White  House,  in  1861.  The  following 
cabinet  was  chosen :  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  of  Delaware, 
Secretary  of  State ;  Daniel  Manning,  of  New  York,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  ;  William  C.  Endicott,  of  Massa- 

*  Grover  Cleveland  was  born  in  Caldwell,  New  Jersey,  March  18,  1837.  Shortly 
after,  his  father,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  moved  to  Central  New  York.  It  was 
before  the  days  of  railroads,  and  the  journey  was  made  by  schooner  up  the  Hudson 
to  Albany,  and  thence  by  packet  on  the  Erie  Canal.  Young  Grover  was  pursuing 
his  academic  studies  when  his  father's  death  left  him,  at  sixteen,  without  a  dollar 
to  continue  his  education.  Having  made  several  efforts  to  earn  his  living,  he  bor- 
rowed $25,  and  started  west  to  carve  his  fortune.  At  Buffalo,  he  entered  a  law 
office,  began  on  Blackstone  at  once,  and,  in  1859,  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  His 
"  marked  industry,  unpretentious  courage,  and  unswerving  honesty "  won  him 
rapid  promotion.  In  1863,  he  entered  political  life,  filling,  in  succession,  the 
offices  of  Assistant  District- Attorney.  Sheriff,  and  Mayor.  Being  nominated  as 
the  candidate  of  reform,  he  was  elected,  in  1882,  as  Governor  of  New  York  by  a 
majority  of  192,854.  This  remarkable  vote  gave  him  a  national  reputation,  and, 
ere  his  term  expired,  he  was  nominated  for  President. 


1886.]  CLEVELAND'S     ADMINISTRATION.  299 

chusetts,  Secretary  of  War ;  William  C.  Whitney,  of  New 
York,  Secretary  of  the  Navy;  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of  Missis- 
sippi, Secretary  of  the  Interior ;  William  F.  Yilas,  of  Wis- 
consin, Postmaster-General ;  A.  H.  Garland,  of  Arkansas, 
Attorney-General. 

A  Presidential  Succession  Law  was  passed  (1886)  pro- 
viding that  if,  at  any  time,  there  should  be  no  President 
or  Vice-President,  the  office  of  President  should  devolve 
upon  a  member  of  the  cabinet,  the  order  of  succession 
being  as  follows :  the  Secretaries  of  State,  Treasury,  and 
War,  the  Attorney-General,  the  Postmaster-General,  and 
the  Secretaries  of  the  Navy,  and  the  Interior. 

Strikes  and  Labor  Disturbances  greatly  injured  busi- 
ness prosperity.  In  many  instances,  railroad  traffic  was 
suspended,  switches  were  misplaced,  trains  derailed,  and 
valuable  property  destroyed.  Dynamite  plots  added  to 
the  seriousness  of  the  situation.  In  Chicago,  May  4, 
1886,  the  police  attempted  to  scatter  a  body  of  Anarch- 
ists, when  a  bomb  was  thrown,  resulting  in  the  death  of 
seven  policemen,  and  the  injury  of  many  others.  Seven 
men  were  arrested  for  the  crime,  convicted,  and  sentenced 
to  death.  In  July,  1888,  three  Chicago  Anarchists  were 
arrested  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy  to  murder  the  judges 
who  presided  at  the  trial,  and  to  burn  the  city. 

Earthquake  Shocks,  beginning  on  the  evening  of  Aug. 
81,  1886,  and  continuing  at  intervals  for  months,  wrought 
special  damage  in  the  vicinity  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  For 
days  that  city  was  a  scene  of  terror.  Many  people  were 
killed  or  wounded  by  falling  masonry.  Public  and  pri- 
vate buildings,  venerable  churches  and  historic  edifices, 
tottered  and  fell,  or  settled,  irretrievably  damaged,  on 
their  loosened  foundations.  In  the  adjacent  country, 
great  fissures  suddenly  opened,  geysers  spouted  sulphur- 


300  EPOCH     VI. 

ous  streams,  and  the  earth  subsided  three  to  eight  feet. 
With  wonderful  courage  the  Chaiiestonians  rallied,  and 
at  once  bravely  began  repairs.  Their  calamity,  of  a  nat- 
ure so  new  in  our  country,  awakened  universal  sympathy. 
Political  Parties. — The  question  of  the  tariff  (see  pp. 
178,  174)  was  once  more  brought  before  the  public.  The 
democrats,  who  advocated  a  reduction  of  the  duties  on 
imports,  re-nominated  Grover  Cleveland  for  President, 
with  Allen  G.  Thurman,  of  Ohio,  for  Vice-President ;  the 
republican  (protectionist)  candidates  were  Benjamin  Har- 
rison, of  Indiana,  and  Levi  P.  Morton,  of  New  York.  The 
prohibition  party  named  Clinton  B.  I^isk,  of  New  Jersey, 
and  John  A.  Brooks,  of  Missouri.  Besides  these  there 
were  five  other  tickets  in  the  field,  viz.,  union  labor, 
united  labor,  industrial  reform,  American,  and  equal 
rights.  The  republican  candidates  were  elected. 

HARBISON'S    ADMINISTRATION.* 

'  (TWENTY-THIRD  PRESIDENT  :   1889-1893.) 

Domestic  Affairs. — The  return  of  the  republican  party 
to  power,  after  an   interregnum   of  four  years,  was  wit- 

*  Benjamin  Harrison  was  born  at  North  Bend,  Ohio,  August  20,  1833.  His 
father  was  John  Scott  Harrison,  farmer ;  his  grandfather,  William  Henry 
Harrison,  Governor,  General,  and  President  (see  p.  180) ;  and  his  great-grand- 
father, Benjamin  Harrison  (see  p.  337),  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  Until  about  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  Benjamin  was  edu- 
cated mainly  at  home.  He  then  studied  for  two  years  at  Farmer's  College, 
near  Cincinnati,  after  which  he  entered  Miami  University,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1852.  Choosing  the  law  as  his  profession,  he  was  duly  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  established  himself  in  Indianapolis.  Upon  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  War,  he  left  his  profession  and  the  office  of  Reporter  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Indiana,  to  which  he  had  been  elected,  and  enlisted  in  the 
service  of  his  country,  in  which  he  remained  till  the  close  of  hostilities.  Com- 
missioned as  Colonel  of  the  70th  Indiana  Vols.,  he  was  breveted  as  Brigadier- 
General  for  ability,  energy,  and  gallantry.  He  was  greatly  beloved  by  his  men, 
who  bestowed  on  him  the  soubriquet  of  "Little  Ben."  In  1881,  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate,  where  he  displayed  considerable  abilities  as  a  state*- 


1889.] 


HARRISON'S     ADMINISTRATION. 


301 


nessed  by  a  great  multitude  from  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. President  Harrison's  first  official  act  was  the  an- 
nouncement of  his  cabinet,  as  follows:  James  G.  Elaine, 
of  Maine,  Secretary  of 
State;  William  Win- 
dom,  of  Minnesota, 
Secretary  of  the 
Treasury;  Redfield 
Proctor,  of  Vermont, 
Secretary  of  War; 
William  H.  H.  Miller, 
of  Indiana,  Attorney- 
General  ;  John  Wana- 
maker,  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, Postmaster  -  Gen- 
eral ;  Benjamin  .F. 
Tracy,  of  New  York, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy ; 
John  W.  Noble,  of  Mis- 
souri, Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  Jeremiah  M.  Rusk, 
of  Wisconsin,  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


BENJAMIN    HABRISON. 


States  Admitted  during  the  Sixth  Epoch.*— NEBRASKA, 
the  thirty-seventh  State,  was  admitted  March  1,  1867. 
The  name  signifies  "  water  valley."  COLORADO,  the  thirty- 
eighth  State,  was  received  March  3,  1875.  Its  constitu- 
tion, however,  was  not  ratified  by  the  people  until  July  1 , 
1876  ;  whence  it  is  known  as  the  "Centennial  State." 

man.  Asa  student  in  college,  Harrison  excelled  in  political  economy  and  history  ; 
he  was  fond  of  debate,  and  distinguished  himself  among  his  fellows  by  his  gift 
of  impromptu  oratory.  His  speeches  while  in  the  Senate  have  uniformly  been 
clear,  logical,  and  incisive. 

*  In  February,  1889,  a  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  authorizing  the  admission  as 
States  of  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and  Washington  Territory,  on 
the  adoption  by  the  people  of  satisfactory  Constitutions. 


302  EPOCH     VI. 


PROGRESS    IN    CIVILIZATION. 

Territorial  Development  (Map  of  Vlth  Epoch).— The 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  (Sept.  3,  1783)  fixed  the  Boun- 
daries of  the  United  States  as:  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mississippi  River,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 
From  this,  however,  was  to  be  excluded  Florida,  which 
belonged  to  Spain,  and  the  part  of  Louisiana  east  of  the 
Mississippi.  The  Thirteen  Colonies  occupied  only  a  narrow 
strip  along  the  Atlantic  sea-board.  Pennsylvania  was  a 
frontier  State,  with  Pittsburgh  as  an  advanced  military  post. 
The  interior  of  the  continent,  as  far  as  the  Mississippi,  was 
called  the  "  Wilderness  ".  These  broad  lands  belonged  to 
the  States  individually,  since  the  original  English  grants 
extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  (p.  40).  They 
were  finally  given  up  to  the  general  Government  (p.  194).* 

In  1787,  the  great  region  north  of  the  Ohio  was  organ- 
ized into  the  North-western  Territory  (p.  201).  This  was 
slowly  settled.  As  late  as  1819  even,  the  Territory 'of 
Michigan  was  thought  to  be  a  "worthless  waste".  The 
province  of  Louisiana  was  purchased  of  France  in  1803 
(p.  155).  Little  was  known  of  the  country  thus  acquired, 
and  that  same  year  it  was  said,  "  The  Missouri  has  been 
navigated  for  2,500  miles  ;  there  appears  a  probability  of  a 
communication  by  this  channel  with  the  Western  Ocean." 
The  famous  expedition  (p.  209)  under  the  command  of 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  f  in  1804-5,  gave  the  first  accurate  infor- 
mation concerning  this  vast  territory.  Florida  was  pur- 
chased of  Spain  (p.  1 73)  by  a  treaty  proposed  Feb.  22,1819, 

*  The  little  value  then  placed  upon  "  wild  lands  "  may  be  seen  from  the  fact  that, 
in  1791,  the  State  of  New  York  sold  five  and  one  half  millions  of  acres  at  an  average 
price  of  eighteen  cents  per  acre. 

t  See  Barnes1  Popular  History  of  United  States,  p.  361. 


THE     POPULATION.  308 

though  it  was  not  signed  by  the  King  of  Spain  until 
Oct.  24,  1820,  and  not  ratified  by  the  United  States  until 
Feb.  19,  1821.*  The  treaty  also  relinquished  all  Spanish 
authority  over  the  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
claimed  by  the  United  States  as  belonging  to  the  Louisiana 
purchase,  but  not  previously  acknowledged  by  Spain,  f 

In  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  1812,  a  strip  of  coast 
about  fifty  miles  wide,  lying  between  Florida  and  Lou- 
isiana, considered  by  Spain  as  a  part  of  Florida,  had  been 
taken  by  the  United  States  under  the  claim  that  it  be- 
longed to  the  Louisiana  purchase.  Texas  was  annexed  in 
1845  (p.  205).  The  Mexican  cession  of  1848  gave  the 
United  States  California  and  several  other  States  (p.  208). 
Alaska,  the  latest  acquisition,  was  purchased  in  1867. 

When  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  made,  the 
area  of  the  young  republic  was  about  800,000  square 
miles.  Our  domain  now  reaches  from  ocean  to  ocean  and 
comprises  nearly  4,000,000  square  miles. 

The  Population. — A  century  ago,  Portland,  Me.,  Provi- 
dence, R.  L,  and  Richmond,  Va.,  were  only  small  towns. 
Springfield  and  Lawrence  were  mere  hamlets.  Rude 
frontier  forts  occupied  the  present  sites  of  Oswego,  Utica, 

*  This  fact  explains  the  varying  dates  given  hy  different  historians. 

t  The  map  of  the  Vlth  Epoch  is  based  upon  one  given  in  the  Census  of  1870. 
This  represents  the  Louisiana  purchase  as  reaching  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Some 
maps,  accepting  the  Spanish  version,  extend  Louisiana  only  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Such  authorities  hold  that  the  title  of  the  United  States  to  Oregon  antedates  the 
French  cession  and  is  based  upon  the  discovery  of  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  by 
Capt.  Gray  (p.  208)  in  1792.  A  full  discussion  of  our  claim  to  Oregon  may  be  found 
in  "  Barrows'  Oregon,"  chap.  XXI.  In  a  brief  work  like  this,  it  is  not  possible  to 
enter  upon  such  a  topic.  In  fact,  it  has  no  real  importance.  It  is  enough  for  the 
pupil  to  know  that  Gray  discovered,  Lewis  and  Clarke  explored,  and  the  American 
Fur  Company  (p.  209)  occupied,  the  fertile  region  drained  by  the  Columbia ;  and 
that,  during  the  progress  of  these  events,  France  ceded  to  the  United  States  her 
claim  to  all  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  (1803)— a  claim  which  France  had 
received  from  Spain  only  three  years  before  (1800)  and  had  herself  ceded  to  Spain 
In  1763  (p.  90).  Lieut.  Pike  was  sent,  in  1805,  to  search  for  the  source  of  the 
Mississippi ;  and,  in  1806-'7,  he  ventured  into  what  is  now  Kansas. 


304  EPOCH     VI. 

and  Rome,  N.  Y.  At  Saratoga  a  single  spring  bubbled 
up  in  an  old  barrel.  .Lancaster,  Pa.,  with  a  population  of 
6,000  (1777),  was  the  largest  inland  place.  The  first  store 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  was  opened  in  1783,  being  the  only 
one  in  that  region.  In  1790,  the  first  white  child  was 
born  in  the  log  settlement  of  Cincinnati.  St.  Louis,  New 
Orleans,  and  Mobile  were  then  in  foreign  territory ;  the 
first  of  these  contained  only  about  800  people,  who  lived 
mostly  in  log  houses,  no  brick  dwelling  being  erected 
before  1813.  At  the  beginning  of  the  century,  Wash- 
ington was  described  as  "a  little  village  in  the  midst  of 
the  woods".  Chicago,  even  for  years  after  the  admission 
of  Illinois  into  the  Union  (1818),  was  a  mere  trading- 
station  surrounded  by  the  wigwams  of  the  savage. 

The  population  of  the  entire  United  States  at  the  time 
of  the  first  census  was  less  than  4, 000, 000.  The  census  of 
1880  showed  over  50,000,000.  The  center  of  population 
in  1790  was  23  miles  east  of  Baltimore;  in  1880,  it  had 
moved  westward  to  a  point  8  miles  south-west  of  Cincin- 
nati. At  the  former  date,  there  were  only  five  cities — 
Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston,  Charleston,  and  Baltimore 
—having  a  population  of  over  10,000;  at  the  latter  date, 
there  were  245. 

The  Post-offices  in  1790  numbered  75.  Between  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  there  were  only  five  mails  per 
week,  and  it  required  two  days  for  a  letter  to  go  this  short 
distance.*  They  were  generally  carried  throughout  the 

*  The  tedious  mode  of  travel  in  the  early  days  is  well  illustrated  in  the  following 
incident:  In  1824-'25,  an  effort  was  made  In  Congress  to  admit  Oregon.  Mr.  Dick- 
inson, of  New  Jersey,  declared  that  "the  project  of  a  State  upon  the  Pacific  was  an 
absurdity.  The  distance  that  a  member  of  Congress  from  Oregon  would  be  obliged 
to  travel  in  comirg  to  the  seat  of  Government  and  returning  home,  would  be  Q'MO 
miles.  If  he  should  travel  thirty  miles  per  day,  it  would  require  306  days ;  allow- 
ing for  Sundays,  forty-four,  it  would  amount  to  350  days.  This  would  leave  the 
member  a  fortnight  to  rest  at  Washington  before  he  commenced  his  journey  home." 


Progress  of  Invention. 


1.    ONE    OF  THE  FIB8T  BALLOONS  MADE.     2.   WAR  BALLOON,  WITH  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  ATTACHED    TO    ELLDMLVATB 
FOKTIFICATIONB  AT  NIOHT.      3.    AN    OLD    STAGE-COACH.      4.    A    PARLOR    CAB.      5.    FIRST    LOCOMOTIVE.      «. 

LOOOMonvr.    7.  FULTON'S  STEAM-BOAT.    8.  OCEAN  STEAM-SHIP.    9.  THE  OLD  ANVIL.     10  THE  MODERN  TRIP 

HAMlTEIt      11.  OLD  STYLE  NAVAL  BATTLE.      IS.   NEW  STYLE—  THE  TORPEDO  BOAT. 


MANUFACTURES     AND     MECHANIC     ARTS.        305 

country  by  men  on  horseback,  the  saddle-bags  easily 
holding  the  scanty  number  of  letters  and  papers  then 
sent.  Mails  were  forwarded  between  New  York  and  Bos- 
ton three  times  per  week  in  summer,  and  twice  in  winter. 
In  remote  places,  the  mail  was  allowed  to  accumulate 
until  enough  was  secured  to  pay  the  cost  of  transmission. 
It  was  a  favored  rural  village  that  had  a  weekly  mail. 
The  time  of  its  arrival  was  locally  known  as  the  "  post- 
day",  and  when  the  postman  came  he  found  a  crowd 
assembled  to  receive  the  few  letters  he  brought,  and  to 
hear  the  newspaper  read  by  the  minister  or  landlord. 

From  1789  until  1816,  the  postage  on  a  single  letter 
carried  under  40  miles  was  8  cents ;  over  40  and  under  90 
miles,  10  cents;  over  500  miles,  25  cents.  In  1884,  we 
had  over  50,000  post-offices,  while  the  length  of  the  post- 
routes  had  increased  from  1875  miles  to  360,000  miles. 

Manufactures  and  the  Mechanic  Arts. — The  Revolu- 
tionary War  was  fought  by  men  clad'  mainly  in  homespun, 
and  using  a  flint-lock  hunting  rifle.  Manufactures  had 
been  steadily  repressed  by  the  mother  country  (p.  101), 
and  agriculture  was  the  favorite  pursuit.  The  mechanic 
arts — save  ship-building  in  New  England — had  made  little 
progress.  The  farm-house  was  a  manufactory  of  all  the 
articles  of  daily  use.  Clothes,  hats,  shoes,  and  harnesses 
were  made  at  home.  Even  nails  were  hammered  out  in 
the  winter  time.  The  hand-cart,  spinning-Avheel,  and  loom 
were  common  pieces  of  furniture.  The  land  was  turned 
by  a  plow  whose  mold-board  was  faced  with  strips  of  iron 
made  by  straightening  old  horse-shoes.  The  grass  was  cut 
by  a  scythe  ;  the  grain,  by  a  sickle.  Wheat,  oats,  rye,  etc. 
were  threshed  out  on  the  barn  floor  with  a  flail,  or  trodden, 
out  by  cattle.  The  flax  and  wool  were  carded,  spun,  and 
woven  into  cloth  by  the  women  of  the  household. 


306  EPOCH     VI. 

With  freedom  came  such  a  marvelous  development  of 
the  mechanic  arts  and  manufactures  as  to  make  the  word 
Yankee  a  synonym  for  ingenuity. 

Cotton  had  been  grown  only  in  the  flower-garden. 
When  eight  bags  of  this  staple  arrived  at  Liverpool  in 
1784,  the  custom-house  officers  seized  it  on  the  plea  that 
so  much  could  not  have  been  raised  in  America.  Only 
four  years  after  the  last  British  soldier  left  our  shores,  the 
first  cotton-mill  was  set  in  motion  at  Beverly,  Mass.  (1787). 
In  1793,  Whitney  invented  the  cotton-gin  for  separating 
the  seed  from  the  fiber  (p.  172).*  This  rendered  cotton- 
raising  profitable,  and  it  soon  became,  at  the  South,  the 
leading  crop.  In  1 8 8 0 ,  over  14,000,000  acres  were  devoted 
to  its  culture,  producing  nearly  6,000,000  bales.  The 
United  States  now  controls  the  cotton  supply  of  the  world. 

It  is  noted  as  a  fact  of  special  importance  that  when 
Washington  delivered  his  first  annual  message  to  Congress 
(1790),  he  was  clad  in  a  full  suit  of  broadcloth  manufact- 
ured at  Hartford,  Conn.  In  the  year  1880,  $160,000,000 
worth  of  woolen  goods  were  manufactured  in  this  country. 

When  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed, 
there  were  probably  not  more  than  two  steam-engines  in 
the  Thirteen  Colonies — one  at  Passaic,  and  the  other  in 
Philadelphia.  Yet  within  five  years  after  the  Evacuation 
of  New  York,  Fitch  placed  a  trial  steam-boat  on  the  Dela- 
ware ;  in  1803-4,  Evans  built  a  steam-dredge  at  Phila- 
delphia; in  1807,  Fulton  solved  the  problem  of  steam- 
navigation;  in  1819,  a  steamer  crossed  the  Atlantic;  and 
in  1830,  Peter  Cooper  made  the  first  locomotive  built  in 
America  for  railroad  purposes,  and  it  drew  a  car  of  passen- 
gers upon  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway.  During  that 

*  Whitney  invented  this  machine  at  the  house  of  the  widow  of  General  Greene, 
of  Revolutionary  fame.    To  clean  a  pound  of  cotton  by  hand,  was  a  day's  labor. 


Progress  of  Invention. 


1.  EQUATORIAL  TELESCOPE.  2.  GALILEO'S  FIRST  SPY-GLASS.  3.  FRANKLIN'S  EXPERIMENT.  4.  THE  TELEPHONE. 
t-  OLD-FASHIONED  CANNON.  6.  MODERN  BREECH-LOADER.  7.  MODERN  GRAIN  ELEVATOR.  8.  OLD  METHOD  OF 
CARRYING  GRAIN.  9.  A  DIVER.  10.  DIVER,  WITH  MODERN  APPARATUS.  11.  STOP-CYLINDER  PRESS.  12.  AN  EARLY 
PRINTING-PRESS.  13.  PHOTO-ELECTRIC  MICROSCOPE.  14.  SIMPLE  MAGNIFYING  GLASS. 


EDUCATION.  307 

year,  2  3  miles  of  railroad  were  constructed  in  the  United 
States;  in  1883,  nearly  8000  miles  were  laid,  and  the 
total  number  in  operation  was  110,000  miles,  at  a  cost  in 
road  and  equipment  of  nearly  $7,000,000,000. 

The  first  message  ever  sent  by  a  recording  telegraph 
was  forwarded  May,  1844,  between  Washington  and  Balti- 
more, in  these  sublime  words :  "  What  hath  God  wrought  I " 
Only  forty  years  later,  and  the  aggregate  mileage  of  tele- 
graph lines  open  for  business  is  reported  at  164,000. 

The  printing  press  of  a  century  ago  would,  at  a  great 
expense  of  labor,  print,  on  one  side,  about  250  sheets  per 
hour.  A  new  steam  "power-press",  like  Hoe's  for  example, 
will,  in  the  same  time,  turn  out  40,000  copies  of  a  single 
sheet,  printed  on  both  sides. 

These  are  only  a  few  of  the  many  facts  that  might  be 
given  to  illustrate  the  long  series  of  mechanical  and  manu- 
facturing triumphs  that  have  excited  the  admiration  of 
the  world,  and  are  the  pride  and  boast  of  our  country.  The 
sewing  machine,  the  reaper,  the  mower,  the  horse-rake,  the 
thresher,  the  safe,  the  breech-loading  gun,  the  steam  fire- 
engine,  the  telephone,  the  steam-ship,  the  palace-car  and 
sleeper,  the  elevator,  as  well  as  a  thousand  common  de- 
vices, minister  to  the  comfort  of  our  lives  and  the  progress 
of  mankind.  The  skill  of  the  American  mechanic  has  im- 
proved almost  every  implement  of  both  peace  and  war, 
from  the  cannon  to  the  telescope.  The  records  of  the 
Patent  Office  show  over  22,000  patents  issued  in  a  single 
year  (1883). 

Education. — The  idea  of  popular  education  was  brought 
to  the  new  world  by  our  forefathers.  Even  in  the  wilder- 
ness, while  the  wolf  prowled  about  the  log-house,  and  the 
cry  of  the  wild-cat  was  still  heard,  the  school,  and  even  the 
college,  were  established.  The  Revolution  left  all  the  insti- 


308  EPOCH    VI. 

tutions  of  learning  paralyzed.  But  in  less  than  a  month 
after  "Washington  resigned  his  commission,  Gov.  George 
Clinton's  message  to  the  Legislature  of  New  York  con- 
tained these  memorable  words :  "  Perhaps  there  is  scarce 
any  thing  more  worthy  your  attention  than  the  revival 
and  encouragement  of  seminaries  of  learning,  and  nothing 
by  which  we  can  more  satisfactorily  express  our  gratitude 
to  the  Supreme  Being  for  His  past  favors,  since  purity  and 
virtue  are  generally  the  offspring  of  an  enlightened  under- 
standing." The  State  was  poor,  and  savages  occupied  a 
large  part  of  the  region  west  of  Albany ;  yet  the  Legisla- 
ture rose  to  the  grandeur  of  the  conception,  and  at  once 
established  a  Board  of  Regents  to  superintend  the  interests 
of  higher  education.  Within  a  month  after  its  organiza- 
tion, this  Board  authorized  the  ''  purchase  of  such  a  philo- 
sophical apparatus  for  Columbia  College,  as  Dr.  Franklin, 
Mr.  Adams,  and  Mr.  Jefferson  (then  representatives  at  the 
French  Court)  sljould  advise". 

From  the  first,  New  England  believed  that  it  is  the  duty 
of  the  State  to  teach  its  children.  The  idea  of  educating 
all  classes  of  society  was  then  a  new  and  surprising  one, 
scarcely  heard  of  outside  of  Prussia  and  Saxony.  In  1795, 
Gov.  Clinton  first  suggested  and  established  the  common- 
school  system  of  New  York ;  it  was  refounded  and  more 
liberally  provided  for  in  1812,  in  the  darkest  hour  of 
gloom  and  disaster,  at  the  opening  of  the  Second  War  with 
Great  Britain. 

A  part  of  the  public  lands  of  the  United  States  has, 
from  the  beginning,  been  set  aside  for  purposes  of  educa- 
tion (p.  194).  The  ordinance  of  1 7 8 7  for  the  government 
of  the  North-western  Territory  (p.  194),  devoted  "sec.tion 
sixteen  of  every  township  "  for  maintaining  public  schools ; 
arid  in  making  this  generous  provision,  stipulated  that 


LITERATURE.  309 

"  religion,  morality,  and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good 
government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and 
the  means  of  education  shall  be  forever  encouraged."  In 
1848,  when  Oregon  was  organized  as  a  Territory  (p.  209), 
the  "  thirty-sixth  section  "  was  also  set  apart  for  schools ; 
and  since  then,  each  new  State  has  received  both  sections 
for  educational  purposes.  "At  various  times,  also,  other 
lands  have  been  given,  so  that  in  all  about  140,000,000 
acres  have  been  devoted  to  the  States  for  the  support  of 
common  schools."  So  general  and  absorbing  has  been  this 
feeling  on  the  part  of  our  legislators  that,  in  the  midst  of 
the  Civil  War,  when  the  national  Government  was  strain- 
ing every  nerve  to  raise  and  equip  armies  to  preserve  its 
very  existence,  Congress  took  time  to  consider  and  pass  a 
bill  (1862)  granting  30,000  acres  of  public  lands  for  every 
Senator  and  Representative  in  Congress,  in  order  to  main- 
tain, in  each  State,  what  has  since  been  known  as  an 
"Agricultural  College  ". 

In  consequence  of  these  and  equally  liberal  provisions 
on  the  part  of  State  governments,  the  progress  of  educa- 
tion in  the  United  States  has  been  marvelous.  Instead  of 
nine  colleges,  as  in  pre-Revolutionary  times,  we  have  four 
hundred  and  fifty.  The  common  school  is  fostered  in 
every  part  of  the  country.  The  daily  free-school  bell  now 
calls  together  (1883),  in  the  48  States  and  Territories  of 
the  Union,  over  10,000,000  children,  who  are  being  edu- 
cated at  an  annual  expense  of  $96,000,000. 

Literature. — In  the  Colonial  times,  there  were  few 
American  books,  and  those  chiefly  upon  THEOLOGY. 

During  the  agitation  that  finally  ended  in  the  sepa- 
ration from  the  mother-country,  POLITICS  became  the 
universal  theme  of  discussion.  The  contest  was  decided 
by  the  pen  quite  as  certainly  as  by  the  sword.  Patrick 


310  EPOCH     VI. 

Henry,  Otis,  the  elder  Adams,  Franklin,  Dickinson,  Freneau, 
Trumbull,*  and  Hopkinson  aroused  their  countrymen,  first 
to  attempt,  and  then  to  endure,  while,  at  the  same  time, 
they  sought  to  enlist  in  their  cause  the  sympathies  of 
mankind. 

After  the  war  had  decided  the  issue,  and  it  came  to 
building  up  a  united  nation  out  of  a  loose  confederation  of 
States,  Jay,  Hamilton,  Madison,  f  Jefferson,  John  Adams, 
Washington,  Fisher  Ames,  and  others  were  most  efficient 
in  organizing  and  shaping  the  policy  of  the  new  Govern- 
ment. As  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  chiefly  the 
work  of  Jefferson,  so  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
was  that  of  Hamilton  and  Madison. 

In  all  history,  an  era  of  strife  has  been  followed  by  one 
of  marked  mental  vigor.  Thus,  as  one  would  expect,  the 
generation  that  directly  followed  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution, gave  us  the  classics  of  American  literature. 

Irving  was  the  first  American  author  to  secure  general 
recognition  at  home  and  abroad.  In  1809,  appeared  his 
inimitable  Diedrich  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York, 
and,  about  ten  years  later,  his  Sketch  Book.  The  creatures 
of  his  fancy  quickly  passed  into  the  life  of  the  people. 
Even  now,  Ichabod  Crane  and  Rip  Yan  Winkle  are  as 
familiar  to  us  as  if  we  had  lived  in  Sleepy  Hollow  and 
known  them  all  our  days.  Bryant  wrote  his  Thanatopsis 
in  1812,  when  he  was  only  18  years  old.  Cooper  laid  the 
foundation  of  American  romance.  His  descriptions  of 
American  scenery,  the  Indian,  and  life  at  sea,  were  eagerly 


*  Whipple  says,  "  TrumbulTs  McFingal  sent  the  rustic  volunteers  laughing  into 
the  ranks  of  Washington  and  Greene." 

t  Hamilton,  Jay,  and  Madiscn  wrote  a  series  of  powerful  and  convincing  essays 
favoring  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution.  These  were,  at  first,  published  as  news- 
paper articles,  but  were  afterward  collected  in  a  volume  known  as  the  FEDERALIST 
— the  "  political  classic  of  the  United  States  ". 


PHILANTHROPY.  311 

read  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Poe,  the  most  imagina- 
tive of  our  poets,  made  himself  famous  by  the  Bells,  and 
the  Raven.  Emerson's  essays,  by  their  original  thought 
and  brilliant  style,  caused  at  once  a  profound  impression. 
Hawthorne's  Scarlet  Letter,  House  of  the  Seven  Gables, 
and  Marble  Faun,  ranked  him  with  the  great  novelists  of 
all  time.  Longfellow's  poems  touched  the  heart  of  the 
people,  and  quickly  found  their  way  into  the  reading-books 
of  the  schools ;  while  the  verses  of  Whittier,  the  Quaker 
Poet,  have  been  repeated  on  almost  every  Academy  stage 
in  the  land. 

To  chronicle  the  constantly-increasing  list  of  our  authors 
and  their  works  would  require  a  volume  of  itself.  Ameri- 
can authors  are  known  and  their  writings  read  in  all 
parts  of  the  civilized  world. 

In  journalism,  our  progress  has  been  especially  marked. 
At  the  opening  of  the  Revolution,  only  3  7  papers  circulated 
in  the  colonies.  There  are  now  (1884)  issued  in  the  United 
States  over  12,000  newspapers  and  periodicals.  Popular 
education  has  made  us  a  peculiarly  enlightened  nation,  and 
statistics  prove  that  "  our  people  read  as  much  as  all  the 
rest  of  the  world  who  read  at  all". 

Philanthropic  and  Religious  Institutions.— In  nothing 
do  we  see  the  ameliorating  and  elevating  influences  of 
our  time  more  than  in  the  generosity  with  which  chari- 
table institutions  arid  philanthropic  associations  have,  of 
late  years,  been  founded  and  supported.  As  the  country 
has  grown  in  size,  population,  and  wealth,  relief  has  been 
more  widely  extended  to  human  suffering,  and  efforts 
have  been  more  urgently  made  to  elevate  the  moral  and 
religious  condition  of  our  race  the  world  over. 


312 


BAENES'     BRIEF     HISTORY. 


BLACKBOARD    ANALYSIS. 

1.  Inauguration. 

2.  Disbanding  of  the  Union  Army. 


1.     Johnson's 
Administration. 
(1865-'69.) 


tions. 
(1869-'77.) 


II 


S.       Hayes' 
Administration. 
(1877-'81.) 


4.     Garfleld   and 

Arthur's 

Administration. 

(1881-'85.) 


5.   Cleveland's 
Administration. 
(1885-'89.) 


3.  Domestic  Affairs. 


4.  Foreign  Affairs. 
I  5.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Ailairs. 

2.  Foreign  Affairs. 

3.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs. 

2.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs. 


2.  Foreign  Affairs. 

3.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Inauguration. 

2.  Domestic  Affairs. 


3.  Foreign  Affairs. 

4.  Political  Parties. 

1.  Domestic  Affairs. 
3.  Foreign  Affairs. 
3.  Political  Parties. 


1.  Reconstruction  Policy  of  the  Presi 

dent. 

2.  The  Thirteenth  Amendment. 

3.  Public  Debt. 

4.  Reconstruction  Policy  of  Congress. 

5.  The  Seceded  States  Admitted. 

6.  Impeachment  of  the  President. 

7.  The  Fourteenth  Amendment. 

8.  Fenian  Excitement. 

1.  Purchase  of  Alaska. 

2.  French  in  Mexico. 

3.  Laying  of  the  Atlantic  Cable. 

4.  Treaty  with  China. 


1.  Pacific  Railroad. 

2.  The  Fifteenth  Amendment. 

3.  Prosperity  of  the  Country. 

4.  Fires. 

1.  Treaty  of  Washington. 

2.  Proposed  Annexation   of  San   Do- 

mingo. 

1.  The  Modoc  Indians. 

2.  Railroad  Panic. 

3.  Centennial  Anniversaries. 

4.  The  Centennial  Exhibition. 

5.  War  ivith  the  Sioux. 


'.  Troops  at  the  South  Withdrawn. 
Railroad  Strike. 
Bland  Silver  BUI.'" 


5.  The  Resumption  of  Specie  Payment. 
i    6.  Indian  Difficulty . 
I.  7.  Prosperity  of  the  Country. 

1.  Fishery  Aivard. 

2.  Treaty  with  China. 


1.  The  Star  Route  Frauds. 

2.  Assassination  of  President  Garfteld 

3.  Accession  of  Arthur. 

4.  Flood  In  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

5.  The  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

6.  A  Civil  Service  Bill. 

7.  Letter-postage. 

8.  Alaska. 

_  9.  Exposition  at  New  Orleans. 


6.    States  Admitted  during  this  Epoch. 
*•  7.    Progress  in  Civilization. 


QUESTIONS    FOR   CLASS    USE. 

questions  are  placed  at  the  close  of  the  -work  rather  than  at  the  foot 
J_  of  each  page,  in  order  to  compel  a  more  independent  use  of  the  book.  As 
far  as  possible,  topical  recitations  should  be  encouraged.  On  naming  the  subject 
of  a  paragraph,  the  pupil  should  be  expected  to  tell  all  he  knows  about  it.  A 
little  patience  and  practice  in  this  method  will  achieve  wonderful  results.  The 
following  pages  often  present  topical  questions  in  the  hope  of  gradually  leading 
the  pupil  to  this  system  of  study.  The  figures  refer  to  the  pages  of  the  book. 

INTRODUCTION. 

9.  JYom  what  continent  did  the  first  inhabitants  of  America  probably  come  ? 
How  did  they  get  here  ?     (At  that  time  it  is  probable  that  Bering  Strait  was  not 
cut  through,  and  the  two  continents  were  connected.)     What  remains  of  these 
people  are  found? 

10.  Where  do  they  occur  ?     What  proof  is  there  of  their  antiquity  ?     Describe 
the   ruins   at   Newark,    Ohio.     The   mound   at  St.  Louis.     The  embankment  in 
Adams    County,   Ohio.      Are    earth -works   permanent?     Describe   the   ruins   in 
South  America.     Who  were  the  mound-builders? 

11.  What  became   of  them?     Who  succeeded  them?    How  did  the  Indians 
compare  with  them?     What  do  you  say  of  the  number  of  the  Indians?    Where 
were  they  most  numerous? 

12.  13.  Were   there   any  blacksmiths,  carpenters,  etc.,   among  them?     Were 
they  a  progressive  people?    In  what  were  they  skilled?    How  did  they  regard 
labor?    Describe  the  life   of  their  women.     Give  an  account  of  the  Iroquois 
Confederacy.     Who  are  the  Pueblo  Indians?    Describe  the  Indian  disposition. 
His  power  of  endurance. 

14-17.  Hia  religion.  Did  he  have  any  idea  of  God  ?  What  policy  should  be 
pursued  toward  the  Indian?  Can  you  give  any  account,  from  your  recent  read- 
ing, of  the  efforts  now  making  to  educate  the  Indian  ?  Who  were  the  North- 
men? What  traditions  about  their  having  discovered  and  settled  America?  Are 
these  stories  credible  ?  Are  there  any  remains  of  this  people  now  existing  ? 
Were  their  discoveries  of  any  value?  At  what  date  does  the  history  of  this 
country  begin?  Name  the  subjects  and  limits  of  the  six  epochs  into  which 
this  history  is  divided. 

FIRST    EPOCH. 

19.  What  was  tho  state  of  geographical  knowledge  in  Europe  in  the  fifteenth 
century  ?  Why  could  not  sailors  have  crossed  the  ocean  before  as  well  as  then  ? 
Why  were  books  of  travel  more  abundant  then?  Why  were  they  BO  eagerly 
read? 


314  QUESTIONS     FOR     CLASS     USE. 

20.  By  what  route  wore  goods  from  the  East  then  obtained?     What  was  the 
commercial  problem  of  that  day?     Columbus'  idea?     What  facts    strengthened 
his  view  ?     (See  note,  p.  21.)     Tell  something  of  his  life. 

21.  Why  did  he  seek  assistance?    Before  whom  did  he  lay  his  plan?     How 
was  it  received?     Did   the   king   treat   him   fairly?     To   whom   did   Columbus 
apply  next?    How  was  he  regarded?     What  reply  was  made  him? 

22.  What  did  Columbus'  friends  do  for  him?     What  offer  did  Queen  Isabella 
make?     Were  her  jewels  sold?     What  new  trouble  assailed  Columbus?     What 
vessels  composed  his  fleet?     Give  some  of  the  incidents  of  the  voyage. 

23.  Did  Columbus  waver?    (There  seems  to  be  no  truth  in  the  common  state- 
ment that  he  promised  to  turn  back,  if  he  did  not  discover  land  in  three  days.) 
Describe   the   discovery  of  land.      The   landing.     When   and  where   was   this? 
What  region  did  Columbus  think  he  had  reached?    What  was  the  result?    For 
what  did  he  search?    What  other  islands  did  ho  discover? 

24.  Describe  his  reception  on  his  return.    How  many  subsequent  voyages  did 
Columbus  make?     What  settlement  did  he  make?     (See  p.   289.)     Did  he  dis- 
cover the  main-land?    Did  he  know  that  he  had  found  a  new  continent?    Where 
is  Columbus'  tomb  ?    How  was  the  continent  named  ? 

25.  What  was  the  plan  of  John  Cabot  ?    What  discoveries  did  he  make  ?    Did 
his  discoveries  antedate  those  of  Columbus?     Where    and  when  is  it  probable 
the  American  continent  was  first  discovered?     What  discoveries  did  Sebastian 
Cabot  make?     Did  England  improve  them?     Of  what  value  were  they? 

26.  What  four   nations   explored  the  territory  of   the    future  United  States? 
What    portion    of    the    continent   did  each    explore?     What  was  the  feeling  in 
Spain?     What  effect  was  produced?     Why  did  Ponce  do  Leon  come  to  the  new 
world  ? 

27.  What   land   did   he   discover?     Why  did  he   so  name  it?     What  success 
did  he  meet?     What  discovery  did  Balboa  make?    Describe  the   expedition  of 
De  Narvaez.     Its  fate.     Of  De  Soto.     Of  De  Ayllon. 

28.  What  region  did  De  Soto  traverse?     Did  he  make   any  valuable   discov- 
eries?    What  river  was  his  burial-place?     When?     What  became  of  his  com- 
panions ? 

29.  When,  where,  and    by  whom  was   the   first   town   in   the  United   States 
founded?    What  is  tho  probable  origin  of  the  name  California?    Why  did  Cortez 
explore   that   region?      Who  made   the   first   voyage   along   tho   Pacific   coast? 
Which  is  the  second  oldest  town  in  the  United  States?    When   and  by  whom 
was  it  founded? 

30.  What  was   then  the   great  wish  of  maritime   nations?     What  was   the 
extent  of  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  new  world?    Who  was  the  first  French 
navigator  to  reach  the  continent?    When?     What  name  did  he  give  it?    Who 
discovered  the  Kiver  St.  Lawrence?     Why  did  he  so  name  it? 

31.  Why  was  Montreal  so  named?    Who  were  the  Huguenots?     What  was 
Coligny's  plan?     "Who  led  the  first  expedition?    Fate  of  the  colony?     Give  an 
account  of  the  second  expedition.     Tell  the  amusing  story  of  the  longevity  of 
the  Indians. 

32.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  second  colony?     What  I^rench  navigator  was 
the  next  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence?     How  did  he  find  things  at  Hochelaga? 
When,  where,  and  by  whom  was  the  first  permanent  French  settlement  made  in 
America?     How  much  land  was  granted  to  this  colony? 

33.  When,  where,  and  by  whom,  was  the  first  permanent  French  settlement 


QUESTIONS    FOR    CLASS     USE.  315 

made  in  Canada?  What  journey  did  Champlain  make?  What  discoveries?  ^he 
consequence  of  his  trip?  Who  explored  the  Mississippi  valley?  What  relics  of 
them  remain  ?  Tell  something  of  their  heroism.  Of  Father  Marquette.  Of  his 
death. 

34.  Tell  of  la  Salle's  adventures.     What  were  the  results  of  French  enter- 
prise?    How  did  it  compare  with  English   enterprise?     When  did  the  English 
awake  to  the  importance  of  American  discovery?     Who  made  the  first  attempt 
to  carry  out  Cabot's  plan? 

35.  What  success  did  he  have?     Was  the  discovery  of  gold  profitable?     What 
discovery  did  Sir  Francis  Drake  make?     Describe  his  buccaneering  adventures 
(p.  42).     Where  did  Drake  winter  on  the  Pacific  coast? 

36.  What  was  the  view  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  ?     His  fate  ?    Who  adopted 
his  plan?     Give   some   account   of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.     Why  was  Virginia  so 
named?     Where  did  Raleigh  plant  his  first  colony?     Give  its  history. 

37.  What  did  the  colonists  introduce  into  England  on  their  return?     Story 
told  of  Raleigh's  smoking?     Give  the  history  of  the  second  colony.     What  kept 
the  interest  in  America  alive?     How  did  Gosnold  shorten  the  voyage  across  the 
Atlantic  ? 

38.  What  discoveries   did  Gosnold  make?     Captain  Pring?     Results  of  these 
explorations?     What  was  South  Virginia?     North  Virginia?    Where,  when,  and 
by  whom  was  the   first  English   settlement  made  in  the  United   States?     Tell 
some  of  the  provisions  of  the  charter  granted  to  these  companies.     What  is  a 
charter  ?      Ans.    A  document  which  confers  the  title  to  certain  land,  and,  not 
unlike  a  constitution,  defines  the  form  of  government,  and  secures  to  the  people 
certain  rights  and  privileges.     What  is  a  patent?     Ans.  It  is  now  the  exclusive 
right  to  any  invention ;  formerly  it  was  a  grant  conferring  land  and  the  right 
to  plant  a  colony. 

39.  Who   entered   New  York  harbor  next  after  Verrazani?     Was  Hudson  a 
Dutchman?     What  river   did   he  discover?     What  claim  did  the  Dutch  found 
on  this  discovery?     What  name  did  they  give  to  the  region?     State  the  claims 
of  these  four  nations,  and  the  settlements  they  had  made. 

40.  Why  were  these  claims  conflicting?     Had  these  nations  any  idea  of  the 
extent   of   the   country?     Which   nation  ultimately  secured   the  whole   region? 
Which   centuries  were   characterized  by  explorations,   and   which   century  by 
settlements?      Name    the    permanent    settlements    which   were    made    at    the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

SECOND    EPOCH. 

45,  46.  Name  the  thirteen  colonies.  Were  they  united  during  this  epoch? 
What  was  the  character  of  the  Virginia  colonists?  What  was  their  success? 
Describe  the  services  of  John  Smith.  Narrate  some  of  the  incidents  of  his  life. 

47,  48.  What  was  his  theory  of  founding  a  colony?  Tell  the  story  of  his 
capture  by  the  Indians.  What  change  in  the  government  of  the  colony  was 
made  by  the  second  charter?  Was  it  based  on  the  principle  of  self-govern- 
ment? Why  did  Smith  leave?  What  was  its  effect  on  the  colony?  Tell  some- 
thing of  the  "  Starving  Time  ". 

49.  How  did  relief  come?  What  change  was  made  by  the  third  charter? 
Describe  the  marriage  of  Pocahontas.  Her  visit  to  England.  Where  was  the 
first  legislative  body  held  ? 


316  QUESTIONS     FOB     CLASS     USE. 

50.  When  was  the  first  constitution  given?     Of  what  value  were  these  char- 
ters ?    State   some  particulars   of  the  prosperity  of  the  colony.     Of  the  culture 
of  tobacco.      Of  the   purchase    of  wives.      When  and   how  was    slavery   intro- 
duced?    Why? 

51.  Why  did  the  Indians  now  become   hostile?     Give  some  account  of   the 
massacre.     Its  result.     What   new  change  was   next  made  in  the  government? 
Cause?     What  was  the   Navigation  Act?     Why  was  it  oppressive?     What  was 
the  conduct  of  the  assembly? 

52.  What   division  now  arose   among  the  people?     Tell  the  story  of  Bacon's 
rebellion.     Was  Bacon  a  patriot  or  a  rebel?    What  was  the  conduct  of  Berke- 
ley?    What  curious  fact  illustrates  the  ruling  sentiment  of  Massachusetts  and 
of   "Virginia   at   that   time?     What    coincidence    between   this    event    and    the 
Revolution  ? 

53.  Describe  John  Smith's  explorations   at  the  north.     What  authority  was 
granted   to   the    Council   of   New   England?     What  became    of   the    Plymouth 
Company  ?     Give    some    account   of   the   landing   of   the   Pilgrims.     Who   were 
the   Puritans?     What  was  the    difference    between  the  Puritans   and  the   Pil- 
grims?    Why  did  the  Pilgrims  come  to  this  country?     When? 

54.  What  was  their  character?     What  story  is  told  to  illustrate  their  piety? 
Describe  their  sufferings.    What  is  "Plymouth  Rock"?    What  do  you  mean  by 
Dec.  11,  O.  S.  and  Dec.  21,  N.  S.  ?   Why  did  not  the  Indians  disturb  the  settlers  ? 

55.  What  Indians  visited  them  in  the  spring?     How  did  Governor  Bradford 
reply  to  Canonicus'  threat  ?     Tell  about  the  scarcity  of  food.     How  did  the  plan 
of  working  in  common  succeed? 

56.  Did  they  have  any  more  privileges  than  the  Jamestown   colonists?     Who 
settled  about  Massachusetts  Bay?    Why  was  this  colony  popular?    Who  founded 
Salem?     Boston?     Did  the  Puritans  tolerate  other  Churches?    Why  not?     Give 
an  account  of  the  difficulty  with  Roger  Williams. 

57.  Where  did  he  go?    What  settlement  did  he  found?    Why  did  Mrs.  Hutch- 
inson  become  obnoxious?     State  the  treatment  of  the  Quakers.     What  union  of 
the  colonies  was  now  formed?     What  was  its  object?     What  Indian  chiefs  be- 
friended Massachusetts   and  Virginia  in  their  early  history?     (The  grandson  of 
Massasoit  was  sold  as  a  slave  in  the  West  Indies.) 

58.  59.  Give   an  account   of  King  Philip's  war.     Of  the  "swamp  flght".     Of 
the  attack  on  Hadley.     How  did  the  colonists  protect  themselves?    How  was 
the  war  finally  ended?     How  did  the  Navigation  Act   affect  Massachusetts? 
Did  the  Puritans  obey  it?    What  change  now  took  place  in  the  government? 
Give  some  account  of  Andros'  rule.    What  action  did  the  colonists  take?   What 
form  of  government  was  finally  imposed  upon  them? 

60.  Give  an  account  of  the  Salem  witchcraft.     What  is  a  "witch"?     Was 
this  delusion  common  at  that  time?    What  two  colonies  were  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  Massachusetts? 

61.  Give  an  account  of  the  early  settlement  of  New  Hampshire.     Of  Maine. 
What  is  said  of  the   claims  made  upon  the  land  by  the  heirs  of  these  proprie- 
tors?   Why  are  these  States  so  named?    Who  obtained  a  grant  of  the  territory 
now  embraced  in  Connecticut?   Who  claimed  this  region? 

62.  Give  an  account  of  the  early  settlement  at  Windsor.     Hartford.     Say- 
brook.      How  were  the  Narragansett  Indians   kept   from  joining   the  Pequods 
against  the  whites?     Describe  the  attack  upon  the  Pequod  fort. 

63.  What  three  colonies  were  formed  in  Connecticut?     What  peculiarities  in 


QUESTIONS    FOB    CLASS    USE.  317 

the  government  of  each?    How  were  they  combined  into  one  colony?    "Why  was 
the  charter  so  highly  prized  ?     "What  story  is  told  of  Andros'  visit  ? 

64.  "What  colony  was  established  the  same  year  that  Hooker  went  to  Hart- 
ford ?     "What  exiles  settled  Rhode  Island  ?    Why  was  the  island  so  called  ?    "What 
fact  illustrates  AVilliams'  generosity? 

65.  "What  was  his  favorite  idea?     "Why  was  not  the  colony  allowed  to  join  the 
New  England  Union?     How  was  a  charter  secured?    "What  was  its  character? 
Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  New  York  by  the  Dutch.     "Who  were  the 
"  patroons  "  ? 

66.  What  was  the  character  of  the  history  of  New  York  under  its  four  Dutch 
governors  ?     Who  was  the  ablest  of  them  ?     How  much  territory  did  he  claim  ? 
How  did  he  settle  the  boundary  lines?     Tell  something  of  the  growth  of  liberty 
among  the  people. 

67.  Describe  old  Peter's  reluctance  to  surrender  to  the  English.     "Why  was 
the  colony  named  New  York?    Were  the  people  pleased  with  the  English  rule? 
Was   the    English    occupation   permanent  ?     Was   civil   liberty   secured   under 
Andros?     Dongan?     What  course  did  the  Duke  of  York  take  when  he  became 
King  of  England?     Tell  how  Captain  Leisler  came  to  assume  the  government. 
Of  his  trial  and  execution. 

68.  In  what  colony  was  New  Jersey  formerly  embraced  ?     Who  first  settled 
it?     When,  to  whom,  and  by  whom  was  the  land  granted?     Where  and  by 
whom  was  the  first  English  settlement  made?     Why  so  called?     How  divided? 
Who  settled  the  different  parts? 

69.  How  did  New  Jersey  como   to  be  united  to  New  York?     To  be  made  a 
separate  royal  province?     Where   and  by  whom  was  the  first  settlement   in 
Delaware  made?     In  Pennsylvania?     Who  was  the   founder  of  Pennsylvania? 
Give  some  account  of  William  Penn.     Of  the  Quakers. 

70.  How  did  Penn  obtain  a  grant  of  this  region?    Why  was  it  so  named? 
What  was  Delaware  styled?     How  did  Penn  settle  the  territory?     What  city 
did  he  found?    Meaning  of  the  name?    Rapidity  of  its  growth?    What  was 
the  "Great  Code"?    Was  religious  toleration  granted? 

71.  72.  Give   an  account   of  Penn's  treaty  with  the  Indians.     In  what  spirit 
did  Penn  treat  the  colony?     How  came  Delaware  to  be  separated  from  Penn- 
sylvania?    Was  this  separation  total?     How  did  Pennsylvania  secure  the  title 
to  its  soil?    With  what  intent  did  Lord  Baltimore  secure  a  grant  of  land  in 
America?     When    was   the   first    settlement   made?     Why  was   Maryland   so 
named?     What  class  of  people  generally  settled  this  country? 

73.  What  advantage  did  the  Maryland  charter  confer?    What  was  the  "Tol- 
eration Act"?    How  did  religious  toleration  vary  in  the   colonies?    Give  an 
account  of  Clayborne's  rebellion.     Of  the  difficulties  between  the  Catholics  and 
the  Protestants. 

74.  What  territory  was  granted  to  ILord  Clarendon?    By  whom  was  the  Albe- 
marle  colony  settled?     What  course  did  the  proprietors  take?     By  whom  was 
the  Carteret  colony  settled?    What  location  did  they  select?    What  do  you  say 
of  the  rapidity  of  its  growth? 

75.  What  beneficial  influence  did  the  Huguenots  have  on  the  colony?    What 
was  the  "Grand  Model"?    How  was  it  unfitted  for  a  new  country?  .How  was  it 
received?     (Read  p.  96.)     What  were  the  relations  between  the  proprietors  and 
settlers?    How  were  the  difficulties  ended?    How  came  Carolina  to  be  divided? 

76.  By  what  coincidence  ia  Georgia  linked  with  Washington  ?     With  what 


318  QUESTIONS     FOB     CLASS     USE. 

intention  was  this  colony  planned  f     Character  of  the  settlers  ?     Restrictions  of 
the  trustees?     Result? 

77.  How  many  inter-colonial  wars  were  there?     If  you  include  the  Spanish 
war?     (See  p.  80,  note.)     Duration  of  King  William's  war?     Cause?    Describe 
the  Indian  attacks  upon  the  colonists.     Tell  the  story  of  Mrs.  Dustin. 

78,  79.  "What  attacks  were  made  by  the  colonists  in  return  ?     "Were  they  suc- 
cessful?    What  was   the  result  of  the  war?     Length  of  Queen  Anne's  war? 
Cause?   Where  was  the  war  mainly  fought?    Effect  upon  New  England?   What 
attack  by  the  colonists  at  the  South?     At  the  North?     Tell  the  story  of  Mrs. 
Williams. 

80.  What  was  the  result  of  the  war  ?    Length  of  King  George's  war  ?    Cause  ? 
Principal  event?    Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  Louisburg.    Of  the  Spanish 
war. 

81,  82.  Result  of  the  war.      Length  of  the  French  and  Indian  war.      Cause. 
Occasions  of  quarrel.      Give  an  account  of  Washington's  journey  to  Lake  Erie. 
His  return.     Result  of  his  journey. 

83.  What  did  the  French  do  in  the  spring  of  1754  ?     Tell  the  story  of  Wash- 
ington's first  battle.      Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Necessity  by  the 
French.     Who  fired  the  first  gun  of  this  war?     Name  the  five  objective  points 
of  this  war. 

84.  Why  were  they  so  obstinately  attacked  and  defended?     Give  an  account 
of   the    defeat    of    General    Braddock.      Character    of    Braddock.      Conduct    of 
Washington. 

85.  Give  an   account    of   the   second  expedition.     Who   finally   captured   the 
fort?     What  city  now  occupies  its  site?     What  was  the  principal   cause  of  the 
easy  capture   of  the   fort?      (See  p.   87,   note.)     What  success  did  the  English 
meet  in  Acadia?     What  cruel  act   disgraced  their  victory?     What  attempt  was 
made  on  Louisburg?     Who  finally  captured  it? 

86.  Describe  the  battle  of  Lake  George.     'Who   earned  the  glory  of  this  vic- 
tory and  who  got  it?    Tell  the  story  of  Dieskau's  death.     The  fate  of  Fort 
William  Henry.     Describe  the  attack  on  Fort  Ticonderoga  by  Abercrombie. 

87.  When  were  both  forts  captured?     Describe  the   two   attempts  to  capture 
Niagara.    Who  forced  it  to  surrender?    In  what  year  did  these  successes  occur? 
Describe  the  difficulties  which  General  Wolfe  met  in  his  attack  on  Quebec. 

88.  89.  How  did  he  overcome   them?     Describe   the  battle   on   the  Plains   of 
Abraham.     What  was  the  result   of  the  battle?     What  were  the  conditions  of 
peace? 

90,  91.  What  was  the  cause  of  Pontiac's  war?  Result?  Fate  of  Pontiac? 
What  stratagems  did  the  Indians  use?  Effect  of  the  French  and  Indian  war? 
How  did  the  British  officers  treat  the  colonial  officers?  Describe  the  condition 
of  the  colonies  at  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  war.  How  many  kinds  of 
government?  Name  and  define  each. 

92-99.  How  many  colleges?  Did  the  English  government  support  educational 
interests?  Condition  of  agriculture?  Manufactures?  Commerce?  Was  money 
scarce?  Were  there  many  books  or  papers?  How  did  the  people  travel?  Tell 
something  about  the  first  public  conveyance.  Condition  of  morals  in  New 
England.  Name  some  peculiar  customs.  Some  rigid  laws.  Who  were  entitled 
to  the  prefix  Mr.  ?  What  were  common  people  called  ?  Laws  with  regard  to 
drmMne?  Using  tobacco?  Tell  something  of  the  habits  of  the  people  in  New 
York.  What  customs  familiar  to  us  are  of  Dutch  origin?  How  did  the  style 


QUESTIONS     FOR     CLASS     tJSE.  310 

of  living  at  the  South  differ  from  that  at  the  North?  Describe  a  southern  plan- 
tation. What  is  said  of  the  luxurious  living?  State  of  education  in  New 
England?  Tell  something  of  the  support  given  to  schools.  Of  the  founding  of 
Yale  College.  Of  their  town  meetings.  Of  the  state  of  education  in  the  middle 
colonies.  How  were  the  ministers'  salaries  met  ?  What  was  the  state  of  edu- 
cation in  the  southern  colonies?  Provision  made  for  public  worship?  Give 
some  idea  of  the  early  Virginia  laws  of  worship. 


THIRD    EPOCH. 

101,  102.  How  did  England  treat  the  colonies?  Give  some  illustrations. 
What  was  the  tendency  of  this  course  of  conduct?  What  was  the  direct  cause 
of  war?  The  Stamp  Act?  What  were  Writs  of  Assistance?  Tell  the  story  of 
Patrick  Henry. 

103-105.  What  efforts  were  made  to  resist  the  law?  What  effect  did  they 
have  on  the  English  government?  Was  this  permanent?  What  was  the  Mutiny 
Act?  Why  was  it  passed?  Howkwas  it  received  by  the  colonists?  Tell  about 
the  Boston  Massacre.  The  Boston  Tea  Party.  Why  was  the  tea  thrown  over- 
board ?  For  what  is  Faneuil  Hall  noted  ?  What  did  the  English  now  do  ? 

106,  107.  What  parties  were  formed?  What  action  did  the  colonists  take? 
When,  and  where,  was  the  First  Continental  Congress  held?  What  action  did 
it  take?  When  and  where  was  the  first  blood  spilled?  Describe  how  the 
battle  of  Lexington  occurred. 

108,  109.  What  were  the  effects  of  this  battle?  Tell  how  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill  occurred.  Describe  it.  Tell  something  of  "  Old  Put ". 

110.  State  the  effect  of  this  battle.     Describe  the  death  of  General  Warren. 
Give  some  account  of  Ethan  Allen. 

111.  Why  were  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  so  called?     Describe  the  capture 
of  Ticonderoga.     Meeting   of   Second   Continental  Congress.     Its  action.     What 
was  the  condition  of  the  army? 

112.  What  expedition  was  undertaken  against  Canada?     Describe  the  attack 
upon  Quebec.     Its  end.     How  were  the  British  forced  to  leave  Boston? 

113.  How  had  they  treated  the  Boston  people  ?    The  Boston  boys  ?    Describe 
the  attack  on  Port  Moultrie.     Its  effect.     Tell  the  story  of  Sergeant  Jasper. 

114.  When  was  the  Declaration  of  Independence  adopted?     How  many  colo- 
nies voted  for  it  ?    (See  the  Declaration  in  the  Appendix.)     Tell  the  story  of  the 
old  "  liberty  bell ".     How  did  the  campaign  near  New  York  occur  ? 

115.  Describe  the  battle  of  Long  Island.     What  decided  it  in   favor  of  the 
English  ?    By  what  providential  circumstance  did  the  Americans  escape  ?   What 
were  the  prison  ships  ?    Who  were  the  Hessians  ?   Tell  the  story  of  Nathan  Hale. 

116.  117.  What  battles  occurred  while  Washington  was  falling  back  ?   Describe 
his  retreat  through  New  Jersey.     How  did  he  escape?    What  general  was  cap- 
tured by  the  enemy?    What  was  the  condition  of  the  country?    Describe  the 
battle  of  Trenton.     Tell  the  story  of  Ball. 

118.  The  effect  of  this  battle.     Name  the  battles  of  1776  In  order.     Describe 
the  battle  of  Princeton.     What  providential  circumstance  favored  the  attack? 

119.  How  did  the  battle  of  Brandywine  occur?    Describe  it.     What  decided 
it  in  favor  of  the  English?     What  previous  battle  did  it  resemble?     Give  »om« 
account  of  La  Fayette. 


320  QUESTIONS    FOR     CLASS    USE. 

120,  121.  Describe  the  battle  of  Germantown.  Why  did  the  Americans  fail? 
How  did  the  campaign  in  Pennsylvania  close?  "What  disastrous  attempt  was 
made  by  the  British  at  the  North  ?  Describe  the  burning  of  Danbury,  the  cap- 
ture of  General  Prescott,  and  the  murder  of  Jane  McCrea.  What  events  at- 
tended General  Burgoyne's  march  south?  What  measures  were  taken  to  check 
hia  advance? 

122.  Who  succeeded  General  Schuyler?    What  was  Schuyler's  conduct?    What 
events  deranged  Burgoyne's  plans  ?    How  was  the  siege  of  Fort  Schuyler  (Stan- 
wix)  raised?     Tell  something  of  Kosciusko. 

123.  Describe  the  battle  of  Bennington.     For  what  incident  is  it  noted? 

124.  Describe  the  first  battle  of  Saratoga.     The  second  battle.    Who  was  the 
hero  of  the  fight?    How  did  General  Fraser  die?    Tell  some  incidents  of  the 
campaign. 

125.  126.  Effect  of  these  fights.     Name  the  battles  of  1777  in  order.    Describe 
the   sufferings  at  "Valley  Forge.     How  could  the  soldiers   endure  such  misery? 
What  news  came  in  the  spring?     Story  told  of  Washington?     Tell  something 
of  the  Conway  cabal.     What  story  is  told  of  General  Reed  ? 

127.  What  caused  the  battle  of  Monmouthl  to  happen  ?    Describe  its  promi- 
nent incident.     Tell  the  history  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 

128.  Tell  the  story  of  Major  Molly.     What  became  of  General  Lee  ?    What 
campaign  waa  now  planned  by  the  aid  of  the  French  ?     How  did  it  turn  out  ? 
Describe  the  Wyoming  massacre.     What  poem    has  been  written    upon  this 
event?     Am.    Campbell's  Gertrude   of  Wyoming.      Name   the   battles  of    1778 
in  order. 

129.  Why  was  the  war  now  transferred  to  the  South?     How  did  the  cam- 
paign open  ?     Describe  the  attack  on  Savannah.     Who  were  killed  ?     Tell  some- 
thing of  Count  Pulaski.     Was  the  French  aid  of  great  value? 

130-132.  What  characterized  the  campaign  at  the  North?  Tell  the  story  of 
General  Putnam.  Describe  the  capture  of  Stony  Point.  General  Sullivan's 
expedition.  What  do  you  say  of  the  naval  successes?  Describe  the  contest 
between  the  Bonhomme  Richard  and  the  Serapis.  What  colony  was  conquered 
by  the  British  during  this  year?  Name  the  principal  battles  of  1779  in  order. 

133,  134.  What  city  was  now  captured?  What  result  followed?  How  did 
the  battle  of  Camden  occur?  Describe  it.  What  was  its  result?  Tell  some- 
thing of  the  famous  partisan  warfare.  Name  some  leaders.  Story  of  Marion. 
Battle  of  King's  Mountain.  Death  of  Colonel  Hayne.  Effect  of  this  independent 
warfare.  Tell  something  of  the  depreciation  of  the  continental  money. 

135,  136.  What  mutiny  occurred?  Tell  the  story  of  Arnold's  treason.  Of 
Andre's  capture  and  fate.  Of  Arnold's  escape  and  reward.  In  what  estimation 
was  he  held?  Name  the  principal  events  of  1780. 

137.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  army  at  the  South?    Who  now  took 
command?    Describe  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens.     Describe  Greene's  celebrated 
retreat.     How  many  times  did  the  rain  save  him? 

138.  By  what  two  battles  was  the  contest  at  the  South  closed?     Were  the 
English    or  Americans  victorious?     Illustrate    the   patriotism   of   the   women. 
Describe  the  character  of  General  Greene. 

139.  Where  did  Cornwallis  go  after  the  failure  of  his  southern  campaign? 
What  kind  of  war  did  he  wage  in  Virginia  ?    Why  did  he  retire  to  Yorktown  ? 
What  plan  did  Washington  now  adopt? 

140.  Describe  the  siege  of  Yorktown.     Its  result.     The  surrender.     The  effect. 


QUESTIONS     FOE     CLASS    USE.  821 

On  what  plundering  tours  did  Arnold  go  ?  Story  told  of  Nelson  ?  Name  the  prin- 
cipal battles  of  1781  in  order. 

141, 142.  How  was  the  news  of  Cornwallis'  surrender  received?  "Was  all  peril 
to  our  liberties  over?  What  was  the  condition  of  the  country?  What  base  offer 
was  made  to  Washington  ?  How  did  he  pacify  the  army  ?  When  was  peace  signed  ? 
What  was  the  result?  What  course  did  Washington  take? 

143.  Tell  something  of  the  weakness  of  the  government.  What  held  the  col- 
onies together?  Cause  of  Shays'  rebellion?  What  need  was  felt?  How  was  it 
met?  When  was  the  Constitution  adopted?  Who  were  the  chief  authors  of  the 
Constitution?  What  parties  arose?  What  was  the  Federalist  (see  p.  310)?  How 
soon  was  the  Constitution  ratified?  How  many  States  were  necessary?  When 
did  the  new  government  go  into  operation  T 


FOURTH    EPOCH. 

149, 150.  What  are  the  limits  of  this  epoch?  What  was  its  characteristic  idea? 
Who  was  the  first  President  of  the  United  States?  When  and  where  was  he 
inaugurated?  Where  was  the  capital?  Name  its  changes.  What  was  the  pop- 
ular feeling  toward  Washington?  Give  some  account  of  Washington's  life  and 
character. 

151,  152.  What  difficulties  beset  the  government  ?  What  departments  were 
established?  Name  the  members  of  the  first  cabinet.  Was  the  Postmaster- 
General  a  member?  What  financial  measures  were  adopted?  By  whose  advice? 
What  did  Webster  say  of  Hamilton  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  whiskey  rebellion. 
Of  the  Indian  war  at  the  north-west.  What  difficulty  arose  with  England? 

153.  How  was  it  settled  ?    How  was  the  treaty  received  in  this  country  ?    What 
treaty  was  made  with  Spain?    Algiers?    What  was  the  popular  feeling  toward 
Prance?    Why  was  Genet  recalled?    What  parties  now  arose?    Who  were  the 
leaders  of  each  ?    Their  views  ?    Tell  something  of  Randolph. 

154,  155.  Who  was  elected  second  President  ?    Tell  something  of  Adams'  life. 
What  were  the  alien  and  sedition  laws  ?   Why  were  they  passed  ?    How  were  they 
received?    How  did  the  French  difficulty  look  during  this  administration?    How 
was  it  terminated  ?   What  reply  did  Pinckney  make  to  the  base  offer  of  the  French 
Directory?    What  was  the  state  of  party  feeling?    Who  was  elected  third  Pres- 
ident?   Why  was  not  Adams  re-elected?    What  was  the  important  event  of 
Jefferson's  administration?     Why? 

156,  157.  Tell  something  of  Jefferson's  life  and  character.  Tell  how  Hamilton 
was  killed.  What  became  of  Burr?  Tell  something  of  Pulton's  invention.  Of 
the  war  with  Tripoli.  Of  Lieutenant  Decatur's  exploit. 

158.  What  difficulty  now  arose  with    England    and   Prance  ?    What  is  the 
American  doctrine  ?    Was  the  impressment  of ,  seamen  general  ?    What  was  the 
Embargo  Act?    (The  enemies  of   this  law,  spelling  the  name  backward,  termed 
it  the  O  Grab  me  Act.) 

159.  What  was  the   issue  of  the  next  political  campaign?    Who  was  elected 
fourth  President  ?    "Views  of  the  federalists  ?    Give  an  account  of  Madison's  life 
and  character.    Of  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.    Effect  of  this  Indian  war.     State 
how  the  breach  with  England  widened. 

160.  Describe  the  difficulty  between  the  President  and  Little  Belt.    When  was 


322  QUESTIONS    FOB    CLASS    USE. 

war  declared  ?    How  long  did  the  war  last  ?    What  was  the  opening  event  of  the 
war  of  1812  ?    Describe  the  surrender  of  Detroit. 

161.  The  battle  of  Queenstown  Heights.     How  did  the  naval  and  the  land 
warfare  compare  ?    Describe  the  fight  between  the  Constitution  and  Ghierriere. 

162.  Between  the  Frolic  and  the  "Wasp.    How  many  prizes  were  captured  by 
privateers?    What  are  privateers? 

163.  What  was  the  effect  of  these  victories?    Name  the  battles  of  1812  in 
order.    Plan,  of  the  campaign  of  1813.    What  did  the  armies  of  the  center  and 
north  do?    "What  did  the  British  do?    What  reverse  happened  to  a  part  of  Gen- 
eral Harrison's  command?    Describe  this  rout.     Tell   something  of   Proctor's 
brutality. 

164.  165.  Describe  the  three  attacks  made  by  Proctor.     In  which  was  he  suc- 
cessful?   Describe    Perry's  victory  on    Lake  Erie.     What    gallant   exploit  was 
performed  by  Perry?    What  issues  depended  on  this  fight?    Describe  the  battle 
of  the  Thames.    What  celebrated  Indian  was  killed?    What  was  the  effect  of 
these  victories  ?    Who  gained  great  credit? 

166.  Describe  the  battle  between  the  Chesapeake  and  the  Shannon.    What 
were  Lawrence's  dying  words  ?    Who  used  them,  in  battle  ?     What  Indian  diffi- 
culties occurred  ?   How  did  General  Jackson  avenge  the  massacre  of  Port  Minims  ? 
What  story  is  told  cf  Jackson? 

167.  What  ravages  were  committed  by  Admiral  Cockburn?    Why  was  New 
England  spared?    Name  the  principal  battles  of  1813  in  order.    What  movement 
was  made  by  General  Brown  ?    What  general  led  the  advance  ? 

168.  What  battles  ensued?     Describe  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane.    What  story 
is  told  of  Colonel  Miller?    What  battle  took  place  in  New  York  State?    How  did 
that  happen  ?    Describe  it. 

169-171.  Describe  the  ravages  made  by  the  British  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
Attack  on  Washington.  On  Baltimore.  Uesult  of  these  events.  What  was  the 
Hartford  Convention?  What  put  an  end  to  these  fears?  Why  was  the  battle  of 
New  Orleans  unnecessary?  Describe  this  battle.  How  did  it  happen  that  raw 
militia  defeated  English  veterans?  What  was  the  result  of  this  war?  Effect  upon 
the  federalist  party?  Who  was  elected  fifth  President? 

172.  Was  Monroe  a  popular  man  ?   Give  some  account  of  his  life  and  character. 
What  was  the  characteristic  of  his  administration  ?   What  was  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise ?    Cause  of  it  ? 

173.  Give  an  account  of  La  Fayette's  visit.    What  territory  was  gained  by 
treaty?    What  famous  doctrine  advanced  by  Monroe?    What  political  changes 
now  took  place?    What  party  was  arising?   What  were  its  principles?   Principles 
of  the  democratic  party?    Who  were  the  champions  of  each  party?    Which  party 
absorbed  most  of  the  old  federalists?    Why?    Who  was  elected  sixth  President? 
How? 

174.  Give  some  account  of  the  life  and  character  of  John  Quincy  Adams.    Of 
his  administration.     Was  it  popular?    How  was  the  protective  tariff  received? 
Who  was  elected  seventh  President  ? 

175.  Give  some  account  of  the  life  and  character  of  Jackson.    Contrast  him 
with  John  Quincy  Adams.    What  principle  did  he  introduce?    What  was  the 
nullification  ordinance?    How  did  Jackson  act? 

176.  How  did  Clay  pacify?     What  celebrated  debate  took  place?     "What  Is 
said  of  Calhoun?   Of  Clay's  patriotism?    What  action  did  Jackson  take  concern, 
Ing  the  United  States  Bank?  Its  effect? 


QUESTIONS     FOR     CLASS    USE.  323 

177,  178.  Ho\v  did  speculation  become  rife  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  Black 
Hawk  war.  Tho  Seminole  war.  "What  is  said  of  Osceola?  What  difficulty 
occurred  with  Prance?  How  was  it  settled?  "Who  were  the  Presidential  candi- 
dates? What  were  their  principles?  Who  was  elected  eighth  President?  Give 
an  account  of  the  life  and  character  of  Van  Buren.  Describe  the  crisis  of  1837. 

179.  What  was  its  effect  on  trade?     What  was  the  patriot  war?    Van  Bui-en's 
Sub-Treasury  Bill?     Tell  the  story  of  the  steamer  Caroline. 

180.  What  was  the  North-east  boundary  question?    How  was  it  settled?    What 
was   the   Ashburton   treaty?     Who  was  elected  ninth  President?     Who  was  his 
opponent?     Give  an  account   of  the  life  and  character  of  Harrison.     What  was 
the  cause  of  his  sudden  death?     Who  succeeded  him? 

181.  Was  Tyler's  administration  successful?    Did  he  remain  true  to  his  party? 
What   course  did  he   take   with  regard   to  the   "United  States  Bank?     Give  an 
account  of  Dorr's  rebellion. 

182.  183.    Of  the  anti-rent  difficulties.     Of  the  Mormons.     Of  the  origin  and 
early  history  of  this  sect.     Of  the  invention  of  the  magnetic  telegraph.     Of  the 
annexation  of  Texas.     Why  was  this  measure  warmly  opposed?     How  was  the 
North-western  boundary  question  settled? 

184,  185.  Who  were  the  Presidential  candidates?  Give  an  account  of  Clay. 
Who  was  elected  eleventh  President?  Give  an  account  of  the  life  of  Polk. 
What  war  now  broke  out?  Give  an  account  of  Taylor's  campaign  on  the  Bio 
Grande. 

186,  187.  Describe  the  capture  of  Monterey.  The  battle  of  Buena  Vista. 
What  battles  had  Taylor  fought?  By  what  incident  or  peculiarity  can  you  recol- 
lect each  one?  What  stories  are  told  of  Taylor?  Give  an  account  of  Kearney's 
expedition. 

188,  189.  Describe  the  conquest  of  California.  Who  was  the  hero  of  this 
exploit?  Describe  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz.  The  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo.  What 
city  now  surrendered?  Describe  the  battles  before  Mexico.  The  result. 

190.  When  was  peace  concluded?      What  did  the  United  States  gain  by  the 
war?     What  was  the  Wilmot  proviso?     Give  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  gold 
in  California. 

191.  Of  the  vigilance  committees.     Of  the  political  parties.     Who  was  elected 
twelfth  President?     Give  an  account  of  the  life  and  character  of  Taylor.     How 
long  was  he  President?     Who  succeeded   him?     What  questions   agitated  the 
people  ? 

192.  Why  were  theso  now  awakened?    What  was  the  effect?    What  course  did 
Clay  take?     Webster?     Give  some  account  cf  Webster. 

193.  What  was   the   Compromise  of   1850  ?     What   did  it  propose  ?     By  what 
name  is  it  commonly  known?    .Give  an  account  of  the  filibusters.      Of  the  politi- 
cal parties.     Who  was  elected  fourteenth  President  ? 

194.  Give   an   account   of  the   life   of  Pierce.     Of  tho  Kansas-Nebraska  bill. 
What  is  squatter  sovereignty?     Tell  how  the  Public  Lands  have  threatened  the 
peace  of  tho  country.     How  they  have  enhanced  its  prosperity. 

195.  How  did  the  contest  arise  in  Kansas?    What  was  the  result?     Cause  of 
Brooks'  assault  on  Sumner?   What  was  the  Gadsden  purchase?    Give  an  account 
of  the  treaty  with  Japan.     What  political  parties  now  arose? 

196.  Who  was  elected  fifteenth  President?     Give  some  account  of  Buchanan's 
life.     Of  the  Know-Nothing  party.    Of  the  Dred  Scott  decision. 

107.  How  was  this  regarded  at  the  North  and  at  the  South?     Why  was  tie 


324  QUESTIONS     FOR     CLASS     USE. 

Fugitive  Slave  law  obnoxious?  What  were  Personal  Liberty  bills?  Q-ive  an 
account  of  the  John  Brown  affair.  What  was  the  question  of  the  elections? 
Who  were  nominated  for  the  Presidency?  Who  was  elected  sixteenth  President? 

198,  199.  Give  an  account  of  the  secession  of  the  South  on  the  election  of 
Lincoln.  Q-ive  a  history  of  the  gradual  growth  of  this  movement.  When  and 
where  was  the  Confederate  government  formed?  Who  were  elected  President 
and  Vice-President ?  What  action  was  taken?  What  was  the  condition  of  the 
country?  Q-ive  an  account  of  the  condition  of  affairs  at  Port  Sumter. 

200.  Was  any  attempt  made  by  the  United  States  authorities  to  relieve  it? 
For  what  did  the  nation  wait?  What  was  the  Peace  Convention? 

No  questions  are  given  upon  the  new  States  admitted  to  the  Union  during  this 
epoch,  as  each  class  will  naturally  commit  only  that  which  concerns  its  own 
State,  and  will  wish  to  add  to  the  facts  given  here  those  obtained  from  other 
sources. 


FIFTH    EPOCH. 

215,  216.  Give  an  account  of  "Lincoln's  inauguration.  Of  his  early  history. 
Of  the  condition  of  the  country.  Was  war  a  necessity?  What  precipitated  this 
issue?  When  was  the  first  gun  of  the  Civil  War  fired?  Give  an  account  of  the 
capture  of  Fort  Sumter. 

217.  What  was  the  effect  of  this  event?     What  action  did  the  North  take? 
The  South?     When  and  where  was  the  first  bloodshed?     What  valuable  stores 
were  seized?     How  did  the  war  in  Virginia  open? 

218.  How  was  Fort  Monroe  protected  from  capture?     Give  an  account  of  the 
Big  Bethel  affair.    Of  the  war  in  Western  Virginia.    What  was  the  origin  of  the 
term  "  Contrabands  "  ? 

219.  220.   How  did  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  take  place  ?    Describe  it.     By  what 
peculiarity  can  you  recollect  it?     What  is  its  date?     How  did  Jackson  receive 
the  name  of  "Stonewall"?    Give  an  account  of  the  retreat.    Its  effect.    Describe 
the  battle  at  Ball's  Bluff.     Who  now  took  command  of  the  Union  troops  ? 

221.  Give  an  account   of  the  war  in  Missouri.     What  battles  were  fought? 
What  leaders  on  each  side?     What  Union  general  who  afterward  became  cele- 
brated?    What  was  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  border  States? 

222.  What  step  did  Davis  take?     Tell  the  number  of  vessels  in  the  Umon 
navy.     What  naval  expeditions  were  made?     What  places  captured?     What  was 
the  peculiarity  of  the  attack  on  the  Port  Royal  forts?    Describe  the  Trent  affair. 

223.  Give  a  general  review  of  the  first  year  jf  the  war.     Describe  the  preser- 
vation of  Fort  Pickens.     The  situation  at  the  opening  of  1862.     What  was  the 
plan  of  the  campaign? 

224.  What  was  the  Confederate  line  of  defense  at  the  West?    The  Union  plan 
of  attack?      Where  was  the  first  attack?     Describe  the  capture  of  Fort  Henry. 

225.  Of  Fort  Donelson.     What  story  is  told  of  General  Grant?    What  was  the 
effect  of  these  victories?     What  was  the  next  movement?   Describe  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  or  Pittsburg  Landing. 

226.  227.   By  what  peculiarity  can  you  recollect  it?     How  did  the  battle  turn 
on  the  second  day  ?     How  was  Corinth  captured  ?     Describe  the  taking  of  Island 
No.  10.     What  were  the  effects  of  the  Shiloh  battle? 

228.   What  line  was  now  held  by  the  Union  army?     Where  were  the  Confed- 


QUESTIONS     FOR     CLASS     USE.  325 

erates  located?  What  movements  did  they  make  to  break  through  the  Union 
lines?  Describe  Bragg's  expedition.  "Was  it  successful?  What  was  the  cause 
of  the  battles  of  luka  and  Corinth?  Result? 

229.  How  was   Bragg's   second   expedition   stopped?     Describe   the  battle   of 
Murfreesboro.      What  was  its  effect?     What  coincidence  occurred? 

230.  What  was  Grant's  plan   for   an   expedition  against  Vicksburg?     Was  it 
successful?     What  event  closed  the  Mississippi  campaign?     What  battle  was 
fought  in  Missouri?     What  was  the   condition  of  the  State?     What  massacre 
occurred  in  Kansas? 

231.  232.    Describe   the    capture   of  New   Orleans  by  Farragut.     Burnside's 
expedition   against   Roanoke    Island.      What   was   the    importance    of    Roanoke 
Island  ? 

233,  234.  What  places  in  Florida  were  captured  ?  Describe  the  battle  between 
the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac.  What  was  the  result? 

235.  The   object   of   the  war  in  the  East?    What  campaign  was  undertaken? 
Who  was  the  commanding  general  ?     Describe  the  siege  of  Torktown. 

236.  The  battle  of  Williamsburg.     What  checked  McClellan's  advance?    What 
battle  ensued?     What  was  the  result?     What  was   now  the   expectation   of  the 
Union  army? 

237.  How  did  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  thwart   General  McClellan's  plan  ? 
Give  an  account  of  Jackson  in  the  Shenandoah.     What  was  the  effect  of  this 
movement  ?     What  story  is  told  of  Jackson  ? 

238.  239.   Describe  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks.      How  was  the  Union  advance  on 
.Richmond  checked?     Who  now  took  command  of  the  Confederate  army?     What 
plan  did  McClellan  form  ?    Describe  the  seven-days  battles.    In  what  way  was  the 
retreat  conducted?    With  what  battle  did  it  close? 

240.  What  was  the  effect  of  this  campaign?     The  feeling  at  the  North?    Why 
did  Lee   now  march   north?     Who   took  command   of  the  Union  army  before 
Washington?    Describe  Lee's  campaign  against  Pope. 

241.  What  was   the   effect?     What  plan  did  Lee  now  adopt?     Who  assumed 
command   of  the  Army   of   the   Potomac?     Describe  McClellan's   movements  in 
pursuit.      On  what  expedition  was  Jackson  sent? 

242.  243.   Describe  the  battle  of  Antietam.     Its   effect.      The  battle  of  Fred- 
ericksburg.     Give  a  review  of  the  second  year  of  the  war. 

244-246.  What  Indian  conflict  occurred  at  the  West  ?  What  was  the  situa- 
tion at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1863  ?  What  movement  did  Grant  make 
against  Vicksburg?  Describe  this  campaign.  The  effect.  The  movements  of 
Rosecrans  in  Tennessee  and  Georgia.  General  Morgan's  raid. 

247-250.  Describe  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  By  what  event  can  you  recol- 
lect it  ?  Describe  the  situation  at  Chattanooga.  The  battle  of  Lookout  Mount- 
ain. Attack  on  Missionary  Ridge.  Its  effect.  The  siege  of  Knoxville.  The 
battle  of  Chancellorsville. 

251-254.  Describe  Lee's  second  invasion  of  the  North.  The  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg—first day,  second  day,  third  day.  Its  effect.  The  attack  on  Charleston. 
What  two  contemporaneous  events  occurred?  What  was  the  "swamp  angel"? 
What  can  you  say  concerning  the  negro  troops?  Of  their  charge  on  Fort 
Wagner  ? 

255.  Give  a  general  review  of  the  third  year  of  the  war.    State  the  situation 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1864.    What  was  Grant's  plan  ? 

256,  257.  Describe  Johnston's  plan  of  defense.    How  did  Sherman  drive  him 


326  QUESTIONS     FOB     CLASS     USE. 

from,  these  positions?  Name  the  battles  that  occurred.  Who  succeeded  Johnston 
in  command?  What  followed?  How  did  Sherman  capture  Atlanta?  What  was 
the  effect? 

258.  What  prevented  Sherman's  advance  into  Georgia?    How  was  he  relieved 
of  this  difficulty  ?    Where  did  Hood  go  ?   What  befell  him  in  Tennessee  ?   Describe 
the  battle  of  Nashville.    What  was  the  effect  ? 

259.  Describe  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.     What  was  the  effect?    Describe 
Kilpatrick's  raid  to  Richmond. 

260.  261.  Describe  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness.     By  what  peculiarity  was  it 
distinguished?    Y/"hat  was  the  result?    Describe  the  battle  of  Spottsylvania  Court 
House.    What  was  the  result?    Describe  the  battle  of  Cold  Harbor.    What  famous 
dispatch  did  Grant  send? 

262.  Describe  the  attack  on  Petersburg.     What  was  the  effect  of  this  cam- 
paign?   Describe  the  three  co-operative  expeditions.     The  mine  explosion. 

263.  The  attack  on  the  Weldon  railroad.     Why  did  Lee  send  Early  into  the 
Shenandoah  "Valley?    Describe  Early 's  raid. 

264.  265.  What  Union  general  was  now  sent  to  this  region  ?    Describe  Sheri- 
dan's campaign.     His  ride  from  Winchester.     His  devastation  of  the  country. 
What  was  the  effect  of  his  campaign  ?    Describe  the  Red  River  expedition.     The 
rescue  of  Porter's  fleet.     The  massacre  at  Fort  Pillow. 

266,  267.  The  attack  on  Mobile  by  Farragut.  The  first  expedition  against  Port 
Fisher.  The  second  expedition.  What  can  you  say  of  the  effectiveness  of  the 
blockade?  Of  the  blockade  runners? 

268,  269.  Give  an  account  of  the  Confederate  cruisers.  Of  the  battle  between 
the  Alabama  and  the  Kearsarge.  Of  the  Sanitary  and  Christian  Commissions. 
Of  political  affairs. 

270-272.  Who  was  elected  President?  Give  a  general  review  of  the  fourth 
year  of  the  war.  Describe  the  situation  at  the  opening  of  the  year  1865.  Describe 
Sherman's  march  through  the  Carolinas.  What  was  the  result?  What  was  tho 
situation  at  Bichmond  ?  Describe  the  attack  on  Port  Steadman.  Why  was  it 
made? 

273,  274.  Describe  the  battle  of  Pive  Porks.  What  was  the  effect?  Describe 
the  capture  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond.  The  pursuit  of  Lee.  His  surrender. 

275,  276.  Name  the  terms  of  surrender.  What  proofs  did  Grant  give  of  his 
generosity?  What  was  the  fate  of  Davis?  The  cost  of  the  war?  Tell  about  the 
assassination  of  Lincoln. 

277.  What  States  were  added  during  this  epoch? 


SIXTH    EPOCH. 

281.  Who  became  President  on  the  death  of  Lincoln?    Give  an  account  of  the 
life  of  Johnson.    What  was  the  size  of  the  two  armies  at  the  close  of  the  war? 
What  did  their  peaceful  discharge  prove  ? 

282.  What  do  you  mean  by  "  reconstruction  "  ?    What  was  the  reconstruction 
policy  of  Johnson?   What  is  the  Thirteenth  Amendment? 

283.  284.  What  was  the   condition  of  the  public  finances?    What  was  the 
reconstruction  policy  of  Congress?    The  result  of  this  clashing  between  Congress 
and  the  President?    On  what  conditions  were  the  seceded  States  finally  re-ad- 


QUESTIONS     FOR     CLASS    USE.  327 

nutted  to  their  former  position  in  the  Union  ?  Why  was  Johnson  impeached  ? 
What  -was  the  result?  What  is  the  Fourteenth  Amendment?  Give  an  account 
of  the  French  interference  in  Mexico.  How  did  it  end?  What  territory  was 
added  to  the  United  States?  Has  it  any  value? 

285-287.  Give  an  account  of  the  laying  of  the  Atlantic  cable.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  the  treaty  with  China.  Who  were  the  Presidential  candidates?  Who 
was  elected  eighteenth  President  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  Pacific  Kailroad  and 
its  value  to  the  country. 

288-290.  What  is  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  ?  What  was  the  population  of  the 
United  States  in  1870?  Was  the  country  recovering  from  the  effects  of  the  war? 
What  great  fires  happened  in  '71  and  '72  ?  What  difficulty  arose  with  England  ? 
What  was  the  High  Commission?  Give  some  account  of  San  Domingo,  and  its 
application  to  be  annexed  to  the  United  States.  What  candidates  for  the  Presi- 
dency were  nominated  in  1873  ?  Who  was  chosen  ?  Give  some  account  of  Horace 
Greeley. 

291-294.  Describe  the  contest  with  the  Modoc  Indians.  What  was  the  cause 
of  the  Panic  of  '73?  Name  the  Centennial  observances  of  '75.  Describe  the  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition  at  Philadelphia.  Give  an  account  of  the  "  Ouster  massacre  ". 
Who  were  nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  '76  ?  What  was  the  Joint  Electoral 
Commission  ?  What  questions  agitated  the  country  at  that  time  ? 

294-296.  What  was  the  Southern  policy  of  President  Hayes?  What  was  the 
result  ?  Describe  the  Kailroad  Strikes  of  '77.  What  was  the  Bland  Silver  Bill  ? 
When  were  specie  payments  resumed?  What  was  the  population  of  the  United 
States  by  the  census  of  '80  ?  What  was  the  Fishery  Award  ?  What  was  the  feel- 
ing in  this  country  with  reference  to  this  award?  Who  were  the  nominees  at 
the  Presidential  election  of  '80? 

296-300.  How  was  President  Garfield's  election  and  inauguration  received? 
What  were  the  Star  Route  Frauds?  Describe  the  assassination,  sickness,  and 
death  of  the  President.  What  important  events  characterized  the  administration 
of  President  Arthur?  Describe  the  Brooklyn  Bridge.  Name  the  different  rates 
of  letter-postage  at  the  various  stages  of  its  reduction  under  our  laws.  (See  page 
305.)  Who  were  the  Presidential  nominees  at  the  election  of  '84? 

300.  What  were   the  principal  events    in    the    administration    of   President 
Cleveland  ? 

301.  What  States  have  been  added  during  the  Sixth  Epoch? 


HISTORICAL   RECREATIONS. 

[For  answers  not  contained  in  this  book,  see  Barnes'  Popular  History  of  the  U.  S.    Examine  especially  the  title 
"  Political  Parties  "  in  the  Index.] 

1.  In  what  battle  was  Betty  Stark  the  watchword? 

2.  What  battle   occurred  when  both  armies  were  marching  to  make  a  night 

attack  upon  each  other? 

3.  What  battles  have  resulted  in  the  destruction  or  surrender  of  an  entire  army  ? 

4.  What  general  rushed  into  battle  without  orders  and  won  it? 

5.  What  trees  are  celebrated  in  our  history? 

6.  In  what  battle  did  Washington  bitterly  rebuke  the  commanding  general,  and 

himself  rally  the  troops  to  battle  ?     , 

7.  What  three  ex-Presidents  died  on  the  4th  of  July? 

8.  What  cities  have  undergone  a  siege? 

9.  Contrast  the  characters  of  Washington  and  Jefferson. 

10.  By  whom,  and  on  what  occasion,  were  the  words  used,  "  Millions  for  defense, 

but  not  one  cent  for  tribute  "  ? 

>v   11.  Give  the  coincidences  in  the   lives  of  the  three  great   statesmen — Webster, 
Clay,  and  Calhoun. 

12.  After  whom  ought  this  continent  to  have  been  named? 

13.  What  celebrated  philosopher,  when  a  boy,  went  without  meat  to  buy  books? 

14.  How  did  a  half-witted  boy  once  save  a  fort  from  capture? 

15.  Name  the  retreats  famous  in  our  history. 

16.  When  did  a  fog  save  our  army?    A  rain? 

17.  When  did  a  stone  house  largely  decide  a  battle?     A  stone  wall? 

18.  What  general  was  captured   through    his    carelessness,   and  exchanged   for 

another  taken  in  a  similar  way? 
•^19.  What  battles  have  been  decided  by  an  attack  in  the  rear? 

20.  Who  said,  "I  would  rather  be  right  than  President"? 

21.  When  has  an  unnecessary  delay  cost  a  general  a  victory? 

22.  Name  the  events  in  our  history  which  seem  to  you  providential. 

23.  What  general  died  at  the  moment  of  victory  ? 

24.  Name  some  defeats  which  had  all  the  effect  of  victories. 
V-JZ5^  Of  what  general  was  this  said  to  be  always.true? 

26.  When  was  the  Mississippi  River  the  western  boundary  of  the  United  States  ? 

27.  What  territory  has  the  United  States  acquired  by  purchase?     By  conquest? 

By  annexation? 

28.  What  Vice-Presidents  were  afterward  elected  Presidents? 

29.  What  navigator  shortened  the  voyage  across  the  Atlantic? 

30.  What  tea  party  is  celebrated  in  our  history  ? 

31.  Who  was  President  from  1787  (the  adoption  of  the  Constitution)  to  1789  ? 

32.  How  many  attacks  have  been  made  on  Quebec? 

33.  Who  said,  "  I  am  not  worth  purchasing,  but  such  as  I  am  the  king  of  England 

is  not  rich  enough  to  buy  me  "  ? 

34.  Which  is  the  longer,  the  Atlantic  Cable  or  the  Pacific  Railroad? 

35.  Why  were  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  Florida,  St.  Augustine,  etc.,  so  named? 

36.  What  naval  commander  captured  his  antagonist  as  his  own  vessel  was  sinking  ? 

37.  How  many  expeditions  have  been  made  into  Canada? 

38.  What  battle  was  preceded  by  prayer? 


HISTORICAL     RECREATIONS.  329 

39.  What  do  the  French  names  in  the  Mississippi  valley  indicate  ? 

40.  What  do  the  names  New  York,  New  England,  New  Hampshire,  Georgia, 

Carolina,  etc.,  indicate? 

41.  When  has  the  question  of  the  Public  Lands  threatened  the  Union  ? 

42.  Who,  in  a  frail  canoe,  on  a  stormy  night,  visited  an  Indian  wigwam  to  save 

the  lives  of  his  enemies? 

43.  In  what  battle  did  the  Continentals  gain  the  victory  by  falling  back  and  then 

suddenly  facing  about  upon  the  enemy  ? 

44.  How  many  times  has  Port  Ticonderoga  been  captured  ? 

45.  Why  were  Davis  Strait,  Baffin  Bay,  Hudson  River,  etc.,  so  named  ? 

46.  What  do  the  names  San  Salvador,  Santa  Cruz,  La  Trinidad,  etc.,  indicate? 

47.  In  what  battles  had  the  opposing  generals  formed  the  same  plan  ? 

48.  What  Presidents  died  in  office? 

49.  What  father  and  son  were  Presidents? 

50.  What  administrations  have  been  most  popular? 

51.  Who  fired  the  first  gun  in  the  French  and  Indian  War? 

52.  What  battle  was  fought  and  gained  without  a  commanding  officer? 

53.  How  many  rebellions  have  occurred  in  our  history? 

54.  Who  was  called  the  "  Great  Pacificator  "  ?    Why  ? 

55.  What  was  the  "  Nullification  Act "  ? 

56.  How  many  of  our  Presidents  have  been  military  men? 

57.  Why  did  not  Webster  and  Clay  become  Presidents? 

58.  Who  was  "  Old  Rough  and  Ready  "  ? 

59.  Who  was  the  "  Sage  of  Monticello  "  ? 

60.  What  noted  events  occurred  on  April  19th? 

61.  In  whose  administration  was  the  largest  number  of  States  admitted  ? 

62.  In  which  administrations  was  none  admitted? 

63.  By  whom  and  under  what  circumstances  was  the  expression  used,  "  Give  me 

liberty  or  give  me  death  "  ? 

64.  What  general  arose  from  a  sick-bed  to  lead  his  troops  into  a  battle  in  which 

he  was  killed? 

65.  What  four  ex-Presidents  died  in  the  decade  between  1860  and  1870? 

66.  Where  is  the  "  Cradle  of  Liberty  "  ? 

67.  Give  some  familiar  names  that  have  been  applied  to  American  statesmen. 
66.  How  long  did  each  of  our  five  great  wars  last— (1)  the  French  and  Indian 

war ;  (2)  the  Revolutionary  war ;  (3)  the  war  of  1812 ;  (4)  the  Mexican  war ; 
and  (5)  the  Civil  war? 

69.  State  the  cause  of  each  of  these  wars. 

70.  Name  the  prominent  generals  who  acquired  celebrity  in  each. 

71.  Name  the  principal  battles  of  each. 

72.  Name  the  results  of  each. 

73.  What  fort  was  carried  by  a  midnight  assault  ? 

74.  What  general  escaped  by  riding  down  a  steep  precipice  ? 

75.  Who  drafted  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ? 

76.  Who  secured  its  adoption  in  the  Convention? 

77.  Name  the  Presidents  in  chronological  order. 

78.  How  many  of  our  Presidents  were  Virginians? 

79.  Who  were  the  "  bachelor  Presidents  "  ? 

80.  State  to  what  party  each  President  belonged. 

81.  How  many  of  our  Presidents  were  poor  boys  ? 


330  HISTORICAL    RECREATIONS. 

82.  What  were  the  principles  of  the  whigs?     The  democrats? 

83.  What  party  adopted  -the  views  of  the  old  federalists  on  the  United  States 

Bank,  etc.? 

84.  How  many  Presidents  have  served  two  terms? 

85.  What  battle  was  fought  after  peace  had  been  declared? 

86.  On  what  issue  was  Polk  elected  President? 

87.  Contrast  John  Quincy  Adams  and  Andrew  Jackson. 

88.  On  what  mountains  have  battles  been  fought? 

89.  Who  used  the  expression,  "  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours  "  ? 

90.  Whose  dying  words  were,  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship  "  ? 

91.  When  was  a  general  blown  up  by  a  magazine,  at  the  moment  of  victory  ? 

92.  What  Indian  chiefs  formed  leagues  against  the  whites  ? 

93.  What  celebrated  statesman  was  killed  in  a  duel  ? 

94.  What  States  were  named  from  mountain  ranges  ? 

95.  What  important  contemporaneous  events  can  you  name? 

96.  Was  Washington  ever  wounded  in  battle  ? 

97.  What  was  meant  by  saying  that  "  Clay  was  in  the  succession  "  ? 

98.  In  what  battle  did  Washington  show  the  most  brilliant  generalship? 

99.  What  officer  lost  his  life  because  he  neglected  to  open  a  note  ? 

100.  What  army  retreated  at  the  moment  of  victory  because  the  fog  was  so  dense 

that  it  did  not  see  how  successful  it  was  ? 

101.  How  many  States  were  named  from,  their  principal  rivers? 

102.  Name  some  celebrated  foreigners  who  have  fought  for  us. 

103.  What  rendered  Valley  Eorge  memorable? 

104.  How  did  Harrison  gain  his  popularity?    Taylor? 

105.  Give  some  account  of  the  United  States  Bank. 

106.  In  what  war  was  Lincoln  a  captain  and  Davis  a  lieutenant? 

107.  What  colonel,  when  asked  if  he  could  take  a  battery,  replied,  "  I'll  try,  sir  "  ? 

108.  Of  what  President  was  it  said  that  "  if  his  soul  were  turned  inside  out,  not 

a  spot  could  be  found  upon  it "  ? 

109.  What  town  and  army  were  surrendered  without  firing  a  shot? 

110.  For  how  many  years  was  the  Revolutionary  War  carried  on  mainly  at  the 

North?    At  the  South? 

111.  Who  was  "Poor  Richard"? 

112.  Who  were  the  "Green  fountain  Boys"? 

113.  What  colony  was  founded  as  a  home  for  the  poor? 

114.  What  persecuted  people  settled  the  different  colonies? 

115.  What  colonies  are  named  after  a  king  or  a  queen  ? 

116.  What  religious  toleration  was  granted  in  the  different  colonies? 

117.  Which  colonies  early  enjoyed  the  greatest  liberty? 

118.  What  colony  took  the  Bible  as  its  guide  ? 

119.  In  what  battle  was  the  left  wing,  when  separated  from  the  main  body  by  a 

river,  attacked  by  an  overwhelming  force  of  the  enemy  ?    The  right  wing  ? 

120.  In  what  battle  did  both  generals  mass   their  strength  on  the  left  wing, 

expecting  to  crush  the  enemy's  right? 

121.  How  many  invasions  of  the  North  did  Lee  make  ? 

122.  What  victories  induced  him  to  attempt  each  of  these  invasions? 

123.  By  what  battle  was  each  invasion  checked  ? 

124.  How  many  invasions  of  Kentucky  did  Bragg  make? 

125.  How  was  each  stopped? 


HISTORICAL     RECREATIONS.  331 

126.  For  how  many  years  has  the  United  States  been  involved  in  war? 

127.  What  object  did  Penn,  Lord  Baltimore,  and  Oglethorpe  each  have  in  found- 

ing a  colony  in  the  new  world? 

128.  What  President  was  impeached? 

129.  What  ex- Vice-President  was  tried  for  treason? 

130.  Name  the  four  prominent  battles  fought  by -General  Taylor. 

131.  What  noted  expressions  of  General  Taylor  became  favorite  mottoes?     Of 

General  Grant? 

132.  What  President  vetoed  the  measures  of  the  party  that  elected  him? 

133.  Of  what  statesman  was  it  said  that  "  he  was  in  the  public  service  fifty  years, 

and  never  attempted  to  deceive  his  countrymen  "  ? 

134.  Who  is  said  to  have  used  the  words,  "  A  little  more  grape,  Captain  Bragg  "  ? 

135.  From  what  States  have  Presidents  been  elected? 

136.  Give  the  number  and  names  from  each  State. 

137.  What  battle  did  General  Gates  win  ?     What  battle  did  he  lose  ? 

138.  What  battles  did  Washington  win?     What  battles  did  he  lose? 

139.  What  President  elect  came  to  Washington  in  disguise? 

140.  Give  a  brief  history  of  the  slavery  question. 

141.  When  were  slaves  introduced  into  this  country? 

142.  Name  the  generals  who  commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

143.  Name  the  principal  battles  fought  by  McClellan— Rosecrans— Bragg— Lee- 

Hooker— Sheridan— Grant— Sherman— Beauregard— Meade— Pope— Buell— 
Taylor— Scott— Thomas— Johnston. 

144.  Describe  the  "  March  to  the  Sea  ". 

145.  What  two  battles  were  fought  in  the  "  Wilderness  "  ? 

146.  What  was  the  "  Missouri  Compromise  "  ?    The  "  Compromise  of  1850  "  ? 

147.  What  is  "squatter  sovereignty"?     Who  was  its  author? 

148.  Of  whom  was  it  said  that  "he  touched  the  dead  corpse  of  public  credit,  and 

it  sprung  upon  its  feet "  ? 

149.  What  were  the  "alien  and  sedition  laws"? 

150.  Who  was  the  "  old  man  eloquent "  ? 

151.  When  was  the  first  railroad  constructed  ?     The  first  steamboat  ?     The  first 

magnetic  telegraph?    The  first  sewing-machine? 

152.  When  was  the  Erie  Canal  opened?     The  Pacific  Railroad? 

153.  What  President  introduced  "  rotation  in  office  "  ? 

154.  Why,  in  the  Missouri  Compromise,  was  36°  30'  taken  as  the  boundary  be- 

tween the  slave  and  the  free  States? 

155.  What  is  the  "  Monroe  Doctrine  "  ? 

156.  Who  was  the  inventor  of  the  cotton-gin? 

157.  What  is  a  "  protective  tariff  "  ? 

158.  What  is  meant  by  "  Reconstruction  "  ? 

159.  What  Presidents  were  not  elected  to  that  office  by  the  people  ? 

160.  To  what  party  did  Henry  Clay  belong?    J.  Q.  Adams?    Thomas  Jefferson? 

John  C.  Calhoun  ?  Andrew  Jackson  ?    Daniel  Webster  ?    Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las?   Alexander  Hamilton ?    George  Washington? 

161.  What  President  had  not  voted  for  forty  years? 

162.  What  two  distinguished  generals  of  the  same  name  served  in  the  Confed 

erate  army?     Name  the  battles  fought  by  each. 

163.  What  was  the  "  Dred  Scott  decision  "  ? 

164.  What  was  the  "  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill "  * 


332  HISTORICAL     RECREATIONS. 

165.  Give  an  account  of  the  principal  parties  which  have  arisen  since  the  Con- 

stitutional Convention  of  1787. 

166.  Who  were  the  "Silver  Greys"?     The  "Hunkers"?     The  "Barn-Burners"? 

The  "Woolly-Heads"?     The  "  Free-Soilers  "  ?     The  "Know-Nothings"? 
The  "Anti-Renters"?     The  "Unionists"?    The  "Stalwarts"? 

167.  Give  an  account  of  the  different  attempts  to  lay  the  Atlantic  cable. 

168.  Give  a  history  of  the  difficulty  between  President  Johnson  and  Congress. 

169.  What  nations  settled  the  different  States  ? 

170.  How  many  amendments  have  been  made  to  the  Constitution? 

171.  What  was  the  "  Hartford  Convention  "  ? 

172.  What  are  "  State  rights  "  ? 

173.  What  was  the  Secretary  of  State  formerly  called? 

174.  Tell  some  stories  illustrating  the  patriotism  of  the  women  of  the  Revolution. 

175.  Give  an  account  of  the  Public  L<ands. 

176.  What  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union  first  after  the  original  thirteen  ? 

177.  Who  are  the  "  Mormons  "  ? 

178.  For'  what  is  Ethan  Allen  noted? 

179.  What  battles  have  been  fought  in  Virginia  ?     South  Carolina  ?     Louisiana  ? 

New  York  ?     Massachusetts  ?     New  Jersey  ?     Maryland  ?     Pennsylvania  ? 
Georgia  ?     Michigan  ? 

180.  What  was  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Law"? 

181.  Name  some  unsuccessful  candidates  for  the  Presidency. 

182.  For  what  is  John  Brown  noted? 

183.  Who  were  the  "  Filibusters  "  ? 

184.  Give  an  account  of  Farragut's  most  celebrated  exploit. 

185.  Why  was  "  Stonewall "  Jackson  so  called  ? 

186.  Give  an  account  of  Butler's  military  career. 

187.  What  was  the  most  prominent  event  of  Jefferson's  administration  ?     Jack- 

son's ?    Monroe's  ? 

188.  What  treaties  are  celebrated  in  our  history? 

189.  What  President  was  once  a  tailor's  apprentice  ? 

190.  What  was  the  object  of  the  "American  party"? 

191.  What  was  the  "  Gadsden  purchase  "  ? 

192.  Name  the  various  difficulties  which  have  arisen  with  England. 

193.  What  was  the  "  Wilmot  Proviso  "  ? 

194.  What  President   followed  Washington  — Taylor— Jefferson  — Lincoln— John 

Quincy  Adams — Pierce  ? 

195.  Who  was  President  in  1812—1832—1846—1850—1861  ? 

196.  Describe  the  operations  of  the  Confederate  cruisers  during  the  Civil  War. 

Of  the  "  blockade  runners  ". 

197.  What  distinguished  generals  have  been  unsuccessful  candidates  for  the  Pres- 

idency?    Successful  candidates? 

198.  Why  did  the  French  in  Canada  extend  their  explorations  westward  to  the 

Mississippi  rather  than  southward  into  New  York? 

199.  What  was  the  "  Trent  affair  "  ? 

200.  Name  and  describe  some  important  naval  engagements. 

201.  In  what  battle  did  the  defeated  general  leave  his  wooden  leg? 

202.  What  was  the  "O  grab  me  Act"? 

203.  Who  first  used  the  expression,  "  To  the  victors  belong  the  spoils  "  ? 

204.  What  is  the  "Civil  Service  Reform"? 


HISTORICAL    RECREATIONS.  383 

205.  What  right  did  the  English  and  Spanish  have  to  occupy  this  continent » 

206.  Why  is  this  country  English  rather  than  French  ? 

207.  What  are  "  patroon  estates  "  ? 

208.  What  was  the  difference  between  the  Pilgrims  and  the  Puritans? 

209.  Has  a  State  any  right  to  coin  money? 

210.  Ought  Andre  to  have  been  executed? 

211.  What  President  in  his  inaugural  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  he  was  the 

first  one  born  after  the  Revolution? 

212.  Who  is  the  author  of  the  "  Thirty- Years  View  "  ? 

213.  Name  the  prominent  histories  of  the  United  States. 

214.  What  portion  of  the  United  States  favored  the  annexation  of  Texas  ? 

215.  Who  first  used  the  expression,  "  A  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people, 

and  for  the  people  "  ? 

216.  What  was  the  "  Town  Meeting  "  of  the  early  New  England  times  ? 

217.  How  many  times  in  our  history  has  the  House  of  Representatives  been  called 

upon  to  choose  the  President? 

218.  Which  Presidents  were  college  graduates? 

219.  How  many  States  voted  for  Washington  the  first  time  as  President? 

220.  Why  did  President  Hayes  take  the  oath  of  office  privately  the  day  before 

his  public  Inauguration? 

221.  Where  is  the  Key  to  the  Bastile  ? 

222.  What  effect  did  the  invention  of  the  cotton-gin  have  on  slavery? 

223.  What  three  Italians  were  prominent  in  American  discoveries? 

224.  Name  some  important  events  in  our  history  that  have  occurred  on  Friday. 

225.  What  was  the  "  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  "  ? 

226.  Where  was  "  Franklin  State  "  ? 

227.  What  war  was  waging  in  Europe  during  our  King  William's  War?    During 

.the  French  and  Indian  War? 

228.  Why  did  the  Iroquois  generally  favor  the  English  rather  than  the  French? 

229.  How  did  the  English  treatment  of  the  Indians  compare  with  the  French? 

230.  What  influence  did  the  following  statesmen  have  on  Congressional  legislation  : 

Thomas  H.  Benton,  William  H.  Seward,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Henry  Clay, 
Daniel  Webster,  John  Quincy  Adams,  John  C.  Calhoun  ? 

231.  For  how  many  years  was  Now  York  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ? 

232.  What  was  the  object  of  the  Electoral  College? 

233.  What  "Vice-President  took  the  oath  of  office  two  days  before  the  President? 

234.  Of  whom  was  it  said,  "When  the  ermine  of  the  official  robe  fell  on  him, 

it  touched  nothing  less  spotless  than  itself  "  ? 

235.  How  were  the  early  Presidents  nominated  for  office  ? 

236.  What  constitutes  citizenship  in  the  United  States  ? 

237.  Why  was  not  Washington  inaugurated  until  April  30  ? 

238.  Was  Hamilton  a  Federalist  or  Anti-Federalist  ?     Jefferson  ?     Madison  ? 

239.  What  is  the  longest  period  during  which  any  one  party  has  remained  in 

power  in  the  United  States? 

240.  What  was  the  meaning  of  the  campaign  cry  "  Fifty-four  forty,  or  fight "  ? 

241.  What  was  the  "  Western  Reserve  "  ? 

242.  Quote  the  first  telegram. 

243.  Have  the  President  and  the  Vioe-President  always  belonged  to  the  same 

party? 

244.  Who  was  Lady  Rebecca? 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

THE  following  preamble  and  specifications,  known  as  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, accompanied  the  resolution  of  Richard  Henry  Lee,  which  was 
adopted  by  Congress  on  the  2d  day  of  July,  177G.    This  declaration  was  agreed  to 
on  the  4th,  and  the  transaction  is  thus  recorded  in  the  Journal  for  that  day : 

"  Agreeably  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  Congress  resolved  itself  into  a  committee  of  the 

'  whole,  to  take  into  their  further  consideration  the  Declaration  ;  and,  after  some  time,  the 

president  resumed  the  chair,  and  Mr.  Harrison  reported  that  the  committee  have  agreed  to 

a  Declaration,  which  they  desired  him  to  report.     The  Declaration  being  read,  was  agreed 

to  as  follows : " 

A  DECLARATION  BY  THE  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
OF  AMERICA,  IN  CONGRESS  ASSEMBLED. 

"When,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for  one  people  to  dis- 
solve the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to  assume, 
among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of 
nature  and  of  nature's  Q-od  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  man- 
kind requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident— that  all  men  are  created  equal ;  that  they 
are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights ;  that  among  these  are 
lif  e,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  That,  to  secure  these  rights,  governments 
are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  gov- 
erned ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes  destructive  of  these  ends, 
it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government, 
laying  its  foundations  on  such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as 
to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Prudence,  in- 
deed, will  dictate  that  governments  long  established  should  not  be  changed  for  light 
and  transient  causes ;  and,  accordingly,  all  experience  hath  shown  that  mankind  are 
more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abol- 
ishing the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses 
and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce 
them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such 
government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  security.  Such  has  been  the 
patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains 
them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  government.  The  history  of  the  present  king 
of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having  in  direct 
object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these  States.  To  prove  this, 
let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world. 

1.  He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and  necessary  for  the 
public  good. 

2.  He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and  pressing  im- 
portance, unless  suspended  in  their  operations  till  his  assent  should  be  obtained ; 
and,  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend  to  them. 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.      335 

8.  He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large  districts  of 
people,  unless  those  people  -would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in  the  Legis- 
lature—a right  inestimable  to  them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

4.  He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  uncomfortable, 
and  distant  from  the  repository  of  their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

5.  He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing,  with  manly 
firmness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

6.  He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause  others  to  be 
elected,  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  returned 
to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise ;  the  State  remaining,  in  the  meantime, 
exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of  invasions  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

7.  He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  States ;  for  that  pur- 
pose obstructing  the  laws  for  the  naturalization  of  foreigners ;  refusing  to  pass 
others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions  of  new 
appropriations  of  lands. 

8.  He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by  refusing  his  assent  ta 
laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

9.  He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone  for  the  tenure  of  their 
offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

10.  He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms  of  officers 
to  harass  our  people  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

11.  He  has  kept  among  us  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies,  without  the  con- 
Bent  of  our  Legislatures. 

12.  He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  superior  to,  the 
civil  power. 

13.  He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign  to  our 
constitutions,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws ;   giving  his  assent  to  their  acts 
of  pretended  legislation ; 

14.  For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us ; 

15.  For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment  for  any  murders 
which  they  should  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these  States ; 

16.  For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world ; 

17.  For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent; 

18.  For  depriving  us,  in  "many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  a  trial  by  jury ; 

19.  For  transporting  us  beyond  seas,  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offenses ; 

20.  For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a  neighboring  province, 
establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as 
to  render,  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  introducing  the  same 
absolute  rule  into  these  colonies; 

21.  For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  laws,  and 
altering,  fundamentally,  the  forms  of  our  governments ; 

22.  For  suspending  our  own  Legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested 
with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

23.  He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  protection, 
and  waging  war  against  us. 

24.  He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burned  our  towns,  and 
destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

25.  He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries  to 
complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation  and  tyranny,  already  begun  with  circum- 


336      DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

stances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages,  and 
totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

26.  He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive  on  the  high  seas,  to 
bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners  of  their  friends  and 
brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

27.  He  has  excited  domestic  insurrection  among  us,  and  has  endeavored  to  bring 
on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known 
rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions  we  have  petitioned  for  redress  in  the  most 
humble  terms;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been  answered  only  by  repeated 
injury.  A  prince  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define 
a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  our  attentions  to  our  British  brethren.  "We  have 
warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  by  their  legislature  to  extend  an  un- 
warrantable jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of 
our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  "We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and 
magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them  by  the  ties  of  our  common  kindred  to 
disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  inevitably  interrupt  our  connections 
and  correspondence.  They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  of  con- 
sanguinity. "We  must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity  which  denounces  our 
separation,  and  hold  them  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind  —  enemies  in  war;  in 
peace,  friends. 

"We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  general 
Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the  recti- 
tude of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  people 
of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare  that  these  united  colonies  are, 
and  of  right  oxight  to  be,  free  and  independent  States;  that  they  are  absolved 
from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between 
them  and  the  state  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved,  and 
that,  as  free  and  independent  States,  they  have  full  power  to  levy  war,  conclude 
peace,  contract  alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  do  all  other  acts  and  things 
which  independent  States  may  of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  Declara- 
tion, with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

The  foregoing  declaration  was,  by  order  of  Congress,  engrossed,  and  signed  by 
the  following  members : 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.               RHODE  ISLAND.  NEW  YORK. 

JOSIAH  BABTLETT,  STEPHEN  HOPKINS,  WILLIAM  FLOYD, 

WILLIAM  WHIPPLE,  WILLIAM  ELLERY.  PHILIP  LIVINGSTON, 

MATTHEW  THOBNTON.  FRANCIS  LEWIS, 

CONNECTICUT.  LEWIS  MORRIS. 

MASSACHUSETTS  BAY.  ROGER  SHERMAN, 

SAMUEL  ADAMS,  SAMUEL  HUNTING-TON,  NEW  JERSEY. 

JOHN  ADAMS,  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS,  RICHARD  STOCKTON, 

ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE,  OLIVER  WOLOOTT.  JOHN  WITHERSPOON, 

ELBKIDGE  G-EBBY.  FRANCIS  HOPKINSON, 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


337 


JOHN  HART, 
ABRAHAM  CLARK. 


ROBERT  MORRIS, 
BENJAMIN  HUSH, 
BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN, 
JOHN  MORTON, 
GEOKGE  CLTMER, 
JAMES  SMITH, 
GEORGE  TAYLOR, 
JAMES  WILSON, 
GEORGE  Ross. 

DELAWARE. 

CAESAR  RODNEY, 
GEOKGE  READ, 


THOMAS  M'KBAN. 

MARYLAND. 

SAMUEL  CHASE, 
WILLIAM  PACA, 
THOMAS  STONE, 
CHARLES  CARROLL,  of  Car- 
rollton. 

VIRGINIA. 
GEORGE  WYTHE, 
RICHARD  HENRY  LEE, 
THOMAS  JEFFERSON, 
BENJAMIN  HARRISON, 
THOMAS  NELSON,  JUN., 
FRANCIS  LIGHTFOOT  LEE, 
CARTER  BRAXTON. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 
WILLIAM  HOOPER, 
JOSEPH  HEWES, 
JOHN  PENN. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
EDWARD  RUTLEDGE, 
THOMAS  HEYWARD,  JUN., 
THOMAS  LYNCH,  JUN., 
AJSTHUR  MIDDLETON. 

GEORGIA. 
BUTTON  GWINNETT, 
LYMAN  HALL, 
GEORGE  WALTON. 


NOTE.  — Printed  copies  of  the  Declaration  were  sent  out  with  the  signatures  of 
John  Hancock,  President,  and  Charles  Thompson,  Secretary ;  hence  an  impression 
has  "become  quite  general  that  no  other  persons  signed  the  document  on  the  4th 
of  July,  1776.  On  the  contrary,  all  the  members  present  who  voted  for  it,  signed 
the  paper  the  same  day.  A  copy  on  parchment  was  afterward  engrossed  and 
signed  by  fifty-four  delegates,  August  3d,  one  not  signing  until  September,  and 
one  still  later  in  the  autumn.  (See  Lossing's  Our  Country,  Vol.  U.,  page  871 ; 
also,  Popular  History  of  United  States,  page  172.) 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

WE,  the  People   of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the 
common  defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty 
to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  CONSTITUTION  for  the 
TTnited  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE    I. — Legislative    Department. 

SECTION"  I.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

SECTION  II. — CLAUSE  1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of 
members  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the 
electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the 
most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

CLAUSE  2.  "No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

CLAUSE  3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  sev- 
eral States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their  respective 
numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons, 
including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed, 
three  fifths  of  all  other  persons,  j  The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three 
years  after  the  first  meeting  of~tho  Congress  of  the  United  States,,  and  within  every 
subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  num- 
,  ber  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State 
shall  have  at  least  one  representative ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made, 
the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three ;  Massachusetts,  eight ; 
Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  one;  Connecticut,  five ;  New  York,  six;1 
New  Jersey,  four ;  Pennsylvania,  eight ;  Delaware,  one ;  Maryland,  six ;  Virginia, 
ten ;  North  Carolina,  five ;  South  Carolina,  five ;  and  Georgia,  three. 

PREAMBLE.— Name  the  six  objects  of  the  Constitution.  Who  "ordained  and  established"  this  Constitution  ?  Is 
the  "  union"  one  of  states  or  of  people  ?  What  branches  of  government  are  established  under  the  first  three  articles 
of  the  Constitution?  , 

ARTICLE  I.—Sfction  1.  What  body  has  the  "power  of  legislation"?  (Note.— The  "power  of  legislation"  is 
that  of  makinor  laws.)  Of  what  does  Congress  consist? 

Section  2.  Who  compose  the  House  of  Representatives  ?  Who  choose  the  representatives  ?  What  are  the  neces- 
sary qualifications  of  an  elector  (or  voter)  for  a  representative  ?  How  long  is  the  term  of  a  representative  ?  Name 
the  three  qualifications  necessary  for  a  representative.  Is  a  foreign-born  person  eligible  to  the  office  of  representa- 
tive ?  How  are  representatives  and  direct  taxes  to  be  apportioned  among  the  states  ?  How  was  the  representative 
population  of  the  different  states  to  be  determined?  What  limit  is  there  to  the  number  of  representatives?  Is 
every  state  entitled  to  representation  ?  How  many  members  were  there  in  the  first  House  of  Representatives?  How 
often  must  the  Census  be  taken  ?  How  are  vacancies  in  the  House  to  be  fined  ?  Who  elect  the  officers  of  the  House  ? 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.       339 

CLAUSE  4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State,  the 
executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

CLAUSE  5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  Speaker  and  other 
officers ;  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION"  IH.— CLAUSE  1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed 
of  two  senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  years ; 
and  each  senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

CLAUSE  2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The  seats  of 
the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year ; 
of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year ;  and  of  the  third  class,  at 
the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one  third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year ; 
and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  any  State,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments  until 
the  next  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

CLAUSE  3.  'No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of 
thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not, 
when  elected,  bo  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

CLAUSE  4.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  president  of  the 
Senate,  but  shall  have  no  voto,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

CLAUSE  5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  president  pro 
tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office 
of  President  of  the  United  States. 

CLAUSE  6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments :  when 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  bo  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief -Justice  shall  preside ;  and  no  person 
shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the  members  present. 

CLAUSE  7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust, 
or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be 
liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION  IV.— CLAUSE  1.  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections 
for  senators  and  representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legisla- 
ture thereof ;  Tnt  the  Congress  may  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such 
regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

What  body  has  the  sole  power  of  impeachment?  (Notes.— Tho  first  census  was  taken  in  1790;  the  "ratio  of  repre- 
sentation' beinz  one  representative  for  33,000  persons.  The  number  of  representatives  is  fixed  bylaw  each  decade. 
It  is  nr  w  (1882)  325,  and  the  "  ratio  of  representation  ",  in  accordance  with  the  census  of  1880,  is  151,912  persons  for 
each- representative.  In  March  of  the  odd  year  there  is  a  new  House  of  Representatives.  Each  organized  territory 
h^  a  delegate  who  can  ?it  in  the  House,  but  not  vote.  The  states  are  each  divided,  by  its  own  laws,  Into  con- 
'  gressional  districts,  as  many  as  the  number  of  representatives  to  which  it  is  entitled ;  and  the  electors  in  each  one 
of  these  vote  for  their  representative.  The  phrase  "  all  other  persons  "  meant  "  slaves  " ;  but  this  has  been  amended 
by  the  XlVth  Amendment.  The  speaker  is  always  a  member  of  the  House ;  the  clerk,  sergeant-at-arms,  chaplain, 
etc.,  are  not  members.  To  impeach  an  officer  is  to  accuse  him  of  official  misconduct.) 

Section  3.  Of  how  many  members  does  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  consist?  Who  elect  the  senators? 
I'That  is  a  senator's  term  of  o£Bce?  Explain  the  classification  originally  made.  What  was  the  object?  How  are 
vacancies  filled?  State  the  three  qualifications  necessary  for  a  senator.  Who  is  the  president  of  the  Senate?  When 
only  can  he  vote?  Who  chooses  the  other  officers  of  the  Senate*  When  can  the  Senate  choose  a  president  pro 
tempare  (for  the  time  beint;)?  What  "  sole  power"  does  the  Senate  possess?  Who  presides  when  the  President  of 
the  United  States  is  impeached?  What  number  is  needed  to  convict?  What  penalties  can  be  inflicted  in  case  of 
conviction  ?  Is  a  person  so  convicted  liable  to  a  tria!-o.t-Iaw  for  the  name  oflense  ? 

lection  4.  Who  prescribes  the  "  time,  place  and  manner  "  of  electing  representatives  and  senators  ?   What  power 
->gress  over  the  state  regulations?    How  often,  aad  when,  must  Congress  meet?    (Note.— Congress  has  pr»- 


340       CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES. 

CLAUSE  2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  such 
meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law 
appoint  a  different  day. 

SECTION  "V.— CLAUSE  1.  Each  house  shall  bo  the  judge  of  the  elections,  re- 
turns, and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  con- 
stitute a  quorum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to 
day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such 
manner,  and  under  such  penalties,  as  each  house  may  provide. 

CLAUSE  2.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its  mem- 
bers for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  member. 

CLAUSE  3.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  .of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require 
secrecy,  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house  on  any  question 
shall,  at  the  desire  of  one  fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

CLAUSE  4.  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place 
than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

SECTION  VI.— CLAUSE  1.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a  com- 
pensation for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of 
the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach  of  the 
peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  re- 
spective houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech 
or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

CLAUSE  2.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States, 
which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  in- 
creased, during  such  time ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United 
States  shall  be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION  "VTI.— CLAUSE  1.  .All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
House  of  Eepresentatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amend- 
ments, as  on  other  bills. 

CLAUSE  2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  Houso  of  Representatives  and  the 
Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States ;  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objec- 
tions, to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections 


scribed  that  senators  shall  be  chosen  in  the  following  manner :  The  Legislature  elected  last  before  the  end  of  the 
senatorial  term,  on  the  second  Tuesday  after  ita  first  session,  shall  choose  the  next  senator.  The  two  brancJ'es  of 
the  Legislature  shall  meet  separately  and  vote  viva  voce.  They  shall  then  assemble  together,  and  if  they  agree  on 
any  person,  he  shall  be  considered  duly  elected ;  if  they  disagree,  the  joint  meeting  shall  vote  vivajioce  from  day 
to  day,  at  12  M.  until  a  choice  is  made.) 

Section  5.  Who  decides  upon  the  "  elections,  returns  and  qualifications  "  of  the  representatives  and  of  the 
senators  ?  What  number  of  the  members  is  necessary  for  a  quorum  (needed  to  do  business)  ?  What  business  can 
a  minority  transact?  What  power  is  given  each  house  of  Congress  of  making  and  enforcing  rules?  What  is  the 
law  with  regard  to  keeping  and  publishing  a  journal  of  the  proceedings  ?  When  must  the  yeas  and  nay s  be  enters '. 
on  the  journal?  What  restriction  is  there  upon  the  time  and  place  of  adjournment? 

Section  6.  Who  fixes  and  pays  the  salaries  of  members  of  Congress?  What  special  privileges  are  granted  t< 
members  of  Congress  ?  To  what  offices  are  members  of  Congress  ineligible  ?  Can  a  Congressman  hold  another  office 
at  the  same  time? 

Section  7.  What  bills  must  originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives  ?  What  authority  is  given  the  Senate 
with  regard  to  such  bills  ?  Describe  the  three  ways  in  which  a  bill  may  become  a  law  —  (1)  With  the  Presidenty 
concurrence;  (2)  over  his  veto  (I  forbid) ;  and  (3)  by  non-return  within  ten  days.  What  "orders,  resolutions,  aiy 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.       341 

at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  af  t«r  such  reconsideration, 
two  thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the 
objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  ap- 
proved by  two  thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law .  But  in  all  such  cases  tho 
votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  per- 
sons voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  bo  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  re- 
spectively. If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sunday 
cxcepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like 
manner  as  if  ha  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent 
its  return,  in.  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

CLAUSE  3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  tho  concurrence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Eepresentatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  adjourn- 
ment) shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States ;  and  before  the  same 
shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be 
repassed  by  two  thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Eepresentatives,  according  to 
tho  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

V  /J(  i 

SECTION  "VTEI.— CLAUSE  1.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect 
taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common 
defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all  duties,  imposts,  and 
excises  shall  be  -uniform  throughout  the  United  States ; 

CLAUSE  2.    To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States ; 
CLAUSE  3.    To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes ; 

CLAUSE  4.  To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on 
the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States ; 

CLAUSE  5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and 
fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures ; 

CLAUSE  6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  secuiities  and 
current  coin  of  the  United  States ; 

.USE  7.    To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads; 

CLAUSE  8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing,  for 
limited  times,  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries; 

votes  "  must  bo  submitted  to  the  President  7  What  is  the  object  of  this  provision  1  (tfotes. — In  case  a  vacancy  occurs 
in  the  senatorial  representation  of  any  state,  the  governor  of  the  state  can  appoint  a  senator  to  fill  the  place,  who 
can  hold  office  only  until  the  next  session  of  the  Legislature.  The  method  of  representation  in  the  Senate  gives 
in  that  body  perfect  equality  to  all  the  States,  Rhode  Island  baring  the  same  power  as  Virginia.  A  senator  ia 
chosen  by  the  Legislature,  a  representative  by  the  people  ;  a  senator  serves  for  six  years,  a  representative  for  two. 
The  Senate  tries  an  officer  for  misconduct,  but  he  must  be  impeached  by  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  salary 
of  a  Congressman  is  now  $5,000  per  year,  and  mileage  (20  cents  per  mile  for  every  mile  of  travel  by  the  usual 
route  in  coming  and  going).  The  speaker  of  the  House,  and  the  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  have  each  a 
•alary  of  $8,000  per  year.  One  third  of  the  Senate  retire  from  oflicc  every  two  years.  By  the  term  "»  Con- 
gross"  is  meant  the  body  of  senators  and  representatives  holding  office  during  anyone  representative  term  of  two 
years ;  the  Congress  which  began  its  term  March  4,  1885,  is  tho  49th.  Each  Congress  "  ends  at  noon  of  the  4th  of 
March  next  succeeding  the  beginning  of  its  second  regular  session."  The  committees  in  the  House  arc  appointed 
by  the  Speaker  ;  those  in  the  Senate  by  itself.  The  classification  of  the  Senate  makes  it  a  more  efficient  and  con- 
"  servative  body  than  the  House,  since  in  the  former  there  are  always  two  thirds  of  the  number  old  members,  while 
the  House  is  all  new  every  two  years.  If  the  president  of  the  Senate  were  a  senator,  It  would  give  extra  power  to 
one  state,  which  wnuld  be  contrary  to  the  plan  of  that  body. 

Section  8.  Eighteen  clauses  now  follow  which  enumerate  the  powers  granted  to  Congret*.  What  power  has 
Congress  with  regard  to  taxes  ?  Duties  (taxes  on  imported  or  exported  articles)  ?  Imposts  (taxes  on  imported 
articles)?  Excises  (taxes  on  articles  produced  in  the  country) ?  Borrowing  money ?  Regulating  commerce ?  Natu- 
ralization? Bankruptcies?  Coining  money?  Counterfeiting?  Post-offices  and  post-roads 7  Authors  and  inventors 7 
pferior  courts?  Piracies?  Declaring  V«  ?  Raising  and  supporting  armies?  A  nary?  Qoverrjnjent  of  the  Ian* 


342        CONSTITUTION     OF     TI^E     UNITED     STATES. 


CLAUSE  9.    To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court ; 

CLAUSE  10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high 
seas,  and  offenses  against  the  law  of  nations; 

CLAUSE  11.  To  declare  \var,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make 
rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water ; 

CLAUSE  12.    To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that 
use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years ; 
<— <"CLAUSE  13.    To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy ; 

CLAUSE  14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces; 

CLAUSE  15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the 
Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions ; 

CLAUSE  16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and 
for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the 
authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress ; 

CLAUSE  17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever  over  such 
district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  States, 
and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of 
the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts, 
magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  and. other  needful  buildings; — And 

CLAUSE  18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  Constitu- 
tion in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

7s*  SECTION  IX.— CLAUSE  1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any 
/  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the 
Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty 
may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

CLAUSE  2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

CLAUSE  3.    No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex-post-facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

CLAUSE  4.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion 
to  the  census  or  enumeration  hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken. 

CLAUSE  5.    No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from,  any  State. 

and  naval  forces?  Calling  forth  the  militia?  Organizing  the  militia?  Over  what  places  has  Congress  exclusive 
legislation  ?  What  power  is  finally  given  to  Congress  to  enable  it  to  enforce  its  authority  ?  What  four  restrictions 
upon  the  Congressional  powers  are  made  in  this  section?  (See  clauses  1,  2,  1C  and  17.)  (.Votes. — Taxes  may  be 
rither  direct  or  indirect ;  the  former  are  laid  directly  upon  the  person ;  the  latter  upon  articles  exported,  imported, 
or  consumed.  Naturalization  Is  tha  process  by  which  a  foreign  born  person  becomes  a  citizen.  The  process  of 
naturalization  is  as  follows :  (1.)  The  person  declares,  on  oath  before  the  proper  authority,  his  intention  of  becoming 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  (2.)  Two  years,  at  least,  having  elapsed,  the  person  takes  the  oath  of  allegiancef 
when  he  must  prove  by  witness  that  he  has  resided  -in  the  United  States  five  years  and  in  the  state  where  he 
seeks  to  be  naturalized  one  year ;  that  he  has  borne  a  good  moral  character,  and  has  been  well-disposed  toward 
the  government.  The  copyright,  or  exclusive  right  of  publishing  a  book,  is  given  to  an  author  for  28  years,  with 
the  privilege  of  extension  14  years  longer.  It  Is  Issued  only  to  a  citizen  or  resident  of  the  United  States.  A 
patent  is  now  granted  to  an  Inventor  for  17  years,  without  the  privilege  of  extension.  Any  crime  punishable  with 
death  is  a  felony.  "  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal "  are  commissions  given  to  persons  authorizing  them  to  seize 
the  property  of  another  nation.  By  the  term  "  high  seas  "  is  meant  the  open  sea,  the  highway  of  nations.)  • 

Section  9.  Eight  clauses  now  follow,  enumerating  the  powers  denied  to  Congress.  What  prohibition  was  made 
concerning  the  slave-trade?  Writ  o»  habeas  corpus  ?  Bill  of  attainder ?  Ex-post-facto  law?  Direct  tax?  Exports 
from  any  state?  Trade  between  the  United  States?  Payments  from  the  Treasury?  Titles  of  nobility?  United 
States  office-bolder  receiving  presents  from  a  foreign  power  ?  (Nutea.— The  object  of  the  first  clause  was  to  destroy  . 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.        343 

CLAUSE  6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or 
revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another ;  nor  shall  vessels  bound 
to,  or  from,  one  State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

CLAUSE  7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but  in  consequence  of 
appropriations  made  by  law :  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts 
and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

CLAUSE  8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  bo  granted  by  the  United  States :  And  no 
person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title,  of  any  kind 
whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 


N  X.— CLAUSE  1.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  con- 
federation ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  coin  money ;  emit  bills  of 
credit ;  make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts ; 
pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex-post-facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

CLAUSE  2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  impost  or 
duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing 
its  inspection  laws ;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  impost,  laid  by  any  State 
on  imports  or  exports,  shall  bo  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States  ;  and 
all  such  laws  shall  bo  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  Congress. 

CLAUSE  3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of 
tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships-of-war,  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement 
or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless 
actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE    II. — Executive    Department. 

SECTION  I. — CLAUSE  1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four 
years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected 
as  follows : 

CLAUSE  2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof 
may  direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and 
representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress ;  but  no  sena- 
tor or  representative,  or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the 
United  States,  shall  ba  appointed  an  elector. 

the  foreign  sla^e-trade  or  the  importation  of  negroes  from  Africa  for  the  purpose  of  enslaving  them.  In  1808,  a  law 
was  passed  prohibiting  the  trade,  and  in  1820  it  was  declared  to  bo  piracy.  A  writ  of  habeas  corpus  is  a  written 
order  from  a  magistrate  directing  that  a  certain  person  shall  bo  brought  before  him  ;  its  object  is  to  guard  against 
false  imprisonment  or  trial  in  a  prejudiced  court.  A  bill  of  attainder  is  an  English  term,  meaning  an  act  which 
without  trial  inflicts  death  for  treason;  attainder  of  treason  can  not  in  the  United  States  work  "corruption  of 
blood"  so  as  to  prevent  a  person  from  transmitting  lands  to  his  descendants.  An  ex-post-facto  law  makes  an  act 
criminal  or  penal  which  was  not  so  at  the  time  it  was  committed.  A  United  States  office-holder,  wishing  to  accept 
a  present  or  distinction  offered  him  by  any  foreign  power,  must  ask  permission  of  Congress  before  he  caa  r 

Section  10.    Thro»  clauses  now  follow  enumerating  the  powers  denied  to  the  several  States.     What  prohibition 
was  made  with  regard  to  treaties  ?     Letters  of  marqne  and  reprisal  ?     Coinage  of  money  ?     Issuing  bills  of  cred 
(bills  to  circulate  as  money )?    Baking  any  other  legal  tender  than  gold  or  silver  7    A  bill  of  attainder  t    An  ex-post- 
facto  law?    The  impairing  of  contracts?    Titles  of  nobility ?    Imposts?    Keeping  troops T    Making  peace  or  wa 

AETICLE  II.— Section  1.    In  whom  is  the  executive  power  vested?    (Note.— The  executive  power  is  that  of  e: 
cnting  the  laws.)     How  long  is  the  President's  term  of  office?    The  Vice-President's?    Who  are  the  presidential 
electors?    How  many  are  there  from  each  state?    Who  are  ineligible  to  the  office?    Describe  the  method  of  electing 
a  President,  as  originally  directed  by  the  Constitution.    (.Vcte.-This  has  been  superseded  by  the  xntfc  Amend- 


344:        CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES. 

CLAUSE  3.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors,  and 
the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes ;  which  day  shall  be  the  same 
throughout  the  United  States. 

CLAUSE  4.  No  person  except  a  natural-born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  President ;  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall 
not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  resident 
within  the  United  States. 

CLAUSE  5.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his  death, 
resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office, 
the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  "Vice-President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  pro- 
vide for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the  Presi- 
dent and  "Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President ;  and 
such  officer  shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  President 
shall  be  elected. 

CLAUSE  6.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  com- 
pensation which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any 
other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

CLAUSE  7.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  fol- 
lowing oath  or  affirmation  : — "  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully 
execute  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my 
ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

SECTION  n. — CLAUSE  1.  The  President  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army 
and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called 
into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States ;  he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing, 
of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  sub j  ect  relating 
to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  ;  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves 
and  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

CLAUSE  2.    He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two  thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur ;  and 
he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  shall 
appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appointments  are  not 
herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law ;  but  the        - 
Congress  may- by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers,  as  they  think  ( 
proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departmental— ' 

meut.)  What  power  has  Congress  over  the  electors?  What  are  the  necessary  qualifications  for  the  office  of 
President?  In  casu  of  a  vacancy,  who  would  become  President?  (Xote.— lu  case  of  a  vacancy  iu  the  office  of  both 
President  and  Vice-President,  the  office  of  President  will  devolve,  in  regular  succession,  upon  the  members  of 
the  cabinet  (page  301).  The  electors  are  now  chosen  on  "  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  in  the  last 
November  "  of  each  presidential  term  of  office.  The  electors  meet  to  cast  their  ballots,  generally  at  the  capital  of 
each  state,  on  "the  first  Wednesday  in  the  last  December"  of  each  presidential  term  of  office.  When  the  plan 
of  choosing  electors  was  originally  adopted,  it  was  intended  to  choose  good  men  who  should  themselves  select 
the  President ;  but  it  soon  came  about  that  the  electors  were  pledged  to  their  respective  candidates  before  their 
own  election.  The  President's  salary  is  $50,000  per  year,  together  with  the  use  of  the  White  House.)  Can  the 
salary  of  a  President  be  changed  during  his  term  of  office?  Can  he  receive  any  other  emolument  from  the  national 
or  any  state  government  ?  Repeat  the  President's  oath  of  office. 

Section  2.  Three  clauses  now  follow  enumerating  the  powers  granted  to  the,  President.  What  authority  has 
the  President  over  the  United  States  army  and  navy?  State  militia?  The  chief  officers  of  the  different  executive 
departments?  (See  note,  p.  151.)  Reprieves  and  pardons?  The  making  of  treaties?  Appointment  of  ambassa- 
dors? Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  etc. ?  Filling  vacancies? 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.        345 

CLAUSE  3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall 
expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SECTION  m.— He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information  of  the 
state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall 
judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both 
houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them  with  respect  to 
the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper ; 
he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers ;  he  shall  take  care  that  the 
laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

SECTION  IV.— The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction 
of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 


ARTICLE    III.— Judicial    Department. 

SECTION  I.— The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shaU  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time 
ordai  11  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold 
their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services 
a  compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION  £[.— CLAUSE  1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and 
equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority ;— to  all  cases  affecting  ambas- 
sadors, other  public  ministers,  and  consuls ; — to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 
jurisdiction ;— to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ; — to  con- 
troversies between  two  or  more  States ; — between  a  State  and  citizens  of  another 
State  ;— between  citizens  of  different  States ; — between  citizens  of  the  same  State 
claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens 
thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens,  or  subjects. 

CLAUSE  2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  con- 
suls, and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court 
shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions 
and  Tinder  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

Section  3.  Defines  the  duties  of  the  President.  Name  these  duties  with  regard  (1)  to  Congress,  (2)  to  ambas- 
sadors, and  (3)  to  United  States  officers.  (.We. — Washington  and  Adams  In  person  read  their  messages  to 
Congress ;  the  present  plan  of  sending  the  message  by  a  private  secretary  was  commenced  by  Jefferson.) 

Section  4.    For  what  crimes  and  in  what  way  may  any  United  States  officer  be  removed  from  office  T 

ARTICLE  m.— Section  1.  In  what  is  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  vested?  (Note.— The  judicial 
power  is  that  of  interpreting  and  applying  the  laws.)  How  long  do  the  judges  hold  office  7  Can  their  salary  be 
changed  during  their  term  of  office  ? 

Section  2  defines  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  Courts.  Name  the  cases  to  which  the  judicial  power  of 
the  United  States  extends.  In  what  cases  does  the  Supreme  Court  have  original  jurisdiction  T  Appellate  juris- 
diction? What  is  the  law  with  regard  to  trial  by  jury?  Where  must  such  a  trial  be  held?  Where  may  a  crime 
be  committed  "not  within  a  state?"  (Notes.— The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  a  chief  justice  and  eight  associate 
justices.  The  salary  of  the  chief  justice  is  $10,500  and  that  of  an  associate  $10,000  per  annum.  This  court  meet* 
at  Washington  annually  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  December.  A  citizen  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  within  the 
meaning  of  the  Constitution  as  above,  is  not  a  citizen  of  a  State.  By  original  jurisdiction  Is  meant  the  court  in 
which  the  case  begins;  by  appellate,  is  indicated  a  trial  after  an  appeal  from  a  lower  court.) 


346       CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES. 

CLAUSE  3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by 
jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have 
been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at 
such,  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION  m.— CLAUSE  1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only 
,  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid 
and  comfort. 

CLAUSE  2.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless  on  the  testimony  of 
two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

CLAUSE  3.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason ; 
but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except 
during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE    IV. — General    Provisions. 

SECTION  I.— Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State ;  and  the  Congress 
may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records,  and  pro- 
ceedings shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

SECTION  n.— CLAUSE  1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

CLAUSE  2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime, 
who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand  of 
the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be 
removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

/'  CLAUSE  3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation 
therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on 
claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

1 

SECTION  HI.— CLAUSE  1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into 
this  Union ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  any  other  State ;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more 
States,  or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States 
concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

CLAUSE  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful 
rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the 
United  States;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

SECTION  IV.— The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union 
a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  inrva- 

Sectton  8.  In  what  does  treason  consist  ?  What  proof  is  required  t  Who  fixes  the  punishment  ?  What  limit 
Is  assigned? 

ARTICLE  IV.— Section  I.    What  Is  the  law  with  regard  to  state  records,  judicial  proceedings,  etc.  ? 

Section  1.  What  privileges  has  the  citizen  of  one  state  in  all  the  others?  Can  a  criminal  or  an  apprentice 
escape  by  fleeing  into  another  state?  (Note.— Clause  3  originally  included  fugitive  slaves,  but  that  application  was 
annulled  by  the  XITIth  Amendment.) 

Section  3.  State  the  law  with  regard  to  the  formation  and  admission  of  new  states.  What  power  has  Congress 
over  the  territory  and  property  of  the  United  States  ? 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.        347 

sion,  and  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when  the  Legis- 
lature can  not  be  convened)  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE    V.— Power    of  Amendment. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two  thirds  of  both  houses  shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall 
propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  application  of  the  Legislatures 
of  two  thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments, 
which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Con- 
stitution, when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the  several  States,  or 
by  conventions  in  three  fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification 
may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress  ;  provided  that  no  amendment  which  maybe  made 
prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect 
the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article ;  and  that  no 
State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE   VI.— Miscellaneous    Provisions. 

CLAUSE  1.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engagements  entered  into,  before  the  adop- 
tion of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this 
Constitution,  as  under  the  confederation. 

CLAUSE  2.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be 
made  in  pursuance  thereof ;  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  ;  and  the 
judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any  thing  in  the  Constitution  or 
laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

CLAUSE  3.  The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of 
the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation 
to  support  this  Constitution ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a 
qualification  to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE   VII. — Ratification    of   the    Constitution. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for  the 
establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  convention,  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present,  the 
seventeenth  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  independence  of  the 
United  States  of  America  the  twelfth. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 
President,  and  Deputy  from  Virginia. 

^  Section  4.    What  must  Congress  guarantee  to  every  state?    When  must  Congress  protect  the  states? 

'  ARTICLE  V.  —  State  the  two  ways  in  which  amendments  to  the  Constitution  may  be  proposed.  The  two  ways 
in  which  they  may  be  ratified.  What  restriction  in  this  article  has  now  lost  all  force?  What  provision  for  the 
benefit  of  the  smaller  states  is  attached  to  this  article  ? 

ARTICLE  VI. —What  debts  did  the  United  States  assume  when  the  Constitution  was  adopted?  What  is  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land  ?  Who  are  required  to  take  an  oath  or  animation  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States?  Can  a  religious  test  be  exacted? 


348       CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
JOHN  LANGDON, 
NICHOLAS  GILMAN. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
NATHANIEL  QOKHAM, 
RUFUS  KING. 

CONNECTICUT. 
WILLIAM  SAMUEL  JOHNSON, 
ROGER  SHERMAN. 

NEW  YORK. 

.ALEXANDER  HAMILTON. 

NEW  JERSEY. 
WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON, 
DAVID  BBEABLEY, 
WILLIAM  PATEBSON, 
JONATHAN  DAYTON. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
BENJAMIN  ERANKLLN, 
THOMAS  MIFFLIN, 
ROBEBT  MOBEIS, 
GEORGE  CLYMEB, 
THOMAS  FITZSIMONS, 
JABED  INGEBSOLL, 
JAMES  WILSON, 

GOUVERNEUR  MoBBIS. 

Attest: 


DELAWARE. 
Q-EOBGE  REED, 
Q-DNNING  BEDFORD,  JB., 
JOHN  DICKINSON, 
RICHABD  BASSETT, 
JACOB  BROOM. 

MARYLAND. 

JAMES  MCHENRY, 

DANIEL  OF  ST.  THOMAS  JENIFER, 

DANIEL  CARROLL. 

VIRGINIA. 
JOHN  BLAIR, 
JAMES  MADISON,  JR. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
WILLIAM  BLOUNT, 
RICHARD  DOBBS  SPAIGHT, 
HUGH  WILLIAMSON. 

SOUTH   CAROLINA. 
JOHN  RUTLEDGE, 
CHARLES  C.  PINCKNEY, 
CHARLES  PINCKNEY, 
PIERCE  BUTLER. 

GEORGIA. 

WILLIAM  FEW, 
ABRAHAM  BALDWIN. 

WILLIAM   JACKSON,  Secretary. 


AMENDMENTS 

To  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Ratified  according  to  the 
Provisions  of  the  Fifth  Article  of  the  Foregoing  Constitution. 

ARTICLE  I. — Congress   shall  *xnake    no   law  respecting   an   establishment  of 

religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;   or  abridging  the  freedom  of 

speech,  or  of  the  press;   or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and.  to 
petition  the  government  for  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  TI.— A  well-regulated  militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a 
free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  VII.  What  was  necessary  for  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution  ?  (Note,  p.  143.)  In  what  year  was  it 
adopted?  . 

AMENDMENTS.  (Notes.  —  The  first  ten  amendments  were  proposed  in  1789  at  the  first  session  of  the  First  Con- 
gress, and  in  1791  were  declared  adopted.  They  are  of  the  nature  of  a  Bill  of  Eights,  and  were  passed  in  order  to 
satisfy  those  who  complained  that  the  Constitution  did  not  suCBciently  guard  the  rights  of  the  people.) 

ARTICLE  I.  What  guarantees  are  provided  concerning  religious  freedom?  Freedom  of  speech  and  the  press? 
Peaceable  assembly  and  petition? 

ARTICLE  II.    What  guarantee  is  given  with  regard  to  the  right  of  bearing  arms  ? 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.       349 

ARTICLE  HE.— No  soldiers  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house, 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

ARTICLE  IV. — The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  vio- 
lated, and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or 
affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons 
or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V.— No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise 
infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except 
in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual 
service  in  time  of  war  and  public  danger ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the 
same  offense  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  be  compelled 
in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  to  be  deprived  of  life, 
liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be 
taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  ~VT. — In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right 
to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein 
the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusa- 
tion ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  pro- 
cess for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel 
for  his  defense. 

ARTICLE  "VTL— In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall 
exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact 
tried  by  a  jury  shall  bo  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States 
than  according  to  the  rules  of  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VTTT. — Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  im- 
posed, nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. — The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights,  shall  not 
be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X.— The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitu- 
tion, nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or 
to  the  people. 

AETICLE  III.    What  is  provided  with  regard  to  quartering  soldiers  upon  citizens? 

ARTICLE  IV.    What  is  provided  with  regard  to  unreasonable  searches  and  warrants  T 

ABTICLB  V.  What  provisions  are  made  with  regard  to  a  trial  for  capital  offenses  T  Can  a  person  be  tried  twice 
for  the  same  crime?  Can  a  criminal  be  forced  to  witness  against  himself?  When  can  private  property  be  taken 
for  the  public  use? 

AKTICLK  VI.    What  important  rights  are  secured  to  the  accused  in  case  of  a  criminal  prosecution  ? 
*     AHTICLK  VII.    When  is  the  right  of  jury  trial  guaranteed?    How  must  a  fact  tried  by  a  jury  be  re-examined? 

AKTICLB  VIII.    What  guarantee  is  given  with  regard  to  excessive  bail  or  fine  and  unusual  punishment? 

AKTICLK  IX.  Does  the  enumeration  of  certain  rights  in  the  Constitution  have  any  effect  upon  those  not  enu- 
merated ? 

ABTICLK  X.  What  declaration  la  made  concerning  the  powers  neither  delegated  to  Congress  nor  forbidden  the 
states? 


350       CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES. 

AJRTICXiE  XL — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed 
to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of 
the  United  States  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any 
foreign  state. 

ARTICLiE  XU.— The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by 
ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an 
inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots 
the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 
Vice-President ;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Presi- 
dent, and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes 
for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  Senate ; — 
the  president  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted ; — 
the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  President,  shall  be  the  Presi- 
dent, if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ; 
and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House 
of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in 
choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from 
each  State  having  one  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member 
or  members  from  two  thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall 
be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a 
President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth 
day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the  President.  The 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice-President,  shall  be  the  Vice- 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  rnamber  of  electors  appointed ; 
and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list, 
-  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist 
of  two  thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  num- 
ber shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to 
the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States. 

ARTICXiE  Xm.— SECTION  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except 
as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  person  shall  have  been  duly  convicted, 
shall  exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SECTION  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

ARTICLE  XI.  (Note.  —  This  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  Third  Congress,  1794,  and 
declared  adopted  in  1798.)  What  restriction  is  placed  on  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States?  Can  the  citizen!) 
of  one  state  bring  a  suit  against  another  state? 

ABTICLE  XII.  (Note.  —  This  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  Eighth  Congress,  1803,  and 
declared  adopted  In  1804.  It  grew  up  out  of  the  contest  in  the  House  of  Representatives  at  the  time  of  Jeflerson's 
election  ;  he  was  not  chosen  until  the  36th  ballot.)  Describe  in  full  the  mode  of  choosing  the  President  by  the 
electors.  The  Vice-President.  State  the  essential  qualifications  of  the  Vice-President.  (See  Art.  II.,  Sec.  1,  Clause 
4.)  In  case  there  is  no  choice  by  the  electors,  how  is  the  President  elected  ?  Describe  the  mode  of  election  in  the 
House.  If  a  President  should  not  be  chosen  by  March  4,  who  would  act  as  President  ?  . 

ARTICLE  XIII.  (Note,— This  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  second  session  of  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress,  1886, 
•nd  declared  adopted  in  1865.  It  grew  out  of  the  Ciril  War.  See  p.  282.)  Eepeat  the  amendment  abolishing 
Blavtry  and  involuntary  servitude  in  the  United  States, 


CONSTITUTION     OF     THE     UNITED     STATES.      851 

ARTICLE  XIV.— SECTION  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United 
States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law 
which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States ; 
nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due 
process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection 
of  the  laws. 

SECTION  2.  Representatives  shall  be  appointed  among  the  several  States  accord- 
ing to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each 
State  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  election  for 
the  choice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
representatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  or  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the 
members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of 
such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age  and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in 
any  way  abridged  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis 
of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the  number 
of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one 
years  of  age  in  such  State. 

SECTION  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  representative  in  Congress,  or 
elector  of  President  or  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under 
the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken  an  oath  as 
a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of 
any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  sup- 
port the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or 
rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof.  But 
Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two  thirds  of  each  house,  remove  such  disability. 

SECTION  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized  by 
law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pension  and  bounties  for  services  in 
suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  bo  questioned.  But  neither  the 
United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred 
in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the 
loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims 
shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

SECTION  5.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation, 
the  provisions  of  this  article. 

ARTICLE  XV.— SECTION  1.  The  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote 
shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account 
of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SECTION  2.  Congress  shall  havo  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

ARTICLE  XIV.  (Note.— This  amendment  was  adopted  In  1868.  See  p.  284.)  Section  1.  Who  are  citizens  of  the 
United  States?  What  restrictions  are  laid  upon  the  states  with  regard  to  abridging  the  rights  of  citizens 7 

Sestton  1.  How  are  representatives  apportioned  among  the  several  states  ?  How  does  this  amend  Art.  I.,  Seo. 
2,  Clause  3? 

Section  3.  What  persons  are  prohibited  from  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  T  How  may  this  dis- 
ability be  removed? 

Section  4.  Repeat  the  provision  with  regard  to  the  validity  of  the  public  debt.  With  regard  to  any  debt 
incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion. 

AKTICLK  XV.  (Note.— This  amendment  was  adopted  la  1870.  See  page  288.)  Repeat  tbe  amendment  granting 
universal  suffrage. 


352 


TABLE     OF     STATES. 


ll 


I     6= 

jz  S 

,k  *- 

.a  8;s  ;s 


M        *•?§ 

•2   5  £21 


i  Bag  :i * 

«  ^  o-g  I 

I  -g  §3  55  I 

1   BMg  iS^ 

O    ^5      02  fc      -^ 


>    M 


'0881 


j>  S 


So    S  S 


T-C          10          TH 


'68 


'YSHY 


at     oo         •*   oi   co 


I  PI 

§    S    —     *S        05     O 
00  l»   ft  00      •S    PU 


a  s 


I    2 

i  ^ 
5  i 

£     o 


s  s 


..  - 

^  g  fl  fl  w  fl  A  a 


III 

B11 


^    5  -s 


o 


K 


„     H 

s  , 


I  i  I  i  I  f  c 

6  s  s  S  I  £  g 


^     M     H     O 


eo   i-      oo   OS 


TABLE     OF     STATES. 


353 


fe  .8 


S  fe 

o  5J 

*t  ui 

c<  T-I 

3s  to 


S    5?    fe 

c      i-<_     o 


T-         r-         o          i-T 


»rt      1C       -g*      T*      IQ      i-i 
SO_      <Nr       O.      TJ<_      35       C5, 

8 .  B    8    8    8    fi 


888 


I   5 

K      OQ 


5        g    fi 
P4        O     cc 


oo     co     oo     oo 


a  I 

T3 

y>  5 


o      5 
« 

M  tfl 


•  5  fl 

a       n       8 


2    g- 

o    c 


%? 

e-^« 


S 
fl" 

•a*? 


••     -a     'aw'Oi*<'o«a    -o< 

a  «  «  5  ,5  g  5 


8    ts    ffi 


354 


TABLE     OF     THE     PRESIDENTS. 


«§ 

m  X 


x  -HI 


"B-S-S- 
iS.z.sS 

'WPndi  £ 

IlltS 


.«««! 

111, 
ceg  3  " 

C»°i> 

<u  «  a 

11-3 

O  03  O 

W>^^ 


HO  .     •  k«    •«  *i 

SI,.      rftilll^S  %* 

•  tM  lyiipp -^ .  "as^ 

b^~^ 


ga«5iS'^i2iliS1i  1*1* 

« sj Hd^ p |||||i  g|ljj 

p  /sSw^.0.03.0  J5Sl>^J'i>    fe-c;>Sfe- 


9  a  it  S 

'3  M(§  S 

S3fe-3 

.     OJ  ™ 

O^J  |  O 

lei  I  | 

^SiB,? 


OOO»       O       i-l 


tOt-COOS 


INDEX 


Tliis  Index  refers  to  the  notes  at  the  bottom  of  the  paye  as    well  as  the  text 

of  the  book. 


AOADIA,  named,  32 ;  depopulated,  85. 

Adams  and  Jackson  contrasted,  175. 

Adams,  John,  the  patriot,  102-104 ;  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  114 ;  Pres- 
ident, 154. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  174. 

Adams,  Samuel,  103. 

Agricultural  Colleges,  founding  of,  309. 

Alabama,  admission  of,  203 :  secession 
of,  198. 

Alabama  and  Kearsarge,  268. 

Alamo,  attack  on,  205. 

Alaska,  purchase  of,  284 ;  territory,  298. 

Albany,  65. 

Alexandria,  seizure  of,  217. 

Algiers,  treaty  with,  153;  Decatur  at, 
171. 

Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  154. 

Allen,  Ethan,  110. 

Amendment,  Fifteenth,  288;  Four- 
teenth, 284;  Thirteenth,  282,  350. 

Ames,  Fisher,  310. 

Amnesty  Proclamation,  282. 

Anderson,  Maj.  R.,  199. 

Andre,  execution  of,  136. 

Andros,  Governor  Edmund,  of  New 
England,  59 ;  demands  charter  of 
Connecticut,  63 ;  governor  of  New 
York,  67. 

Antietam,  battle  of,  241. 

Antiquities,  American,  9. 

Anti-rent  difficulties,  182. 

Appomattox  Court  House,  surrender 
at,  275. 

Arkansas,  admission  of,  204 ;  secession 
of,  217. 

Arkansas  Post  taken,  230. 

Arlington  Heights,  seizure  of,  217. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  at  Ticonderoga,  110 ; 
at  Quebec,  112 ;  relieves  Fort  Schuy- 
ler,  122 ;  at  Saratoga,  124 ;  treason 
of,  135;  in  Virginia,  139;  at  New 
London,  140. 


Arthur,  Chester  A.,  296,  297,  301. 
Atlanta,  advance  upon,    256;    capture 

of,  257. 

Atlantic  Cable,  285. 
Attainder,  bill  of,  343. 
Averysboro,  battle  of,  272. 
Ayllon,  De,  27. 

BACON'S  REBELLION,  52. 

Bailey,  Col.  Joseph,  265. 

Baker,  Colonel  E.  D.,  221. 

Balboa,  27. 

Ball's  Bluff,  battle  of,  220. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  72. 

Baltimore,  Massachusetts  troops  at,  217 

Bank  of  United  States,  152,  176,  181. 

Banks,  General  N.  P.,  in  Shenandoah, 

237;   at  Port  Hudson,  245;    in  Red 

River  Expedition,  265. 
Barton,  Colonel  William,  121. 
Beaufort,  capture  of,  232. 
Beauregard,  General  P.  G.  T.,  at  Fort 

Sumter,  216;    at  Bull  Run,  219;    at 

Shiloh,  226;   at  Bermuda  Hundred, 

262. 

Belmont,  battle  of,  221. 
Bennington,  battle  of,  123. 
Bentonville,  battle  of,  272. 
Bermuda  Hundred,  battle  at,  262. 
Big  Bethel,  skirmish  at,  218. 
Big  Black  River,  battle  of,  245. 
Bill,  how  one  becomes  a  law,  340. 
Black  Hawk  War,  177. 
Bland  Silver  Bill,  295. 
Blennerhassett,  Harman,  157. 
Blockade,  the,  267. 
Boone,  Daniel,  201. 
Boonville,  battle  of,  221. 
Boston,   massacre   in,    104;    Port    Bill, 

105;  Tea  Party  at,   105;  evacuation 

of,  112 ;  fire  at,  289. 
Boundary,  north-east,  180 ;  north-west. 

183. 


356 


INDEX. 


Braddock,  General  Edward,  84. 

Bragg,  General  Braxton,  at  Buena 
Vista,  187;  invades  Kentucky,  228; 
at  Chickamauga,  246 ;  at  Chatta- 
nooga, 247. 

Brandywine,  battle  of,  119. 

Brooklyn  Bridge,  298. 

Brooks,  Preston  S.,  assails  Sumner,  195. 

Brown,  John,  197. 

Bryant,  "William  Cullen,  310. 

Buchanan,  James,  196. 

Buckner,  Gen.  S.  B.,  225. 

Buell,  General  D.  C.,  225,  226,  228. 

Buena  Vista,  battle  of,  186. 

Bull  Run,  first  battle,  219 ;  second,  241. 

Bunker  TTin,  battle  of,  108. 

Burgoyne,  invasion  of,  121-125. 

Burnside,  General  Ambrose  E.,  expedi- 
tion to  Roanoke  Island,  232 ;  at  An- 
tietam,  242;  at  Predericksburg,  242. 

Burr,  Aaron,  155-157. 

Butler,  General  B.  P.,  218,  231,  262,  266. 

CABINET,  the  formation  of,  151. 

Cabot,  John,  25. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  25. 

Cabrillo,  29. 

Calhoun,  John  C.,  173,  176. 

California,  admission  of,  206;  ceded  to 
United  States,  208 ;  gold  discovered 
in,  190. 

Camden,  battle  of,  133. 

Carnifex  Perry,  battle  of,  218. 

Carolina,  secession  of  South,  198 ;  seces- 
sion of  North,  217. 

Carolinas,  settlement  of,  74. 

Caroline,  burning  of  the,  180. 

Carrick's  Pord,  battle  of,  218. 

Carpet-baggers,  284. 

Carthage,  battle  of,  221. 

Cartier,  30. 

Cedar  Creek,  battle  of,  264. 

Cedar  Mountain,  battle  of,  240. 

Centennial  Anniversaries,  291 ;  Exhibi- 
tion, 292. 

Center  of  population,  304. 

Cerro  Gordo,  battle  of,  188. 

Chambersburg,  burning  of,  264. 

Champion  Hills,  battle  of,  245. 

Champlain,  32. 

Chancellorsville,  battle  of,  250. 

Chantilly,  battle  of,  241. 

Chapultepec,  capture  of,  189. 

Charleston,  settlement  of,  74 ;  in  Revo- 
lution, 129,  132,  133 ;  in  Civil  War, 
254,  272 ;  earthquakes  at,  301. 

Charter,  definition  of,  315. 

Chattanooga,  battle  of,  247. 

Cheat  Mountain,  battle  of,  218. 

Chesapeake  and  Leopard,  158. 


Chesapeake  and  Shannon,  166. 
Chicago,  massacre  at  (Fort  Dearborn), 

203  ;  fire  at,  288. 
Cnickamauga,  battle  of,  246. 
China,  treaties  with,  286,  295. 
Chinese  Immigration  forbidden,  298. 
Chippewa,  battle  of,  168. 
Chrysler's  Pield,  battle  of,  163. 
Churubusco,  battle  of,  189. 
Citizens  of  "United  States,  definition  of, 

351. 

Civil  Rights  Bill,  283. 
Civil  Service  Reform,  298. 
Clay,  Henry,  Missouri  Compromise,  172 ; 
Compromise    Bill,     176 ;    nominated 
President,  184 ;  Omnibus  Bill,  193. 
Clayborne's  Rebellion,  70. 
Cleveland,  Grover,  299. 
Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  114,  127,  128,  136, 

139. 

Clinton,  Gov.  George,  308. 
Cold  Harbor,  battle  of,  261. 
Coligny,  31. 
Colleges,  92,  96,  309. 
Colonial  life,  91. 
Colorado,  admission  of,  301. 

Columbia,  S.  C.,  capture  of,  272. 

Columbia  River,  discovery  of,  208. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  20-24. 

Commissions,  Sanitary  and  Christian, 
269., 

Compromise,  Missouri,  172 ;  of  1850, 
193. 

Confederacy,  Southern,  formed,  199. 

Confederate  Cruisers,  268. 

Confederate  currency,  267. 

Congress,  composition  of,  341. 

Congress,  Pirst  Continental,  106. 

Connecticut,  61. 

Constitution,  adoption  of  Pederal,  143 ; 
authors  of,  310. 

Constitution  and  Guerriere,  161. 

Constitution  of  United  States,  338 ;  fif- 
teen amendments  to,  348. 

Continental  money,  134. 

Contreras,  battle  of,  189. 

Convention,  Hartford,  169. 

Conway  cabal,  the,  126. 

Cooper,  James  Penimore,  310. 

Cooper,  Peter,  293,  306. 

Copyright,  length  of,  342. 

Corinth,  battle  of,  228. 

Cornwallis,  Earl,  pursues  Washington, 
116;  at  Brandywine,  119;  at  Cam- 
den,  133 ;  pursues  Greene,  137 :  sur- 
render of,  140. 

Cotton,  172,  198,  306. 

Cowpens,  battle  of  the,  137. 

Crisis  of  '37,  the,  178. 

Crockett,  David,  205. 


INDEX. 


357 


Cross  Keys,  battle  of,  237. 

Crown   Point,   attack   on,    86;   capture 

of,  111. 

Cuba,  invasion  of,  193. 
Cumberland,  loss  of  the,  233. 
Custer,  Q-en.  George  A.,  292. 

DADE'S  MASSACRE,  177. 

Dahlgren,  Col.  Ulric,  259. 

Dallas,  battle  of,  257. 

Dalton,  battle  of,  257. 

Danbury,  burning  of,  120. 

Darling,  Port,  236. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  199,  275. 

De  Ayllon,  27. 

Decatur,  Lieut.  Stephen,  157. 

Deerfield,  burning  of,  79. 

Delaware,  69. 

De  Leon,  Ponce,  26. 

Democratic  party,  173 ;  elects  Jackson, 
174 ;  elects  Van  Buren,  178 ;  elects 
Polk,  184  ;  elects  Pierce,  194 ;  elects 
Buchanan,  196 ;  elects  Cleveland, 
300. 

De  Monts,  32. 

De  Narvaez,  27. 

De  Soto,  Hernando  (Ferdinand),  27. 

D'Estaing,  Count  Charles  Hector,  129. 

Detroit,  surrender  of,  160. 

District  of  Columbia,  150. 

Donaldson's  Point,  227. 

Donelson,  Fort,  surrender  of,  225. 

Doniphan,  Colonel,  188. 

Dorr's  Rebellion,  181. 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  "The  Little  Gi- 
ant", 197. 

Draft  riot  in  New  York  city,  252. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  35,  42. 

Dranesville,  skirmish  at,  221. 

Dred  Scott  decision,  the,  196. 

Dress,  93,  111,  210. 

Duquesne,  Fort,  84,  85. 

Dustin,  Mrs.,  capture  of,  77. 

Dutch  Manners  and  Customs,  95. 

Duties,  definition  of,  341. 

EARLY,  GEN.  JUBAL  A.,  219,  263,  264. 
Edward,  Fort,  massacre  at,  86. 
Education,  96,  210,  308. 
Ellsworth,  Col.  Elmer  E.,  217. 
Elmira,  battle  near,  131. 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  242,  244. 
Embargo  ("  O  Grab  me  ")  Act,  the,  158. 
Emerson,  Ralph  "W.,  311. 
Ericsson,  John,  234. 
Erie   Canal,   by   Gov.    Dewitt    Clintor>, 

174. 

Espejo,  29. 

Eutaw  Springs,  battle  of,  138. 
Ewell,  Gen.  R.  S.,  237,  253,  274. 


Excises,  definition  of,  341. 
Ex-post-facto  law,  343. 


FAIR  OAKS,  battle  of,  238.  -t 

Farragut,  Capt.  D.  G.,  at  New  Orleans, 
231 ;  above  Vicksburg,  232 ;  at  Mo- 
bile, 266. 

Federalist,  the,  310. 

Federalists,  the,  143,  153,  159,  171. 

Fenians,  284. 

Field,  Cyrus  W.,  286. 

Filibusters,  193. 

Fillmore,  Millard,  191,  192. 

Fisher,  Fort,  capture  of,  267. 

Fisher's  Hill,  battle  of,  264. 

Fishery  Award,  295. 

Five  Forks,  battle  of,  273. 

Florida,  discovery  of,  27 ;  purchase  of, 
173 ;  secession  of,  198 ;  admission 
of,  205. 

Foote,  A.  H.,  224. 

Forrest,  Gen.  N.  B.,  265. 

France,  aid  from,  126 ;  Genet  recalled 
to,  153  ;  Hostilities  with,  155 ;  pay- 
ment by,  178. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  105,  127. 

Franklin,  battle  of,  258. 

Frayser's  Farm,  encounter  at,  239. 

Fredericksburg,  battle  of,  242. 

Freedmen's  Bureau,  283. 

Free  Soil  party,  192,  193. 

Fremont,  J.  C.,  188,  196,  221,  237. 

Frenchtown,  Indian  atrocities  at,  164. 

Frolic  and  Wasp,  162. 

Fugitive  Slave  Law,  193,  197. 

Fulton,  Robert,  157. 

GADSDEN  PURCHASE,  195. 

Gage,  Gen.  Thomas,  105,  106,  113. 

Games'  Mill,  battle  of,  239. 

Galveston,  capture  of,  251. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  296. 

Gates,  Gen.  Horatio,  122,  133. 

Genet,  difficulties  with,  153. 

Georgia,  settlement  of,  76 ;  secession 
of,  198. 

Germantown,  battle  of,  120. 

Gettysburg,  battle  of,  252. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  36. 

Gillmore,  Gen.  Q.  A.,  254,  270. 

Goffe,  the  regicide,  58. 

Gosnold,  38. 

Grand  Model,  the,  75. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  at  Belmont,  221 ;  at 
Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  224  ;  capt- 
ures Vicksburg,  245 ;  at  Chattanooga, 
247  ;  made  Lieutenant-General,  255  ; 
overland  campaign,  260  ;  before  Rich- 
mond, 262 ;  elected  President,  286 ; 
death  of,  287 ;  funeral  of,  300. 


358 


INDEX. 


Greeley,  Horace,  200. 
Greenback  Party,  293,  296. 
Greene,  Gen.  Nathaniel,  137,  138. 
k  Griswold,  Fort,  140. 
Guilford  Court  House,  battle  of,  138. 

HALE,  CAPTAIN  NATHAN,  115. 

Halleck,  Gen.  H.  W.,  221,  227. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  plans  of,  152 ; 
death,  of,  156 ;  contributes  to  Feder- 
alist, 310. 

Hancock,  Gen.  Winfield  S.,  260,  296. 

Hanging  Rock,  battle  of,  134. 

Hanover  Court  House,  battle  of,  236. 

Harper's  Ferry,  217,  241. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  at  battle  of 
Tippecanoe,  159 ;  at  Thames,  165 ; 
elected  President,  180. 

Harrison's  Landing,  240. 

Hatteras  Inlet,  Expedition  to,  222. 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  311. 

Hayes,  Gen.  R.  B.,  nominated  for 
President,  293 ;  administration  of, 
294. 

Hayne,  Col.  Isaac,  134. 

Hayne,  Robert  Y.,  176. 

Hendricks,  Thomas  A.,  293,  290,  301. 

Henry,  Fort,  224. 

Henry,  Patrick,  102,  310. 

Hermitage,  the,  175. 

Hessians,  origin  of  name,  115  ;  at  Tren- 
ton, 117. 

Holly  Springs,  destruction  of  depot  at, 
230. 

Hood,  Gen.  John  B.,  257,  258. 

Hooker,  Gen.  Joseph,  at  Williamsburg, 
236;  at  Chattanooga,  247;  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  250. 

Hornet  and  Peacock,  166. 

Horseshoe  Bend,  battle  of,  166. 

House,  Speaker  of,  341. 

Houston,  Gen.  Sam.,  183,  206. 

Howe,  Gen.  "William,  evacuates  Boston, 
113  ;  on  Long  Island,  115. 

Huguenots,  the,  75. 

Hull,  Capt.  Isaac,  161;  Gen.  "William, 
160. 

Hunter,  Gen.  D.,  221,  261. 

Hutchinson,  Mrs.  Anne,  57. 

ILLINOIS,  admission  of,  203. 

Imposts,  definition  of,  341. 

Independence,  Declaration  of,  114,  334. 

Indiana,  admission  of,  202. 

Indians,  10. 

Internal    Improvements,   definition   of, 

173. 

Iowa,  admission  of,  206. 
Iron-clad  Oath,  284. 
Irving,  Washington,  310. 


Island  No.  10,  capture  of,  227. 
luka,  battle  of,  228. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  Creek  war,  166 ;  at 
New  Orleans,  170  ;  nominated  Presi- 
dent, 174  ;  administration  of,  175. 

Jackson,  Gen.  T.  J.,  at  Bull  Run,  219 ; 
in  Shenandoah,  237 ;  near  Hanover 
Court  House,  239 ;  death  of,  251. 

Jamestown,  38,  52. 

Japan,  treaty  with,  195. 

Jasper,  Sergeant,  113,  129. 

Jay,  Chief -Justice  John,  153,  310. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  writes  Declaration 
of  Independence,  114  ;  elected  "Vice- 
President,  154 ;  nominated  President, 
155  ;  administration  of,  155. 

Jesuits,  the,  33. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  281. 

Johnson,  Col.  R.  M.,  165,  178. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  86. 

Johnston,  Gen.  Albert  Sidney,  225, 
226. 

Johnston,  Gen.  Joseph  E.,  at  Bull  Run, 
220 ;  at  Williamsburg,  236  ;  in  Shen- 
andoah, 237 ;  at  Fair  Oaks,  238 ;  at 
Jackson,  245  ;  before  Atlanta,  257  ; 
at  Averysboro  and  Bentonville,  272 ; 
surrender  of,  279. 

Joint  Electoral  Commission,  293. 

Jones,  Paul,  victory  of,  132. 

KALB,  DE,  BARON  JOHN,  133. 

Kansas,  admission  of,  209 ;    difficulties 

in,  195. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  194. 
Kearney,  Gen.  Philip,  241. 
Kearney,  Stephen  W.,  187. 
Kearsarge  sinks  the  Alabama,  268. 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  battle  of,  257. 
Kentucky,  admission  of,  200. 
Key,  Francis  S.,  169. 
Kidd,  William,  68. 
Kilpatrick,  Gen.  J.  C.,  259. 
King's  Mountain,  battle  of,  134. 
Know-Nothing  party,  196. 
Knoxville,  siege  of,  250. 
Kosciusko,  122. 

LABORER,  the,  93,  210. 

La  Fayette,  Marquis  de,  at  Brandy- 
wine,  119  ;  character  of,  119  ;  sent 
against  Arnold,  139 ;  second  visit, 
173,  210. 

Lake  Champlain,  battle  of,  168. 

Lake  Erie,  battle  of,  164. 

Lake  George,  battle  of,  86. 

Lancaster,  304. 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier  de,  34. 

Laudonniere,  31. 


INDEX. 


359 


Lawrence  sacked,  230. 

Lawrence,  Captain  James,  166. 

Lee,  Q-en.  Charles,  capture  of,  116  ;  at 

Monmouth,  128;  dismissed,  128. 
Lee,  Henry,  "Light-horse  Harry",  134, 

238. 
Lee,  Q-en.  Robert  E.,  at  Cheat  Mountain, 

218  ;  takes  command  of  Confederate 

forces,  238  ;   invades  Maryland,  241, 

251  ;  battle  of  "Wilderness,  260  ;  sur- 

render of,  274. 
Leisler,  execution  of,  68. 
Letters  of  Marque,  342. 
Lewis  and  Clarke  Expedition,  the,  209, 

302,  303. 

Lexington,  Mass.,  battle  of,  106. 
Lexington,  Mo.,  battle  of,  221. 
Lincoln,    Abraham,    nominated    Presi- 

dent,   197  ;    inauguration    of,    215  ; 

frees  the   slaves,  242;    assassination 

of,  275. 
Lincoln,     Gen.     Benjamin,     129,     132, 

140. 

Literature,  American,  309. 
Locofoco,  origin  of  name,  173. 
Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  311. 
Long  Island,  battle  of,  114. 
Longstreet,  Gen.  Jas.  S.,  250. 
Lookout  Mountain,  battle  of,  248. 
Lost  Mountain,  battle  of,  257. 
Louisburg,  capture  of  (1745),  80  ;   capt- 

ure of  (1757),  85. 
Louisiana,  admission  of,  201  ;  secession 

of,  198. 

Louisiana  purchase,  156,  302,  303. 
Lundy's  Lane,  battle  of,  167. 
Lyceum  Lectures,  211. 
Lyon,  Gen.  Nathaniel,  221. 


,  COM.  THOMAS,  168. 
Mackinaw.,  surrender  of,  160. 
Madison,  James,  159,  310. 
Magellan,  26,  43. 
Magruder,  Gen.  J.  B.,  235. 
Maine,  settlement  of,  60  ;  admission  of, 

204. 

Malvern  Hill,  battle  of,  239. 
Manassas,  battles  of,  235,  241. 
Manufactures,  142,  171,  305. 
Marcy's  Maxim,  293. 
Marion,  Gen.  Francis,  138. 
Marquette,  Father,  33. 
Maryland,  settlement  of,  72;   invasion 

of,  241. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  72. 
Mason  and  Slidell,  222. 
Massachusetts,  53. 
Maximilian  in  Mexico,  285. 
Mayflower,  53. 
McAlister,  Port,  capture  of,  259. 


McClellan,  Gen.  George  B.,  at  Philippi, 
Rich  Mountain,  and  Carrick's  Ford, 
218 ;  made  General-in-Chief,  220 ; 
in  Peninsular  Campaign,  235;  at 
Antietam,  241;  democratic  candi- 
date, 269. 

McCrea,  murder  of  Miss,  121. 

McDowell,  Gen.  Irvin,  219,  236,  237. 

McHenry,  Fort,  bombardment  of,  169. 

Meade,  Gen.  George  G.,  252. 

Mechanic  Arts,  305. 

Mechanicsville,  battle  of,  239. 

Meigs,  Fort,  siege  of,  164. 

Memphis,  surrender  of,  227. 

Menendez,  29. 

Merrimac  and  Monitor,  233. 

Merrtmac  (Virginia),  destruction  of,  235. 

Mexico,  war  with,  185 ;  treaty  with, 
190 ;  boundary  of,  195 ;  French  in, 
284;  treaty  with,  299. 

Mexico,  battles  before,  189. 

Michigan,  admission  of,  204. 

Miller,  Col.  James,  168. 

Mill  Spring,  battle  of,  224. 

Minims,  Fort,  massacre  at,  166. 

Mine  Explosion,  the,  262. 

Minnesota,  admission  of,  208. 

Mississippi,  admission  of,  202 ;  seces- 
sion of,  198. 

Mississippi  Company  and  John  Law,  202. 

Mississippi  River,  discovery  of,  28. 

Missouri  Compromise,  the,  172. 

Missouri,  admission  of,  204. 

Mister,  the  title  of,  94,  210. 

Mobile,  204,  304. 

Modoc  Indians,  291. 

Monitor,  the,  233. 

Monmouth,  battle  of,  127. 

Monocacy,  battle  of,  263. 

Monroe  Doctrine,  the,  173. 

Monroe,  James,  172. 

Montcalm,  Marquis  de,  87,  89. 

Monterey,  capture  of,  186. 

Montgomery,  Gen.  Richard,  112. 

Monticello,  home  of  Jefferson,  156. 

Montreal,  surrender  of,  89. 

Morgan,  Gen.  Daniel,  121,  124,  137. 

Morgan,  Gen.  John  H.,  246. 

Mormons,  the,  182. 

Morris,  Robert,  135,  139. 

Morse,  Sam.  F.  B.,  183. 

Motte,  Mrs.,  anecdote  of,  138. 

Moultrie,  Col.  William,  113. 

Moultrie,  Fort,  attack  on,  113;  Ander- 
son at,  199. 

Mound  Builders,  the,  10. 

Mount  Vernon,  home  of  "Washington, 
150. 

Murfreesboro,  battle  of,  229. 

Mutiny  Act,  103. 


360 


INDEX. 


NASHVILLE,  battle  of,  258. 

Naturalization,  process  of,  342. 

Navigation  Act,  51. 

Nebraska,  admission  of,  301. 

Negro  soldiers,  254. 

Nelson,  Q-ov.  Thomas,  140. 

Nevada,  admission  of,  277. 

New  Amsterdam,  65. 

New  Bern,  capture  of,  232. 

New   England    manners   and   customs, 

03,  144. 

New  Hampshire,  60. 
New  Hampshire  Grants,  111. 
New  Haven  Colony,  63. 
New  Jersey,  68. 
New  Market,  battle  of,  261. 
New  Netherland,  65. 
New   Orleans,   battle   of,  169;   capture 

of,  230;  cotton  exposition  at,  298. 
Newport,  attack  on,  128. 
Newspapers  and  journalism,  93,  97,  311. 
New  York,  65. 
New  York  City,  fire   in,   179;   riot  in, 

252. 

Niagara,  Port,  capture  of,  87. 
Norfolk  (Portsmouth)  Navy-yard,   217, 

235. 

North-east  Boundary,  180. 
Northmen,  the,  15. 
North-west  Boundary,  183. 
North-western  Territory,  201,  302. 
Nullification,  175. 

OGLETHORPE,  Gk>v.  JAS.  EDWARD,  76,  80. 

Ohio,  admission  of,  201. 

Okechobee,  battle  of,  178. 

Old  Ironsides,  161. 

Omnibus  Bill,  193. 

Ord,  Gen.  E.  O.  C.,  221. 

Oregon,  admission  of,  208. 

Osceola,  177. 

Oswego,  Fort,  87,  303. 

Otis,  James,  103,  310. 

PACIFIC,  discovery  of  the,  27 ;  railroad, 
287. 

Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  185. 

Patent,  definition  of,  315. 

Patent,  extent  of,  342. 

Patriot  "War,  the,  179. 

Patroons,  the,  65,  95. 

Pea  Ridge,  battle  of,  230. 

Perm,  "William,  founds  Pennsylvania, 
69 ;  founds  Philadelphia,  70  ;  treaty 
with  Indians,  71 ;  gives  up  Dela- 
ware, 72 ;  life  of,  69. 

Pennsylvania,  69. 

Pequod  War,  the,  62. 

Perry,  Oliver  H.,  164. 

Perryville,  battle  of,  228. 


Petersburg,  attack  on,  262 ;  capture  of, 
273. 

Philadelphia,  70,  95,  150. 

Philadelphia,  Frigate,  destroyed,  157. 

Philip,  Indian  chief,  57. 

Philippi,  battle  of,  218. 

Pickens,  Fort,  223. 

Piedmont,  battle  of,  262. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  194. 

Pike,  Gen.  Z.  M.,  163,  303. 

Pilgrims,  landing  of  the,  53. 

Pilgrims  versus  Puritans,  53. 

Pillow,  Fort,  capture  of,  265. 

Pinckney,  Charles  C.,  155. 

Pitcher,  Major  Molly,  128. 

Pitt,  "William,  85,  99. 

Pittsburg  Landing,  battle  at,  225. 

Pittsburgh,  named,  85. 

Plains  of  Abraham,  87. 

Plattsburg  and  Lake  Champlain,  battle 
of,  168. 

Pleasant  Hill,  battle  of,  265. 

Pocahontas,  48,  49. 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  311. 

Polk,  James  K.,  185. 

Pope,  Gen.  John,  240. 

Porter,  D.  D.,  265,  266. 

Porter,  Gen.  Fitz  John,  236,  239. 

Port  Gibson,  battle  of,  245. 

Port  Hudson,  surrender  of,  246. 

Port  Republic,  encounter  at,  237. 

Port  Royal  Entrance,  S.  C.,  capture  of, 
222. 

Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  founded,  32. 

Postage,  298,  305. 

Post  Offices  and  mails,  93,  304. 

Powhatan,  48. 

Prescott,  Gen.,  capture  of,  121. 

President  and  Little  Belt,  160. 

Presidential  Electors,  344. 

Presidential  Succession,  in  case  of  va- 
cancy, 301,  344. 

President,  method  of  electing,  343,  350. 

President,  salary  of,  344. 

President's  Message,  345. 

Presidential  Succession,  300. 

Princeton,  battle  of,  118. 

Printing  Press,  93,  307. 

Privateers,  Confederate,  222. 

Providence,  64,  303. 

Public  lands,  194,  308. 

Pulaski,  Count,  129. 

Pulaski,  Fort,  reduction  of,  233. 

Puritans,  the,  53. 

Putnam,  Gen.  Israel,  108,  130. 

QUAKERS,  the,  57,  69. 

Quebec,   attack   on,    87;    surrender  of, 

89 ;  battle  of,  112. 
Queenstown,  battle  of,  161. 


INDEX. 


361 


RAILROAD,  the  first,  174, 306. 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  36. 

Rail,  death  of,  117. 

Randolph,  John,  153. 

Reconstruction,  282. 

Red  River  Expedition,  265. 

Representatives,  U.  S.,  how  chosen,  338 ; 
number  of  in  House,  338. 

Republican  (Democratic  -  Republican) 
party,  rise  of,  153 ;  elects  Jefferson, 
155 ;  Madison,  159 ;  Monroe,  172 ; 
called  democratic,  173. 

Republican  (National)  nominates  J.  Q. 
Adams  for  second  term,  174. 

Republican  Party,  rise  of,  190;  elects 
Lincoln,  197,  269 ;  elects  Grant,  286, 
291 ;  elects  Hayes,  293 ;  elects  Gar- 
field,  296. 

Resaca,  Ga.,  battle  of,  257. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  battle  of,  185. 

Resumption  of  specie  payments,  295. 

Revere,  Paul,  105,  106. 

Rhode  Island,  64. 

Ribaut,  John,  31. 

Richmond,  siege  of,  262 ;  capture  of,  273. 

Rich  Mountain,  battle  of,  218. 

Roanoke  Island,  36,  232. 

Rolfe,  John,  49. 

Rome,  122,  304. 

Rosecrans,  Gen.  W.  S.,  228,  229,  246. 

Rotation  in  office,  175,  293. 

liussy,  Fort  de,  capture  of,  2G5. 

SABINE  CROSS-ROADS,  battle  of,  265. 

Sackett's  Harbor,  attack  on,  163. 

Saint  Augustine,  founded,  29. 

Salt  Lake  City,  183. 

San  Domingo,  289. 

San  Francisco,  207. 

San  Jacinto,  battle  of,  206. 

Santa  Anna,  187,  189,  205. 

Santa  Fe,  founded,  29. 

Saratoga,  battles  of,  123. 

Saratoga  Springs,  304. 

Savage's  Station,  battle  at,  239. 

Savannah,  capture  of,  129 ;  port  closed, 
233 ;  Sherman  at,  259. 

Savannah,  first  steamer  to  cross  At- 
lantic, 306. 

Schenectady,  attack  on,  77. 

Schofield,  Gen.  John  M.,  258,  272. 

Schuyler,  Fort,  122. 

Schuyler,  Gen.  Philip,  121. 

Scott,  Gen.  Winfield,  at  Chippewa  and 
Lundy's  Lane,  168  ;  in  Mexico,  188  ; 
retires  from  active  service,  220. 

Sedgwick,  Gen.  John,  260. 

Seminoles,  war  with,  177. 

Semmes,  Capt.  R.,  222. 

Senators,  U.  S.,  how  chosen,  339. 


Seven-Days  Battles,  239. 

Seward,  attack  on  William  H.,  275. 

Shaw,  Colonel,  of  colored  troops,  254. 

Shays'  Rebellion,  143. 

Sheridan,  Gen.  Phil.  H.,  at  Murfrees- 
boro,  229  ;  in  Shenandoah,  264 ;  at 
Five  Forks,  273. 

Sherman,  Gen.  W.  T.,  at  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  230 ;  at  Knoxville,  250 ;  be- 
fore Atlanta,  256 ;  march  to  the  sea, 
259 ;  march  through  the  Carolinas, 
271. 

Shiloh,  battle  of,  225. 

Sigel,  Gen.  Franz,  221,  201. 

Silver  Bill,  ther  295. 

Sioux,  war  with  the,  244. 

Slavery,  introduction  of,  50 ;  question 
of,  172,  193,  196-198,  242. 

Slave-trade  prohibited,  343. 

Slemmer,  Lieut.  A.  J.,  223. 

Smith,  Capt.  John,  46. 

Smith,  Gen.  Kirby,  219,  228. 

Smith,  Joseph,  183. 

South  Mountain,  battle  of,  241. 

Spain,  treaty  with,  153 ;    cedes  Florida 
to  the  United  States,  173. 

Specie  Payments,  295. 

Spottsylvania,  battle  of,  260. 

Squatter  sovereignty,  194. 

Stamp  Act,  the,  102,  103. 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  284. 

Stark,  Col.  John,  123. 

Stark,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  ("Betty"),  123. 

Star  Route  Frauds,  297. 

Star  Spangled  Banner,  the  sonc  of,  100. 

State  Rights,  doctrine  of,  170. 

Steadman,  Fort,  attack  on,  272. 

Steam-boat,  157,  306. 

Steele,  Mrs.,  anecdote  of,  138. 

Steele,  John,  62. 

Stephens,  Alex.  H.,  176,  199. 

Stephenson,  Fort,  battle  of,  1G4. 

St.  Louis,  204,  304. 

Stony  Point,  capture  of,  130. 

Stuart,  Gen.  J.  E.  B.,  238,  202. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  66. 

Sub-Treasury  Bill,  179. 

Sullivan,  Gen.  John,  119,  128,  131. 

Sumner,  Charles,  195. 

Sumter,  Gen.  Thomas,  134,  138. 

Sumter,  Fort,  Anderson  at,  200 ;  capt- 
ure of,  216  ;  Gillmore  besieges,  254. 

Supreme  Court,  345. 

Swamp  Angel,  254. 

Swansea,  57. 

TARIFF,  173,  174,  176. 
Tarleton,  Lieut.-Col.  Bannastre,  133. 
Taylor,  Zachary,  in  Mexican  War,  185- 
187 ;  elected  President,  191. 


362 


INDEX. 


[Total  No.  pp.,  408. 


Tea,  tax  on,  105. 

Tecumseh,  Shawnee  chief ,  163, 163, 166. 

Telegram,  the  first,  307. 

Telegraph,  183 ;  Submarine,  285. 

Tennessee,  admission  of,  201 ;  secession 

of,  217. 

Tenure-of-office  Bill,  283,  284. 
Terry,  Gen.  Alfred  H.,  292. 
Texas,  annexation   of,  183 ;   admission 

of,  205 ;  secession  of,  198. 
Thames,  battle  of  the,  165. 
Thomas,    Gen.    George   H.,   at   Chicka- 

mauga,  247  ;    at  Nashville,  258. 
Ticonderoga,  attack  on,  80 ;  capture  of, 

110. 

Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  293. 
Tippecanoe,  battle  of,  159. 
Tobacco,  37,  50. 

fTown  Meetings  in  New  England,  96. 
Travel,  slowness  of  early,  93,  145,  304. 
Treaty  of  Paris,  142  ;  with  Spain,  153  ; 
of  Ghent,  169 ;  the  Ashburton,  180  ; 
the  Oregon,  184  ;  with  Mexico,  190  ; 
of  Washington,  289. 
Trent  affair,  the,  222. 
Trenton,  battle  of,  116. 
Tripoli,  157.  • 
Tyler,  John,  180,  181. 

-.N 

UNITED  COLONIES  of  New  England,  57. 

United  States,  capital  of,  at  New  York, 
150 ;  at  Philadelphia,  150 ;  at  Wash- 
ington, 150. 

Utica,  303. 

VALLEY  FORGE,  winter  in,  125. 
Van  Buren,  Martin,  178. 
Van  Dorn,  Gen.  Earl,  228. 
Vera  Cruz,  capture  of,  188. 
Vermont,  admission  of,  200. 
Verrazani,  30. 
Vesputius,  Americus,  24. 
Vice-President,  method  of  electing,  143, 

350. 
Vicksburg,  first  expedition  against,  230 ; 

second  expedition,  244. 
Virginia,   settlement  of,  46 ;    secession 

of,  217. 
Virginia,  West,  admission  of,  218,  277. 

WAONEE,  Fort,  capture  of,  254. 

Wagons,  145. 

Wallace,  Gen.  Lew,  228,  263. 

Walloons,  the,  65. 

War,  Black  Hawk,  177. 

"     Creek,  166. 

"     French  and  Indian,  81. 

"      King  George's,  80. 

"     King  Philip's,  57. 


War,  King  William's,  77. 
"      Mexican,  185. 
"      Pequod,  62. 
"      Pontiac's,  90. 
"      Queen  Anne's,  79. 
"      Seminole,  177. 
"      Spanish,  80. 

Wan-en,  Gen.  Joseph,  110. 

Washington,  George,  journey  of,  81 ; 
captures  Fort  Duquesne,  85 ;  ap- 
pointed commander -in -chief,  111; 
captures  Boston,  112 ;  retreat  through 
New  Jersey,  110  ;  at  Princeton,  118  ; 
in  Valley  Forge,  125,  126 ;  at  Mon- 
mouth,  127  ;  at  Yorktown,  139  ;  ad- 
dresses officers  at  Newburg,  142 : 
inaugurated  President,  149 ;  life  of, 
150. 

Washington,  Col.  William  A.,  137. 

Washington,  made  capital  of  the  United 
States,  150 ;  capture  of,  by  British, 
169. 

Washington,  Fort,  taken,  116. 

Waxhaw  Creek,  battle  of,  133. 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony,  130,  152. 

Webster,  Daniel,  193. 

Webster,  Noah,  author  of  spelling-book 
and  dictionary,  210. 

Weldon  Railroad,  seized,  263. 

Western  Reserve,  the,  194. 

Wethersfield,  63. 

Wheeler,  William  A.,  293. 

Whig  party,  173 ;  elects  Harrison,  180 ; 
nominates  Clay,  184 ;  elects  Taylor, 
191 ;  nominates  Scott,  194 ;  dies,  196. 

Whiskey  Rebellion,  152. 

Whitefield,  George,  76. 

White  Plains,  battle  of,  116. 

Whitney,  Eli,  172,  306. 

Whittier,  John  G.,  311. 

Wilderness,  battle  of  the,  260. 

Williams,  Roger,  founds  Providence, 
57;  Pequod  War,  62. 

Williamsburg,  battle  of,  236. 

Wilmot  Proviso,  the,  190. 

Wilson's  Creek,  battle  of,  221. 

Winchester,  battle  of,  264. 

Windsor,  founded,  62. 

Winslow,  Capt.  J.  A.,  268. 

Winthrop,  John,  62. 

Wisconsin,  admission  of,  206. 

Witchcraft,  Salem,  60. 

Wolfe,  Gen.  James,  attack  on  Quebec., 
87 ;  death  of,  89. 

Wyoming,  massacre  of,  128. 

YORK,  capture  of,  163. 
Yorktown,  sieges  of,  139,  235. 
Young,  Brigham,  183. 


* 


' 


A    000  051  628    6 


$. 
.-•'.-.-/'- 

KJU 


